Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Construction
Learning Outcome
Basic techniques of road construction
Plant and equipment selection
Types of pavements
Construction sequences
Mass haul diagram
Road Construction
Two phases :
The earthworks
Cut and fill
The preparation of the soil
The construction of the pavement
Natural surface
Road Design
Road gradeline
101 100
102
103 101
Elevation
104 102
105
No cut / no fill line
CUTTING FILL
Plan
106
Road Design
Cross Section
Excavation (Cut)
Cross Section
Embankment (Fill)
Road Design
Plant & Equipment
What is the task?
Where is the location of the task?
What is the quantum of the task?
When must the task be completed?
What equipment is available?
Plant & Equipment
The earthworks
Excavating
Loading
Hauling
Filling
Placing (dumping & spreading)
Ripping
Compacting
Grading
Temporary shoring
Plant & Equipment
Plant & Equipment
Track type
Wheel type
Plant & Equipment
Earthmoving machinery
Dozers
Scrapers
Excavators
Dump trucks
Compaction equipment
Sheepsfoot rollers
Tamping rollers
Smooth‐drum vibratory soil compactors
Pad‐drum vibratory soil compactors
Pneumatic tired rollers
Plant & Equipment
Dozer
Plant & Equipment
Scrapers
Plant & Equipment
Dump trucks
Plant & Equipment
Compaction equipment
Plant & Equipment
Other plant & equipment
Water distributor
Drill & blast equipment
Paving machines
Bitumen sprayers & equipment
Dewatering equipment
Plant & Equipment
Plant & Equipment
Plant & Equipment
Subgrade
Subgrade Strength
Determines the thickness of the
pavement needed
Can be achieved by three ways
California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R.)
(AS 1289.6.1.1)
C.B.R
C.B.R
C.B.R
Subgrade Strength
Subgrade Strength
CBR and DCPT index DPI (mm/blow)
For all soils except lean clays, sandy clay below CBR
of 10, and fat clays soils
CBR .
For soils with CBR less than 10
CBR
.
For fat clays soils
CBR
.
Subgrade Strength
>15 Good quality material, just rip and
re‐compact
7 to 15 Moderate quality, needs 150mm of
CBR>15 above
3 to 7 Fair quality, needs 150mm of
CBR>15 + 150mm of CBR>7 above
<3 Poor material, special treatment
Capping Layer
When to use?
Material?
Crushed gravel,
rockfill etc
Should be
readily available
at low cost
Capping Layer
Typical minimum cover to provide a
stable construction platform
Why do we need Subsoil Drainage
Capillary action
Seepage
Why do we need Subsoil Drainage
Drainage Pipe
Sub Soil Drainage
Subsoil Drainage Location
Soil Stabilisation
Any treatment of the soil that increases
its strength
May be achieved by various agents,
which include cement, lime, bitumen
Types of Pavements
Types of Pavements
Pavement Material
Flexible pavement
Unbound granular and/or stabilised materials
and/or asphalt
Rigid pavement
Concrete pavement with joints and or steel
reinforcement
Relatively high strength concrete (30MPa or more)
Range of subbase materials
Lean mix concrete
Cement stabilised crushed rock
Unbound granular materials
Pavement Material
Flexible Pavement
Distributes loads over a smaller area
Relies on a combination of layers for
transmitting load to the subgrade
Consists of several layers of materials
surface dressing
surface course
base course
subbase
Behaviour of Pavement
Under Load
Flexible Pavement
Flexible Pavement
Flexible Pavement
Subbase
Layer between the base course and
the subgrade
Structural support
Lower quality than the base course but
better than the subgrade soils
May consist of high quality fill used to
replace poor quality subgrade
Flexible Pavement
Base course
Broken stone
The layers are thoroughly rolled
before the hot mix cools and solidifies
Flexible Pavement
Surface course
A bituminous film coated with stone
(called a spray‐and‐chip seal) or by a thin
asphalt layer
Protects the underlying base course from
traffic and water
Provides adequate tyre friction
