Experiment 2

Circuit components awareness and measurement

1,Purpose
1, Recognize the performance and specifications of circuit elements and devices, and learn
to correctly select the elements and devices;
2, master circuit elements, device measurement methods, understand their characteristics
and parameters;
3, understand the transistor characteristics of the basic principles and methods of use

2 the experimental principle

In electronic circuits, resistors, potentiometers, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are
called circuit elements, diodes, regulators, and three-poles. Tubes, FETs, SCRs, and
integrated circuits are called circuit devices, Sensors, transistors and other electronic
components for a brief introduction. This experiment is only for resistance, capacitance, and
electricity commonly used in laboratories.
(a) Resistors
1, the resistor, potentiometer model naming method (see Table 1),
2, the classification of resistors:
(1) Universal resistor: Power: 0.1~1 w, resistance 1 ~510 M Ω. Operating voltage く 1 kV.
(2) precision resistors: resistance 11 Ω--1 M Ω. Accuracy 2% ~ 0.1%, up to 0.005%.
(3) High resistance resistor: Resistance: 10^7—10^13 Ω.
(4) High-voltage resistor: The working voltage is 10~100 kV.
(5) High-frequency resistors: operating frequency up to 10 MHz,

3, the main characteristics of resistors, potentiometers,

(1) Nominal resistance:
The resistance marked on the surface of the resistor is a resistor of nominal resistance.
Different accuracy grades have different resistance values. Nominal resistance value is
selected according to the series of resistors of the resistors specified by the state. The
nominal resistance values of the universal resistors and potentiometers are listed in Table 2.
(2) Tolerance:
The tolerance of the resistor and potentiometer refers to the maximum allowable error of
the actual resistance of the resistor and the potentiometer to the nominal resistance.
Around it, it marks the resistance accuracy of resistors and potentiometers.
Table 3 shows the relationship between accuracy level and allowable error.
(3) Rated power:
Resistors and potentiometers will heat up when they are powered on. If the temperature is
too high, the resistors and potentiometers will burn. In regulation The maximum power that
the resistors and potentiometers are allowed to withstand in a given ambient temperature,
that is, below this power limit, the resistors can be long-term The maximum power limit that
will work stably without significantly changing its performance and will not be damaged is
called the amount Constant power

According to ministerial standards, different types of resistors have different series of

constant power resistors, such as the definitive power series Table 4 shows.

4, resistor specifications standard juice method.

Limited by the surface area of the r-resistor, the type of resistor on the surface of the
resistor is usually only rated by the resistor, nominal resistance, accuracy level, and
Rated power, pair 1: rated power 0.5w resistor. Yin only labels nominal values and accuracy
grades, material types and The power is often judged by its appearance size, and the
specification of the resistors is usually two characters: the straight-line character marking
method and the color standard method. The color mark method is used for the 5 w
resistors.11. The meanings represented by the color labels are shown in Table 5.

Color ring resistor is generally four rings (common resistance), five rings (precision
resistance) two standard methods (Figure 1).
Four-ring color-coded resistor, A, B two rings are valid numbers. С-ring is 10". D-ring is
precision grade.
The five ring color resistor A.B.c three rings for the "effective number, D the ring is 10, . E
ring for the accuracy level,
5, Resistor performance measurement

