POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS
 System Representation

 Three phase system is represented by its

sequence networks
 Positive
 Negative
 Zero
 system components
 Generators

 Motors

 transformers

 Transmission lines
Assumptions
Assumptions (cont’d)
 Sequence diagrams for generators

 Generators only produce positive sequence

voltages; therefore only the positive sequence has
a voltage source
Z2 3Zn Z0
Z1

E’

During a fault Z1  Xd”. The zero sequence

impedance is usually smaller. The value of Zn
depends on whether the generator is grounded
 Sequence diagrams for Transformers

 The positive and negative sequence diagrams

for transformers are similar to those for
transmission lines.

 The zero sequence network depends upon both

how the transformer is grounded and its type of
connection.
 Transformer Sequence Diagrams

a) Both neutrals are grounded and there is a path for the zero sequence
current to flow in the primary and secondary and the transformer
exhibits the equivalent leakage impedance per phase
 Transformer Sequence Diagrams (Cont’d)

b) The secondary neutral is isolated and the zero sequence current in the secondary
is zero, the secondary phase current sums up zero. Consequently, the zero sequence
current in the primary is zero due to open circuit
Transformer Sequence Diagrams (Cont’d)
Transformer Sequence Diagrams (Cont’d)
Transformer Sequence Diagrams (Cont’d)
 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

 The first step in the analysis of unbalanced faults

is to assemble the three sequence networks.
Example: The sequence network for the previous
example
 Sequence Diagrams for Example
Positive Sequence Network

Negative Sequence Network

 Sequence Diagrams for Example

Zero Sequence Network

 Create Thevenin Equivalents

 To do further analysis we first need to calculate the

thevenin equivalents as seen from the fault location.
In this example the fault is at the terminal of the right
machine so the thevenin equivalents are:


Zth  j 0.2 in parallel with j0.455
Zth  j 0.21 in parallel with j0.475
 Single Line-to-Ground (SLG) Faults

 Unbalanced faults unbalance the network, but only

at the fault location. This causes a coupling of the
sequence networks. How the sequence networks are
coupled depends upon the fault type. We’ll derive
these relationships for several common faults.
 With a SLG fault only one phase has non-zero fault
current . Assume it is phase a.
 SLG Faults, cont’d

The only way these two

constraints can be satissfied
is by coupling the sequence
networks in series

0 1 2 1 𝑓
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎
3
𝑓 𝑓
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑍𝑓 𝐼𝑎 (Proof for yourselves)
𝑓 0 1 2
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑓 +𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑓
 SLG Faults, cont’d

3Zf

1.050
I f    j1.964  I f  I 0f
j (0.1389  0.1456  0.25  3Z f )
I  A I s  I af   j 5.8 (of course, Ibf  I cf  0)
 Line-to-Line (LL) Faults

 The second most common fault is line-to-line,

which occurs when two of the conductors come in
contact with each other. With out loss of
generality we'll assume phases b and c.

Current Relationships: I af  0, I bf   I cf , I 0f  0
Voltage Relationships: Vbg  Vcg
 LL Faults, cont'd

Using the current relationships we get

 I 0f  1 1 1  0 
 
 1 2 f 
 I f   1     I b 
  3
1  2     I f 

 I f    b 
I 0f  0

I f
1 f

 Ib    2
3
 I f 
1 f 2
 Ib   
3

Hence I f   I f
 LL Faults, con'td
Using the voltage relationships we get
V f0  1 1 
1  Vag
f 
  1    
V f   1   2  Vbgf  
  3
   
V f  1  2
   cg 
V f

Hence

Vf 
1 f
3   2

Vag     Vbgf 

 1 f
 
V f  Vag   2   Vbgf 
3
 V f  V f
 LL Faults, cont'd
   
To satisfy If  I f & Vf  Vf
the positive and negative sequence networks must
be connected in parallel
 LL Faults, cont'd

Solving the network for the currents we get

 1.050
If   3.691  90
j 0.1389  j 0.1456
 I af  1 1 1  0   0 
 f      6.39 
 b
I  1  2
  3.691  90
  
 f 1   2   3.69190   6.39 
 c 
I  
 LL Faults, cont'd

Solving the network for the voltages we get


Vf  1.050  j 0.1389  3.691  90  0.5370
V f   j 0.1452  3.69190  0.5370
Vaf  1 1 1   0   1.074 
 f   
Vb   1 
2
  0.537    0.537 
   
 f  1   2  0.537   0.537 
Vc   
 Double Line-to-Ground Faults

 With a double line-to-ground (DLG) fault two line

conductors come in contact both with each other and
ground. We'll assume these are phases b and c.

I af  0 Vbgf  Vcgf  Z f ( I bf  I cf )
 DLG Faults, cont'd

From the current relationships we get

 I af  1 1 
1 f I 0

 f    
 Ib   1  2
  I f 
 f  1  2 
 I c     I f 
 
Since I af  0  I 0f  I f  I f  0
Note, because of the path to ground the zero
sequence current is no longer zero.
 DLG Faults, cont'd
From the voltage relationships we get
V f0  1 1 
1  ag
V f 
  1    
V f   1   2  Vbgf  
  3
   
V f  1    Vbgf 
2
 
Since Vbgf  Vcgf  V f  V f
Then Vbgf  V f0  ( 2   )V f
But since 1      0 
2
    1
2

Vbgf  V f0  V f
 DLG Faults, cont'd

Vbgf  V f0  V f
 Z f ( I bf  I cf )
Also, since
2  
Ibf
 0
If  I f I f
I cf  I 0f   I f   2 I f
Adding these together (with    2  -1)
Vbgf  Z f (2 I 0f  I f  I f ) with I 0f   I f  I f
V f0  V f  3Z f I 0f
 DLG Faults, cont'd

 The three sequence networks are joined as

follows

Assuming Zf=0, then


 V 1.050
If   

Z  Z ( Z  3Z f ) j 0.1389  j 0.092
0

 4.547  0
 DLG Faults, cont'd


Vf  1.05  4.547  90  j 0.1389  0.4184
I f  0.4184 / j 0.1456  j 2.874
I 0f   I f  I f  j 4.547  j 2.874  j1.673
Converting to phase: Ib f
 1.04  j 6.82
I cf  1.04  j 6.82
 Unbalanced Fault Summary

 SLG: Sequence networks are connected in series,

parallel to three times the fault impedance
 LL: Positive and negative sequence networks are
connected in parallel; zero sequence network is
not included since there is no path to ground
 DLG: Positive, negative and zero sequence
networks are connected in parallel, with the zero
sequence network including three times the fault
impedance