Computers and Geotechnics 55 (2014) 165–171

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Computers and Geotechnics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compgeo

Technical Communication

Dynamic response of a circular lined tunnel with an imperfect interface

subjected to cylindrical P-waves
Changping Yi ⇑, Ping Zhang, Daniel Johansson, Ulf Nyberg
Division of Mining and Geotechnical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The analytic solutions for the dynamic response of a circular lined tunnel with an imperfect interface sub-
Received 15 July 2013 jected to cylindrical P-waves are presented in the paper. The wave function expansion method was used
Received in revised form 6 August 2013 and the imperfect interface was modeled with a spring model. The interface separating the liner from the
Accepted 28 August 2013
surrounding rock was considered to be homogeneous imperfect. The dynamic stress concentration fac-
Available online 23 September 2013
tors (DSCF) of the rock and liner were evaluated and discussed. The effects of incident wave’s frequency,
bonding conditions and distance between the wave source and the tunnel were examined. The results
Keywords:
showed that the low-frequency incident wave leads to a higher DSCF than the high-frequency incident
Circular lined tunnel
Imperfect interface
wave. The bonding conditions have a great effect on the dynamic response of the lined tunnel. When
Cylindrical P-waves the bond is extremely weak, the resonance scattering phenomenon can be observed. When the distance
Dynamic stress concentration factor between the wave source and the tunnel, depending on frequency of the incident wave, is considered as
large, the cylindrical wave can be treated as a plane wave. Limiting cases were considered and good
agreement with the solutions available in the literature was obtained.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction plane bodywave from a three-dimensional point of view. Davis et al.

Underground facilities are popularly utilized around the world
for various purposes, including subways, material storage, sewage
and water transport. Underground spaces are also used in other
fields such as underground mines, underground powerhouses,
and national defense field. In order to provide safe conditions,
the support systems of underground facilities, such as tunnel lin-
ers, are usually designed to withstand both static overburden and
dynamic loading. Usually, the underground facilities and spaces
consist of several tunnels, which are excavated by blasting method.
The influence of blasting on the adjacent existing tunnels has been
of great concern recently [1–3].
Dynamic effects on existing tunnels are in the form of stress con-
centrations or deformations that they experience during blasting. A
lot of literatures have studied the dynamic response of tunnels with
or without liner subjected to dynamic loading. Pao and Mow [4]
used the wave function expansion method to study the response
of a lined tunnel in a homogeneous medium. Datta et al. [5] studied
the dynamic stresses and the displacements around cylindrical cav-
ities in an elastic medium by employing a combined approach of the
finite element method and the eigenfunction expansion. Lee and
Karl [6] studied SV wave scattering by an underground cylindrical
cavity in the form of Fourier Bessel series. Moore and Guan [7] inves-
tigated the dynamic response of twin circular tunnels to an incident
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 920491731.
E-mail address: changping.yi@ltu.se (C. Yi).
[8] investigated the transverse response of underground cavities
and pipes to incident SV waves using Fourier–Bessel Series and a
convex approximation of the half-space free surface. Lu et al. [9]
investigated the frequency domain dynamic response of a pile
embedded in a porous medium subjected to plane SH seismic
waves. Kattis et al. [10] studied 2D dynamic response of unlined
and lined tunnels in poroelastic soil to harmonic body waves. The
scattering of plane waves by an arbitrary hole in a porous medium
was studied by Lu et al. [11] and Wang et al. [12]. Esmaeili et al.
[13] investigated the dynamic response of a lined circular tunnel
to plane harmonic waves by using hybrid boundary and finite ele-
ment method. Hasheminejad et al. [14] studied the dynamic re-
sponse of an eccentrically lined circular tunnel in poroelastic soil
under seismic excitation. Lin et al. [15] studied the dynamic re-
sponse of a circular underground tunnel in a flat elastic half-space
subjected to an incident P-wave. Uenishi [16] analyzed the
scattering of a plane harmonic body wave by a uniformly lined
circular tunnel with wave function expansion method.
The incident wave has generally been treated as a plane wave,
which is suitable for most of situations because the wave source
is usually far from the tunnels. Sometimes, if a borehole is close
to an existing tunnel and the charge structure is decoupling, the
stress wave from the borehole can roughly be treated as an elastic
cylindrical wave, in this case the curvature of the stress wave
should be considered for the dynamic response of the existing
tunnel. The bond between the tunnel and the liner was normally
treated as perfect bond in previous studies, which means that

0266-352X/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.08.009
166 C. Yi et al. / Computers and Geotechnics 55 (2014) 165–171

the traction and displacement on the interface are continuous. where a2 and b2 are respective wave numbers of P-wave and SV-
However, the bond is not always perfect because there may be wave in liner; Cn and Mn are uncertain constants.
 