The main parameter value of the resistor is generally marked on the resistor, the resistance
of the resistor, to ensure the accuracy of the test. A variety of instruments can be used to
make measurements, as well as ammeters, voltmeters, or comparisons. The measurement
error of the instrument should be greater than the measured resistance. The allowable
deviation is at least two levels. For universal resistors, a multimeter can generally be used
for measurement. If using mechanical meter measurements. Different ranges should be
selected according to the resistance value, and zero adjustment should be made so that the
pointer is indicated as far as possible in the middle of the dial; Contact resistance lead to
prevent the human body resistance in parallel with the measured resistance. If a digital
multimeter is used, the measurement accuracy is higher than that of the mechanical
multimeter.
Before using the resistor, the measuring instrument should be used to check whether the
resistance value is consistent with the nominal value. In practical use, the resistance value is
When the rated power cannot meet the requirements, it can be solved by using resistor
string and parallel method. But it should be noted that in addition to calculating whether the
total resistance value.
In addition to the requirements, we must also pay attention to whether the power of each
resistor is appropriate, that is, the rated power is more than 1 times greater than the power.
When using resistors, in addition to the rated power can not be exceeded, to prevent
damage due to heat, it should also pay attention not to exceed the maximum operating
voltage, otherwise Sparks inside the resistor cause noise
6, Use common sense:
There are a wide variety of resistors, different performance, and a wide range of
applications. Should be based on different uses of circuit and not With the requirements of
different types of resistors. In a circuit requiring high heat resistance, stability, and reliability,
metal should be used. Film or metal oxide film resistors; wirewound resistors can be used in
circuits that require high power, good heat resistance, and low operating frequency;
For general circuits without special requirements, carbon film resistors can be used to
reduce costs, resistors when replacing, high power resistors Replaceable low-power
resistors, metal film resistors can replace carbon film resistors, fixed resistors and semi-
kettle resistors Mutual replacement
(2) potentiometer;
1, Potentiometer type:
(1) Non-contact potentiometers: Produce output voltages through non-wearing non-
mechanical contact, such as photoelectric and magnetic potentiometers.
(2) Contact Potentiometer: Obtain voltage output through direct contact between brush and
resistor
1 Alloy type (wirewound) potentiometers wx.100 n Ω. 100 KΩ for high precision, high power
circuits.
2 Synthetic potentiometers:
A. Synthetic solid potentiometer ws, 100 Ω ~ 10 M Ω. Used for wear-resistant, heat-resistant
and other higher-level circuits.
B. Synthetic Carbon Film Potentiometer WH,470 Ω ~4.7 M Ω. General Circuit Applicable
C. Metal glass glaze potentiometer w1:47 Ω~4.7 M Ω. Suitable for high resistance, high
voltage and RF circuits.
3 thin film potentiometer:
A. Metal film potentiometer WJ: 10 Ω ~ 100 KΩ, for circuits below 100 MHz.
B. metal oxide film potentiometer WY, 10 Ω ~ 100 K Ω. For high power circuits.
According to different structures, it can be divided into single rings (rotation angle is less
than 360°), multi-turn potentiometers, single-link, double-link, multi-potential
Switching and non-switching potentiometers, latching and non-latching potentiometers,
tapping potentiometers.
According to different adjustment methods, it is divided into rotary potentiometer and slide
potentiometer
According to different purposes, outside is ordinary, precision, fine-tuning, power and
special potentiometer.
According to the functional relationship of output characteristics, it is divided into linear (X
type), exponential (Z type), and logarithmic (D type) potentiometers.
2. Performance measurement of the electrical device:
According to the size of the nominal resistance of the potentiometer, properly select
whether the resistance value of the two fixing potentiometers of the multimeter is fixed
Consistent with the measurement of the RIU between the sliding end and the fixed end, the
sliding end is slowly moved. If the number changes smoothly, No Bounce and drop
phenomenon, indicating that the potentiometer resistor body is good, the sliding end
contact can palm, measure the resistance value between the sliding end and the fixed end
In the process, the minimum resistance at the beginning should be as small as possible, that
is, the zero resistance should be small. When rotating the shaft or moving the sliding end, it
should feel smooth.
There is no feeling of tightness. The terminals of the potentiometer and the resistor should
be in contact with the palm of the hand.
3, use common sense:
(1) Selection of potentiometers, there are many kinds of potentiometer specifications. When
selecting, it is not only necessary to select the appropriate resistance according to the
requirements of the circuit. Value and rated power, but also consider the installation and
adjustment of the convenience and cost, electrical performance should be based on
different requirements of the reference potentiometer type and use Way to choose.
(2) Installation and use of potentiometer, potentiometer should be installed securely to
avoid loosening and short circuit of other components in the circuit; A can't be too long to
prevent heat deformation of the shell around the lead-out; the potentiometer should be
taken care of when the three terminals of the potentiometer are connected. To meet the
requirements
(3) Capacitors
1. The model name of the capacitor:
The main name of the capacitor, the symbol and meaning of the material part The letter that
distinguishes specific materials is determined by the model management department.
In addition to the polyester film dielectric material only with "L", other posterior organic film
materials should be "L" followed by 1 letter to distinguish
Specific materials, this letter distinguishing between specific materials is confirmed by the
type management department.

