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Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion

Aircraft Performance
Aircraft performance is defined as how the aircraft responds (its motion) to the
four forces of flight.

It is considered to be a branch of the Flight Mechanics discipline.

We have already reviewed aerodynamics and propulsion. We use the


following information in performance:

aerodynamics drag polar

propulsion thrust or power, SFC

Dr. Danielle Soban


AE 3310 Performance Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
The Four Forces of Flight
Lift, Drag, Weight, Thrust Lift and Drag are for complete airplane

L
perpendicular to V
by definition not necessarily in the
flight direction
T
V
D ε
always in the direction
parallel to V by of the local flight of
definition the aircraft. Shows
W flow velocity relative
always acts towards the to the airplane
center of the earth

Steady, Level Flight


Dr. Danielle Soban
AE 3310 Performance Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
Four Forces in Climbing Flight
flight path

T V
L
ε θ
local climb
angle

θ
D
W

earth
Dr. Danielle Soban
AE 3310 Performance Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
Now, Bank the Aircraft
φ Bank (roll) angle

T sin ε

Wcosθ

Dr. Danielle Soban


AE 3310 Performance Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
The Equations of Motion
Based on Newton’s Second Law:

F=ma note this is vector form

In scalar form, for arbitrary direction in space, s

Fs = m as

General, Formal Derivation


rotating spherical earth Less Formal, more Physical Derivation

flat, stationary earth


acceleration of gravity with
distance from center of the earth

Dr. Danielle Soban


AE 3310 Performance Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
Climbing, Banking Flight
Replace aircraft with point mass at its center of gravity (because we are only
concerned with translational motion).
+

Flight Path
s
radius of curve r1 L cos φ
V
T sin ε cos φ instananeous flight
path direction
θ

T cos ε
D
center of gravity
of the airplane
θ
W Dr. Danielle Soban
AE 3310 Performance Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
First Equation of Motion
Take components parallel to the flight path
The force is

F = T cos ε - D - W sin θ

The acceleration is
dV
a =
dt
Therefore, Newton’s Second Law
parallel to the flight path is
First Equation of Motion
dV
m = T cos ε - D - W sin θ
dt
Dr. Danielle Soban
AE 3310 Performance ma = F Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
Second Equation of Motion
Take components perpendicular to the flight path
The force is

F = L cos φ + T sin ε cos φ - W cos θ

The radial acceleration is


2
V
a =
r1
Therefore, Newton’s Second Law
perpendicular to the flight path is
Second Equation of Motion
2
V
m = L cos φ + T sin ε cos φ - W cos θ
r1
Dr. Danielle Soban
AE 3310 Performance ma = F Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
Forces on Horizontal Plane
Now look at flight path from a “top” view

V cos θ
D cos θ T cos ε cos θ

T sin ε sin φ
L sin φ projection of
flight path

r2

Dr. Danielle Soban


AE 3310 Performance Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
Third Equation of Motion
Take components perpendicular to the flight path in
the horizontal plane (2)
The force is

F2 = L sin φ + T sin ε sin φ


2
The radial acceleration is (V cos θ)
a2 =
r2
Therefore, Newton’s Second Law
perpendicular to the horizontal flight path is
Third Equation of Motion
2
(V cos θ)
m = L sin φ + T sin ε sin φ
r2
Dr. Danielle Soban
AE 3310 Performance ma = F Georgia Institute of Technology
Chapter 4- The Equations of Motion
Summary

The three Equations of Motion are simply statements of Newton’s Second


Law.

The three Equations of Motion describe the translational motion of an


airplane through three-dimensional space over a flat earth.

There are three additional equations of motion that describe the rotational
motion of the aircraft about its three axes.

Final note: the three equations of motion here do not assume a yaw
component. The free stream velocity vector is assumed always parallel
to the symmetry plane of the aircraft.

Dr. Danielle Soban


AE 3310 Performance Georgia Institute of Technology

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