ðrÞ
microcracks or interstitial media in the interface sometimes. The There are two refracted waves of P-wave /3 and SV-wave
 
primary goal of this paper is to study the effects of boundary ðrÞ
w3 that propagate towards the inside of liner from its outer
conditions and curvature of the incident wave on the dynamic
boundary. Two refracted waves can be expressed in the cylindrical
response of a lined tunnel subjected to a cylindrical P-wave.
coordinate system of (O1, h) as Eq. (4):
2. Governing equations X
1 9
>
Dn Hnð2Þ ða2 rÞ cos nheixt >
ðrÞ
/3 ¼ >
=
n¼0
We consider an infinitely long lined circular tunnel of outer X1 ; ð4Þ
ðrÞ ixt >
>
radius b and inner radius a in infinite rock mass with the center w3 ¼ Nn Hð2Þ
n ðb2 rÞ sin nhe >
;
of the tunnel located at O1. A harmonic dilatational line source is n¼0

located at O2, which is at a distance r0 from O1, see Fig. 1. The har- where Hnð2Þ is the second kind of Hankel function in nth order, which
monic waves generated by the harmonic dilatational line source at represents inwards-propagating cylindrical wave. Dn and Nn are
O2 can be expressed in terms of the displacement potential as: uncertain constants.
ð1Þ
/ðiÞ ¼ u0 H0 ða1r Þeixt ; ð1Þ To obtain the total displacement potential in rock mass, it is
needed to transform the incident wave in ðO2 ;  hÞ coordinates into
(i)
where / is the displacement potential of the incident P-wave, a1 is the (O1, h) coordinates. According to the addition theorem of Han-
the wave number of P-wave in rock mass, x = 2pf is the circular kel function, there are two expressions for the transformation:
frequency of incident wave with f being the frequency of incident If r P r0,
ð1Þ
P-wave, u0 is the amplitude of incident P-wave, H0 is the first kind
X
1
of Hankel function in 0th order and i is the unit of complex. In this Hn ðarÞeinh ¼ ð1Þm J m ðar0 ÞHnþm ðarÞeiðnþmÞh ð5Þ
presentation, we have a cylindrical wave propagating outwards 1
from the source at O2 in the ðO2 ; 
hÞ coordinates. Only the 0th order
Hankel function is required because of the axial symmetric nature If r 6 r0,
of the source [4]. X
1

When the incident P-wave meets the circular lined tunnel, there Hn ðarÞeinh ¼ ð1Þm Hm ðar 0 ÞJ nþm ðarÞeiðnþmÞh : ð6Þ
1
are two waves reflected from the interface of the rock and the liner.
 
One is the reflected P-wave /1
ðrÞ
and the other is the reflected We focus on the dynamic response of the area of r 6 b, so Eq. (6) is
  suitable for coordinate transformation of this problem. Therefore,
ðrÞ
SV-wave w1 . Both reflected waves can be expressed in the cylin- Eq. (1) can be written as:
drical coordinate system of (O1, h) as Eq. (2): ð1Þ
9 /ðiÞ ¼ u0 H0 ða1r Þeixt
X1
ðrÞ ixt >
>
/1 ¼ An Hð1Þ
n ð a1 rÞ cos nhe >
=
X1