2, the classification of capacitors:

(1) Divided by medium: gas medium, inorganic solid medium (mica, glass glaze, ceramic),
Organic solid medium (organic film
Polyethylene, PTFE, polyimide film, paper and metallized paper, etc.), electrolytic medium,
aluminum electrolysis, tantalum electrolysis, etc.).
(2) According to structural categories, solid, variable and trim capacitors.
(3) Classification by application: Filtering, DC blocking, oscillatory loop, starter, and spark
elimination capacitor.
3, the main characteristics of the capacitor indicators;
(1) Nominal capacity and allowable error, as shown in Table 8.

When used, multiply the nominal value in the table by 10°, where n is an integer,
Commonly used units Farah (F), millifarad (mF), microfarad (pF), nanofarad (nF)
Pico method (pF),
Their relationship with the basic unit Farah (F) is:
The International Electrotechnical Commission recommended capacitance error notation
using letters: +50% z--20
(2) Rated working voltage:
The rated working voltage refers to the specified voltage value that the voltage between
electrodes cannot be exceeded when the capacitor is continuously and reliably operated for
a long time, otherwise the electricity
The container will be damaged by breakdown. The nominal operating voltage value is
generally marked on the capacitor with a direct voltage
Capacitor rated voltage series:
1.6,4,6.3,10,16,25,32*,40,50*,63,100, 125*,160,250,300*,400,450*,500,630
1000. 1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6300, 8000, 10000 15000, 20000, 25000, 30000
35000, 40000, 45000, 50000, 60000, 80000, 100000,
Note, 'No. is limited to electrolytic capacitors,
The series with the value "_" is preferred.

(3) Insulation resistance

The insulation resistance of the capacitor is the resistance between the two ends of the
capacitor, or the leakage resistance. The medium in the capacitor is not absolute The
insulators When the leakage current is large, the capacitor are somewhat leaky. In addition
to the electrolytic capacitor, the leakage current of the general capacitor is very small.
Heating, severe heat will cause damage to the capacitor.
(4) Frequency characteristics:
The frequency characteristic of the capacitor is the relationship between capacitance and
frequency change. In order to ensure the stability of the capacitor operation, it should be
The limit working frequency of the vessel is chosen to be about 1/3 to 1/2 of its own natural
resonant frequency, and the maximum work of some commonly used capacitors
The frequency is: if the capacitance of small and medium-sized mica is 150~250 MHz and
75~100 MHz, the small and medium-sized disc-shaped ceramic dielectric capacitor is
2000 ~ 3 000 MHz, 200 ~ 300 MHz; small, medium-sized round ceramic dielectric capacitors
150 ~ 200 MHz, 50 ~ 70 MHz, disc-shaped porcelain dielectric capacitor 2 000 to 3 000 MHz:
50-80 MHz, 5-8 for small, medium, and large paper capacitors MHz, 1~ 1.5 MHz,
4 Capacitor specification callout method:
(1) Straight standard method:
The main parameters and technical indicators are directly marked on the surface of the
capacitor, and the allowable error is expressed as a percentage. Such as 1p2 said
1.2p, 33n means 0.033 p, F.
(2) Digital Standard Method:
Non-standard units, directly using the digital capacity, such as: 4 700 means 4 700 pF: 0.068
means 0.068,, F,Three-digit. Digital indicates the size of the capacity in pF. The first two
digits are the valid digits of the capacity. The last digit is multiplied by 10". Such as 103
10 000 pF; if the third digit is 9, then 10-1, such as: 339 means 33 x 10 .-3. 3 pF.
(3) color standard method:
The color standard method is similar to the color code method of resistance.
The color code is usually changed by the color of the three rings. Along the direction of the
line, the first two rings indicate the effective number. Words, the third ring color scale
means multiply by 10", the unit is pF, sometimes one or two colors are the same color, it is
marked as a wide color standard, such as orange, red, orange, Two oranges are marked by a
wide color scale, representing 3 300 pF.
5·Capacitor performance measurement:
Capacitors should measure their performance before use to check for short circuits, open
circuits, leakage, and failure.
(1) Capacity measurement through digital multimeter (measured by voltammetry) and
universal bridge (measured by comparison method, accuracy
High), Q-meter (measured by resonant method, with measurable Q value, high accuracy), if
you use a mechanical multimeter to measure, you can use the capacitor
Charge and discharge judgment capacity
(2) Leakage measurement: When using a multimeter's ohm file to measure the capacitor,
besides the air capacitor, the resistance value should be about 00, and its resistance value.
For the insulation resistance of the capacitor, the greater the resistance, the smaller the
leakage.
6. Use common sense;
There are many types of capacitors. Correct selection and use of capacitors is very important
for product design.
(1) Select the appropriate model:
According to circuit requirements, generally used for low frequency coupling, bypass
decoupling and other electrical requirements are not high occasions, can use paper
capacitors Electrolytic capacitors, etc., use a 1~22 μF electrolytic capacitor for the back-to-
back coupling: 10~220 μF electrolytic capacitor for the emitter bypass; In the intermediate
frequency circuit, 0.01 μF~0.1 pE paper, metallized paper, organic film capacitor, etc. can be
selected; In the case of mica and ceramic capacitors In the power supply filtering and
decoupling circuits, electrolytic capacitors can be used, generally as long as the capacity,
withstand voltage, volume, and cost meet the requirements. can. For variable capacitors,
the use of single or multiple variable capacitors should be determined according to the
number of series tune, if not regular adjustment Whole, optional trimmer capacitors
(2) Reasonable selection of nominal capacity and allowable error;
In many cases, the capacity requirements are not strict, and the capacity deviation can be
very large. For example, in labor circuits, decoupling circuits, and low-frequency coupling
circuits, capacitors of similar or larger capacity can be used according to design values when
selected.
However, in the oscillation circuit, the delay circuit, the tone, and the circuit, the capacitance
should be consistent with the design value as much as possible. The allowable error level is
higher, in various filters and various networks. The tolerance of the capacity has higher
requirements
(3) Selection of rated operating voltage:
If the rated working voltage of the capacitor is lower than the actual voltage in the circuit,
the capacitor will break down and damage, generally should be higher than the actual
voltage 1 to 2 times, so that it has enough margin, for electrolytic capacitors, the actual
voltage should be electrolytic The capacitor is rated for 50%~70% of the voltage. If the actual
voltage is less than half of the rated working voltage, the loss of the electrolytic capacitor
will increase.