Cheap, effective, lasts about 10 years
High noise generation
Flexible Pavement
Surface dressing
Asphalt surfacing
Contains smaller and more wear‐
resistant stones and bitumen
Resist horizontal forces and produces
less noise
Flexible Pavement
Minor street flexible pavement design
Flexible Pavement
Major road flexible pavement design
Rigid Pavement
A concrete slab (150mm~350mm) resting on
subbase material
Reinforcing steel is used
Distribute the load over a relatively
wide area of subgrade
Contraction Joints
Allow and control movements
Control cracking in rigid pavements from shrinkage,
contraction, temperature and moisture change
Transverse contraction joints can be cut at right angles or
skewed to the direction of traffic flow to help with load
transfer
Dowel bars are used to transfer loads across the joints
Maximum spacing
12~24m in reinforced concrete slabs
4~5m in unreinforced concrete slabs
Contraction Joints
Construction Sequence
Prior to starting any earthwork
Verify location of underground utilities
Dig test pits to confirm actual locations
Note location of aerial utilities for
equipment and truck clearances
Permits and approvals
Construction Sequence
Prior to starting any earthwork
Install all required HS&E devices
Review geotechnical information
Observe existing drainage patterns
Plan access and excavation patterns
Determine handling of spoil
Verify original ground surfaces
(compare cross sections shown on the plan)
Construction Procedures
Preparing substrate beneath fills
(ground surface treatment)
Remove top soil & vegetation
Top soil
150
Existing substrate
Construction Procedures
Excavations (cuts) in other
than rock (OTR) and in rock
Rock excavation
OTR excavation
Removed by drilling
Removed by scrapers and blasting, ripping,
dozers, excavators Loading out by trucks
Trim to profile
Prepared substrate
Construction Procedures
Gravel pavements
Compacted
embankment
Prepared substrate
Construction Procedures
Delineator posts
Place asphalt wearing course
(Guide posts)
Compact asphalt
Mulching or
grassing to
Guard rails Stabilise batters
Compacted embankment
& gravel pavements
Construction Procedures
In excavations (cuts)
Sub-surface drains
Surface drains
Culverts
Used to channel water
Made of many different materials;
steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and
concrete (box culverts)
Instant bridging
Box Culverts
Stream
Plan
Embankment formation
Compacted backfill
Porous
backfill
Section
(Through watercourse)
Box Culverts
Keys to Successful Earthwork
Operations
1 Control surface and subsurface water
2 Maintain optimum moisture range
by drying, mixing, or wetting
3 Identify and monitor cut & fill quantities
4 Good layout (horizontal & vertical control)
5 Minimize handling ‐ minimize stockpiling
Keys to Successful Earthwork
Operations
6 Optimize haul lengths
7 Minimize cycle time
8 Proper selection and sizing of
excavators and haul units
9 Alternate haul unit wheel paths
10 Experienced personnel in the field
Weather Protection
Working day lost
Approx. 12% of time will be lost to wet weather
in SE QLD
Planning for wet weather
Program susceptible works during dry season
Plan locations for runoff and overland flow
Seal works in the advent of inclement weather
Limit areas of operation
Mass Haul Diagram
Mass Haul Diagram
Analysise linear earthmoving operation
Provides quick, quantitative information
about cut and fill volumes and movements
A graphic representation of accumulated
volume
Mass Haul Diagram
Calculate quantity of excess cut or
shortfall fill
The difference between two points
indicates the volume of surplus (+ve) or
deficit (‐ve)
Determine most efficient hauls for cut to
fill operation
Mass Haul Diagram
Chainage 0~ 100~ 200~ 300~ 400~ 500~ 600~ 700~ 800~ 900~ Total
(m)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Cut (m3) 490 927 982 279 0 0 0 0 220 428 3326