n¼0 ¼ /0 ð1Þn en Hð1Þ n ða1 r 0 ÞJ n ða1 rÞ cos nhe

ixt
; ð7Þ
X1 ; ð2Þ
> n¼0
Bn Hnð1Þ ðb1 rÞ sin nheixt >
ðrÞ
w1 ¼ >
;
n¼0 where e0 = 1 and en = 2 when n P 1.
The total displacement potential in rock mass can be expressed
where b1 is the wave number of SV-wave in rock mass, An and Bn are
as Eq. (8):
uncertain constants, Hnð1Þ is the first kind of Hankel function in nth 9
1 h
X i
order, which represents outwards-propagating cylindrical wave. ixt >
/ðt1Þ ¼ /0 ð1Þn en Hð1Þ ð1Þ
n ðar 0 ÞJ n ða1 rÞ þ An Hn ða1 rÞ cos nhe
>
>
=
There are two reflected waves that propagate outwards from
  n¼0
:
the inner boundary of liner. They are the reflected P-wave /2
ðrÞ X1
>
wðt1Þ Bn Hð1Þ ixt >
>
  ¼ n ðb1 rÞ sin nhe ;
ðrÞ n¼0
and the reflected SV-wave w2 . Both reflected waves can be ex-
ð8Þ
pressed in the cylindrical coordinate system of (O1, h) as Eq. (3):
X1 9 The total displacement potential in liner can be expressed as Eq.
ðrÞ ixt >
>
/2 ¼ C n Hð1Þ
n ð a2 rÞ cos nhe >
= (9):
n¼0
; ð3Þ 1 h
X i 9
X1
ixt >
ðrÞ ixt >
> /ðt2Þ ¼ C n Hð1Þ a rÞ D H ð2Þ
a rÞ cos >
w2 ¼ Mn Hð1Þ
n ðb2 rÞ sin nhe
>
; n ð 2 þ n n ð 2 he >
=
n¼0
n¼0
X1 : ð9Þ
ixt >>
wðt2Þ ¼ ½M n Hð1Þ ð2Þ
n ðb2 rÞ þ N n H n ðb2 rÞ sin he
>
;
n¼0

There are six uncertain constants in aforementioned equations,

which can be calculated by using boundary conditions.

3. Boundary conditions

As aforementioned, sometimes the bond between the rock and

the liner is imperfect. Some researchers studied this subject and
several imperfect interface models were proposed [17–21]. Re-
views of interface conditions in elastic wave problems have been
presented by Martin [22], Huang et al. [23] and Wang et al. [24].
In the present work, the spring model is adopted to model the
Fig. 1. Problem geometry. imperfect interface. The spring model is one of the popular models
 C. Yi et al. / Computers and Geotechnics 55 (2014) 165–171 167

for modeling the imperfect interface [25–28]. The model assumes We omit the time factor of eixt, stress in rock mass can be ex-
that tractions are continuous but displacements are discontinuous pressed as Eq. (13):
across the interface. In particular, the model assumes that the nor- 9
1 h
X i
mal and the shear tractions are proportional to the corresponding rrr1 ¼ 2l1 r2 u0 ð1Þn en Hð1Þ ð1Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ >
>
n ða1 r 0 Þe11 ða1 rÞ þ An e11 ða1 rÞ þ Bn e12 ðb1 rÞ cosnh >
>
>
displacement discontinuities through two stiffness parameters. n¼0 > >
X1 h i >
=
Using this concept, the boundary conditions to be applied at the rhh1 ¼ 2l1 r2 u0 ð1Þn en Hð1Þ ð1Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ
n ða1 r 0 Þe21 ða1 rÞ þ An e21 ða1 rÞ þ Bn e22 ðb1 rÞ cosnh : ð13Þ
>
>
interface of the liner and the rock mass can be described as Eq. (10). n¼0
1 h i >
>
X >
>
9 rrh1 ¼ 2l1 r2 u0 ð1Þn en Hð1Þ ð a r Þe ð1Þ
ða rÞ þ A e ð3Þ
ð a rÞ þ B e ð3Þ
ðb rÞ sinnh >
>
1 0 41 1 n 41 1 n 42 ;
ur1  ur2 ¼ rkrr1
n 1

r >
> n¼0
=
uh1  uh2 ¼ rkrh1
h ; ð10Þ Displacement in rock mass can be expressed as Eq. (14):
rrr1 ¼ rrr2 >
>
;
rrh1 ¼ rrh2 1 h
X i 9
>
ur1 ¼ r 1 u0 ð1Þn en Hð1Þ ð1Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ >
n ða1 r 0 Þe71 ða1 rÞ þ An e71 ða1 rÞ þ Bn e72 ðb1 rÞ cos nh >
=
where kr and kh are normal and tangential spring constants respec- n¼0
1 h i :
X >
tively. The subscripts of 1 and 2 denote the components in rock and u0 ð1Þn en Hð1Þ ð1Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ >
n ða1 r 0 Þe81 ða1 rÞ þ An e81 ða1 rÞ þ Bn e82 ðb1 rÞ sin nh ;
uh1 ¼ r1 >
liner respectively. n¼0