(4) Select capacitors with high insulation resistance:

In high temperature and high pressure conditions, capacitors with high insulation resistance
must be selected.
(5) In the assembly, the capacitor's mark should be easy to observe in order to check, and
attention should be paid to the electrolytic capacitor, etc. Incorrect polarity, otherwise it will
damage or even risk explosion
4· Domestic semiconductor device model naming method:
1, The model of domestic semiconductor devices consists of five parts. The symbols and
meanings are shown in Table 9.
The example is explained below.
It is a NPN type low frequency power tube
2, outside the crystal diode,
(1) Rectifier diode: used in a rectifier circuit to convert alternating current into pulsed direct
current, requiring large forward current, and foil There is no special requirement for
capacity. The general frequency is lower than 3 kHz, and its structure is mostly surface
contact type.
(2) Detector diodes for detecting low frequency signals in high frequency signals. Required
junction capacitance is small, generally the highest frequency can reach 400MHz, its
structure is point contact type, generally made of silicon material
(3) Steady lk: The pole 1 is used for direct-current voltage regulation, which uses the
characteristics of low reverse breakdown voltage, and the reverse breakdown is reversible.
(4) Switching diodes for switching circuits, limiting, clamping or detection circuits.
(5) Varactor diode 1 is used for tuning, oscillation, amplification, automatic frequency
tracking, frequency stabilization, frequency multiplication and lock equalization circuit
(6) Damping diodes, special helium-frequency, high-voltage rectifier diodes for damping and
step-up rectification in TV line scans.
(7) Light Emitting Diodes: Semiconductor devices that convert electrical energy into light
energy for display circuits
3, the main characteristics of the diode indicators:
(1) Maximum rectified current: The maximum forward current that is allowed to pass during
long-term operation.
(2) Maximum reverse working voltage to prevent diode breakdown and reverse voltage limit
during use
4, diode performance measurement:
diode Polarity and performance of the polarity can be measured with a multimeter -
When the multimeter is turned to the “+” block, the two pens There is an open circuit
voltage of 2.8V (red, black, black), when the PN junction is positive, about 1mA current
through the PN junction, At this point the head is not the forward voltage drop of the PN
junction (about 700 miV for the silicon tube, about 300 mV for the fistula). When the PN
junction When reverse biased, the reverse current is very small. The reverse voltage on the
PN junction is still 2.8v. The meter shows "1" (indicating overflow), through the above two
changes Judgment, it can be drawn that the pin of the red pen is positive when the PN
junction is positive. If the measured value is not in the above range, the diode is damaged.
The characteristic parameters of the pole tube can be measured with a transistor illustrator.
See the description of the plotter for details.
5, Use common sense:
When the pole tube is in use, the silicon tube and the fistula tube cannot replace each other.
The same type of tube can be used instead. For detector diodes, as long as the work
frequency is not lower than the original tube. For the rectifier tube, as long as the reverse
withstand voltage and the forward current are not lower than the original tube, it can be
replaced. the rest of the tubes should be replaced according to manual parameters
(5) Crystal transistors
1, triode rise class:
(1) Outside the semiconductor material: triodes and silicon triodes, generally PNP tubes,
silicon NPN ff.
(2) Press manufacturing process, diffusion tube, alloy tube, etc.
(3) Raise by power: low power, medium power, high power tube
(4) According to outside working frequency: Low pressure tube, high frequency tube and
UHF tube
(5) According to the use of: amplifier and switch tube.
2, the main parameters of the transistor:
(1) Common base small signal current amplification factor (a) 10.9~0.995.
(2) Common emitter minimum signal AC amplification factor (), 10~250.
(3) Common-emitter minimum signal DC amplification factor (hFE, β), 10~250.
(4) Collector-base reverse blocking current 10" ): tens of micrometers for a 锗 tube. Several
μ for a silicon tube.
(5) Collector-emitter reverse blocking current (Im): In, ploi
(6) Collector-base reverse breakdown voltage (Vika): tens of V to several hundred V.
(7) Collector-emitter Reverse Breakdown Voltage (VaRcro): tens of V to several hundred V.
(8) Emitter-base reverse breakdown voltage (VIRER.): several V to several tens of V,
(9) Collector maximum allowable current (101): low frequency low power germanium,
silicon tube: 10~500 rnA, less than 100 mA; Low-frequency high power germanium, silicon
tube: greater than 1.5 A. greater than 300 mA.
(10) The maximum allowable power dissipation (Pal) of the collector: Small power tube is
less than 1 w, high power tube is greater than 1 w
(11) Current amplification factor cutoff frequency (fn./.), low frequency tube/m<3 MHz, high
frequency tube/m>3 MHz.
(12) Signature frequency (fr): Frequency at 1 hour; high-frequency tube greater than 10
MHz, high at several thousand MHz
3, transistor performance testing
(1) Type discrimination: NPN or PNP type discrimination. If a mechanical watch is used,
measure the positive and negative resistances using Ω.Discriminate. Using a digital meter,
use the two pens of the multimeter to measure the three pins of the triode two by two; if
the red pen is connected to any three One pin, while the black one touches the other two in
turn, if the meter shows a positive voltage drop (silicon tube is about 700 mV , the fistula
tube is about 300 mv or so, while the black pen, the foot, and the red pen are in turn in
contact with the other two, and the header shows an excess, then the tube is b, and the
tube is NPN. If the measurement shows the opposite, the tube is PNP. The foot is also b pole
(2) Electrode discrimination: e.b.c pin identification, If a mechanical watch is used, it is
determined using the β-measurement β method. Adopt digital table, rotate the multimeter
to the HR position. According to the above judgment type and the b-pole, assume that one
of the other two poles is the c-pole and the triode to be tested. Plug in the corresponding
type of e.b.c jack; otherwise, assuming it is e-pole, re-insert in the corresponding type of e,
b, c jack, compare twice, The measured value shows that the value is large once and its
assumed pin is correct
(3) The characteristic parameters of the transistor can be measured with a transistor graphic
analyzer.
4, use common sense;
In practical work, depending on the circuit performance and requirements, it is important to
choose the proper transistor, which should be considered when selecting
The parameters are fr>3x operating frequency.PCM>output power, picking 40-100, IcEO
selecting small, v.BK0m>2 x power supply should be selected according to the manual
parameters similar or exceeded.
(6) Integrated Circuits
The integrated circuit is a semiconductor process or a thin, thick film process (or a
combination of these processes), a crystal diode, a transistor, a field Effect devices, resistors,
capacitors, and other germanium devices are connected together according to the design
circuit requirements and are fabricated together on a silicon or insulator substrate. Then
packaged into a complete circuit with a specific function, due to the integration of
components on the semiconductor chip, instead of posting Components, integrated circuits
have the advantages of small size, light weight, low power consumption, good performance,
high reliability, stable circuit performance, and low cost.
1, integrated circuit classification;
(1) According to the production process:
1 Thin-film integrated circuits: Circuits formed on an insulating substrate by a thin-film
process to form active elements and interconnects
2 Thick-film integrated circuits: Thick-film passive networks are fabricated using thick-film
processes on insulating substrates such as ceramics, and then diodes are attached.
Transistor or semiconductor integrated circuit chip, forming a circuit with a specific function
3 Semiconductor integrated circuits: Circuits made on a semiconductor wafer using a planar
art, depending on the transistors used For bipolar ICs and Mos ICs, bipolar ICs are also called
TTL circuits. The diode used is the same as a triode transistor. MOS integrated circuit uses
Mos field-effect transistor and it is upgraded to N-channel MOS circuit Referred to as NMOS
integrated circuit, P-channel MOS circuit, abbreviated as PMOS integrated circuit, from N-
channel, P-channel MOS Transistors complement complementary MOS circuits, abbreviated
as CMOS integrated circuits, and semiconductor integrated circuits are simple and
integrated.High, wide application, variety, rapid development
4 hybrid integrated circuits using semiconductor technology and thin film, thick film
technology mixed production of integrated circuits.
(2) According to the integration scale (integration level on the chip):
1 Small-scale integrated circuit, 10 gates or 10-100 components.
2 medium-scale integrated circuits: 10 to 100 gates or 100 to 1 000 elements.
3 large-scale integrated circuits, 100~1000 gate circuits or more than 1000 components.
4 VLSI: more than 10,000 gate circuits or more than 100,000 components.
(3) By function:
1 Digital integrated circuit: It can transmit “0” and “1” status information and can perform
logic, arithmetic operations and storage and conversion. The circuit, commonly used TTL
circuit has 54 × ×, 74 x x. 74 LSx × series, CMOS circuit has 4 000.4 500 74 HC × × series;
2 analog integrated circuits: integrated circuits other than digital integrated circuits:
A. Linear IC: circuits whose output and input signals are linear, such as various types of
operational amplifiers;
B. Non-linear ICs: Circuits where the output signal does not change with the input signal,
such as logarithmic amplifiers, detectors, frequency conversion Devices, voltage regulator
circuits, and application specific integrated circuits in household appliances
2 semiconductor integrated circuit model naming method:
China's semiconductor integrated circuit model number consists of five parts, its symbol and
meaning as shown in Table 10;
(7) Transistor characteristics display instrument
1, the main technical indicators of transistor graphic instrument
(1) Y-axis deflection factor;
Collector current range (lc), fifteenth gear, 10 μΛ/div~0.5 ^/div,
Diode reverse leakage current (1R): 0.2 μ/div~5 μ./div rises in five steps;
Base current or base source voltage: 0.05 V/div;
External input: 0.05 V/div;
Deflection magnification: x0.1
(2) X axis deflection factor:
Collector voltage range: 0, 05 V/div~ 50 V/div divided into ten files;
Base voltage range, 0.05 V/div~ 1 V/div divided into five levels;
Base current or base source voltage: 0.05 V/div;
External input: 0.05 V/div.
(3) Ladder signal:
Staircase current range, 0.2 μΑ/level ~ 50 mA / 17-speed range;
Step voltage range, 0.05 V / level ~ 1 V / level 夯 five files;
Series resistance: 0.10 ΚΩ'1 M fractional third gear;
Each cluster level: 1-10 continuously adjustable;
The number of stages per second, 200;
Polarity: Positive and negative points in two stages.
(4) Collector scan signal;
Peak voltage and peak current capacity: 0 to 10 V ( 5 A), 0-50 V (1 A), 0 to 100 V
(0.5 A), 0 to 500 V
(0.1 A) Outer 4th gear, and the voltage of each grade is continuously adjustable;
(5) Power limiting resistor: 0~0.5 ΜΩ11.
2 transistor characteristics of the instrument panel diagram shown in Figure 2:
3, function and knob function:
Transistor illustrator from the oscilloscope tube and control circuit, collector power supply, X
axis role. Y axis role, step signal, test bench Six-liter, the knob and switch function are as
follows:
(17) Power switch, brightness knob Pull out the power, clockwise to increase the brightness.
(21) Focus knob: Adjusts the image clearly.
(26) Auxiliary focus knob: With the focus knob, adjust the image clearly.
(1) Collector power supply polarity switch: When measuring NPN, select "+-, when
measuring PNP, select "1",
(2) Peak voltage range selection: 0~10 v.0~50 v, 0 ~ 100 v.o~500 V and AC 5th gear.
(4) Peak voltage %. Adjust the voltage range in the peak voltage selection range.
(5) Power limiting resistor: concatenated on the triode collector circuit under test limits
power consumption
(3) Capacitance balance to reduce the influence of capacitive current formed by various
stray capacitances
(6) Auxiliary Capacitance Balancing: Capacitance balance adjustment for the asymmetric
capacitance of the secondary winding of the collector transformer to ground.
(25) Y-axis selection switch: 22-speed, four-fold switch.
1 Collector current Ic: 10 μA/div~0.5 mA/div Total 15 steps, the collector of the tube under
test is used as the ㄚ axis parameter.
2 diode leakage current 1.0.2 μ A/div~0. 5 pA /div total 5 files, diode leakage current is
measured the amount
3 Base current or base source voltage, 1st gear, when base current or base base source
voltage is used as Y-axis parameter; its value is "Step selection" switch scale reading
4 current attenuation knob: pull out the middle knob; current / degree> <0.1 magnification
switch.
(22) Y-axis gain potentiometer: Adjust the gain to calibrate the scale.
(18) Y-axis displacement knob: Adjust the light trace to move up and down.
(24) X-axis selector switch: with 17 gears, three kinds of deflection switch.
1 Collector voltage VCE: O. 05 V/div~50 V/div Total 10 gears, collector voltage of the tested
tube as axis parameter
2 base voltage VBE, 0.05 V/div~1 V/div total 5 files, the base voltage of the tube under test
as the ㄨ axis parameter.
3 Base current or base source voltage: 1st gear, when the base current or base base source
voltage is used as the ㄨ axis parameter, its value is “Ladder selection" switch scale reading
test
(23) Gain adjustment of X-axis gain potentiometer.
(19) X-axis displacement knob: adjust the light trace up and down
(20) Display switch button:
1 conversion: The images are converted in the 1 and 2 quadrants, which facilitates the test
operation when the NPN tube is used to transfer the PNP tube.
2 Amplifier Input Ground • Indicates the reference point where the input is zero. Set the
cursor origin using the X.Y shift knob
3 Calibration: The calibration signal provided by the instrument to achieve 10 degree
calibration.
(7) Step signal polarity switch When measuring NPN, you should select "+": when measuring
PNP, you should select - ".
(8) "Level/Cluster" knob, 0-10 continuously adjustable, adjusts the number of steps of the
staircase wave, that is, the number of curves included in each curve.
(13) "Repeat" off switch;
1 Repeat 1 so that the step signal repeats for normal testing.
2 Ladder signal is pending
(12) "Single cluster press" button, when the ladder signal is in the state to be triggered, a
step signal is generated each time the button is pressed. This kind of test method is used to
measure the limit parameters of the transistor so as to prevent the tested tube from being
overloaded for a long time.
(14) step signal selector knob, with 22 gears, two kinds of deflection switch.
1 Base step current 1, 0.2 μΑ /level ~50 mA/step total 17 files.
2 base step voltage Vs: 0.05 V / level ~ 1V / level 5 files.
(15) Series resistance, 10K, 1M, 10M, when ladder signal selector switch
When pressure, series resistance will string In the input circuit of the tested tube, the
substrate of the tube to be tested is protected.
(16) "Zero" knob: adjust the starting position of the step signal to zero potential
(11) test selection switch: points "left, zero voltage, two clusters, zero current, right" five
files.
(9) Left test tube socket: The tested tube is tested by E, B, C pin insertion.
(10) The right test tube socket; the tested tube is inserted and tested according to E, B, C
pins.
4, use method:
(1) Turn on the power switch and warm up the 5-min.
(2) Oscilloscope display part adjustment: brightness, focus, auxiliary focus; the light spot is
adjusted to the proper position by ㄨˊㄚ displacement
(3) Collector power supply: The switches and knobs of the collector power supply are
adjusted to appropriate positions according to the measured pipe and measurement
requirements.
The "peak voltage" should be placed at the minimum position and slowly increase during
measurement
(4) Y-axis action: adjust the Y-axis selector switch to the appropriate position according to
the measurement requirements
(5) X-axis action: adjust the arbor selection switch to the proper position according to the
measurement requirements
(6) Base step signal: The switch of the step signal and the knob are in proper position
according to the requirements of the pipe and the measurement requirements.
(7) Test Stand: Fully Test Selection Switch
Out, then the test tube will be inserted into the socket according to the corresponding pin,
in the test will be selected
Open the key person to test a party, you can conduct related tests
(8) Shutdown: Turn off the power after the instrument is used, set the peak voltage range -
set to 10 v. - Peak voltage ㄧ knob to 0.. Power consumption The resistor is set around i KΩ,
and the "Y axis action" is set at 1 mA/degree, "The X axis action is set at 1 V/degree," the
step signal is set at 0.01.mA/level; "repeat, close", switch to set off position, to prevent the
next use of the instrument, will not damage the tube.
(9) When measuring, determine the pin (E, B, C) and polarity of the tube under test and
select the polarity of the collector power supply and the step signal."
(10) Special attention should be paid to the step signal “selection knob.” “Power resistance,
a peak voltage range” in the test. The voltage and current of the tube under test must be
slowly increased from small to large.
(11) The “Test Selection” button on the test bench should normally not be tested.
5· Use example:
There are many transistor types, and the test principle and method are basically the same.
The following silicon regulator and NPN high-frequency low-power silicon three
For example, the main parameters of the test method are shown in Table 11.
Third, experimental equipment
1 · Digital Multimeter (four and a half) 1
2. Transistor characteristic display instrument 1
3, multifunctional experimental box 1 set

Fourth, the experimental content

1. Identify a set of resistors:
Identify the nominal resistance and tolerance of the given color-coded resistor, determine
its rated power, and compare it with a digital meter. Fill the measured resistance from small
to large. Table 12 (Measurement, the measured resistance can not be charged, can not be in
parallel with the hand, so as not to measure not allowed Indeed, a good range should be
selected at the same time to improve measurement accuracy.)
2. Identify a group of capacitors:
Identify the material of the given capacitor, nominal capacity and tolerance, and fill the
capacitance from the smallest to the largest. Table 13 (When measuring,
The measured capacitance should be discharged to avoid damage to the digital meter. At
the same time, a good range should be selected to improve the measurement accuracy.
3·Measure a group of semiconductor devices (diodes, triodes)
Use a digital meter to measure the transistor parameters, fill in the table 14, and determine
the transistor type, the pin and the good or bad

4, measuring transistor current amplification p.

(1) Connect the circuit on the multi-function test box according to Figure 3, and turn on the
power supply after checking;
(2) Adjust the potentiometer R- according to Table 15 so that the collector-to-common
(COM) voltage reaches the specified value, measured with a voltmeter. VA VB, voltage value;
calculate Ib Ic, and find p,
5", measure transistor characteristic curve, and calculate its parameter value:
(1) Measure the characteristic curve of the given regulator, and find the regulation value V21
at 1R = 5 mA.
(2) Measure the input/output characteristic curve of the given transistor and find VbEQ = 0.6
v, vceq =6V, lcq=2ma hie, hfe, , hoe values, and use graph paper to draw the observed
characteristic curve
V. Prerequisites
1, read the experimental principle, understand the performance and specifications of each
component;
2. Read the experimental principle and understand the basic working principle and usage of
the transistor characteristics analyzer.
Six, experimental report requirements
1· Fill out a set of resistors in the form of Table 2;
2. Fill in a set of capacitors identified in Table 3 in the format;
3. Fill in the given transistor measurement results in Table 4.
Seventh, question
1. Can you touch the multimeter to measure the resistance with both hands?
2. Summarize methods for determining transistor polarity and pins.
3, summarize the method to judge the transistor is good or bad.