At the inner boundary of liner, the boundary condition can be ð14Þ

expressed as Eq. (11): Stress in lining can be expressed as Eq. (15):

rrr2 ¼ 0 : ð11Þ 9
1 h
X i
rrh2 ¼ 0 rrr2 ¼ 2l2 r2 C n e11 ða2 rÞ þ Dn e11 ða2 rÞ þ M n e12 ðb2 rÞ þ N n e12 ðb2 rÞ cosnh >
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ >
>
>
>
n¼0 >
>
Eq. (10) provides an easy way of describing a wide range of con- X1 h i >
=
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ
tacts between the liner and rock mass, from perfect contact to dis- rhh2 ¼ 2l2 r 2
C n e21 ða2 rÞ þ Dn e21 ða2 rÞ þ M n e22 ðb2 rÞ þ N n e22 ðb2 rÞ cosnh :
>
>
n¼0
1 h i >
>
connected media. For kr ? +1 and kh ? +1, with the normal and X >
>
C n e41 ða2 rÞ þ Dn e41 ða2 rÞ þ M n e42 ðb2 rÞ þ N n e42 ðb2 rÞ sin nh >
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ
rrh2 ¼ 2l2 r2 >
;
tangential stresses being finite quantities, the normal and tangen- n¼0
tial displacements are continuous at the interface. The spring mod- ð15Þ
el therefore approaches a perfectly bonded interface. For kr ? +1
Displacement in liner can be expressed as Eq. (16):
and kh ? 0, we obtain rrh1 ? 0, which amounts to a perfect slip
with no friction. Lastly, for kr ? 0 and kh ? 0, we obtain rrr1 ? 0 1 h
X i 9
>
C n e71 ða2 rÞ þ Dn e71 ða2 rÞ þ M n e72 ðb2 rÞ þ Nn e72 ðb2 rÞ cos nh >
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ
and rrh1 ? 0, which means that no waves are transmitted from ur2 ¼ r 1 >
=
the rock mass to the liner [28]. The validity of the spring model n¼0
1 h
X i >
C n e81 ða2 rÞ þ Dn e81 ða2 rÞ þ M n e82 ðb2 rÞ þ N n e82 ðb2 rÞ sin nh >
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ
has been verified both through experimental results [29,30] and uh2 ¼ r1 >
;
n¼0
numerical solutions [31,32].
ð16Þ
4. Stresses and displacements in the rock mass and the liner
where l1 and l2 are respective shear modulus of rock mass and
ðkÞ
Based on the relation between displacement potential, stress liner, eij is the contribution of various waves for stress and dis-
and displacement, the stress and the displacement can be ex- placement; see Appendix.
pressed as Eq. (12): We can obtain the values of An, Bn, . . . , Nn from the matrix equa-
9 tion by using boundary conditions as follows,where l  ¼ l1 =l2 is
ur ¼ @/ þ 1r @w >
> ðkÞ
the ratio of shear modulus of rock mass and liner and Eij is the va-
@r @h >
>
uh ¼ r @h  @w
1 @/ >
> ðkÞ
lue of eij on the boundary.
@r h 1 i >
>
@2 / =
rrr ¼ kr2 / þ 2l @r 2
þ @r@ @w
r @h ð12Þ
h    i >;
rhh ¼ kr2 / þ 2l 1 @/ 2
þ 1r @@h/2 þ 1r @w 
2
1 @ w >
>
>
n  r @r
 h 2 @h

r @r@h
 io >>
>
2
1 @ / @/ 1 @ / @ 1 @w >
;
rrh ¼ l 2 r @r@h
 r12 @h
þ r2 @h2
 r @r r @r

where k and l are Lame constants.

2 ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ 3

l
 E11 ða1 bÞ l
 E12 ðb1 bÞ E11 ða2 bÞ E11 ða2 bÞ E12 ðb2 bÞ E12 ðb2 bÞ
6 ð3Þ 7
6 l E41 ða1 bÞ l Eð3Þ
42 ðb1 bÞ
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ
E41 ða2 bÞ E41 ða2 bÞ E42 ðb2 bÞ E42 ðb2 bÞ 7
6 7
6 ð3Þ 7
6 E71 ða1 bÞ þ 2ðl1 =kr Þb E11 ða1 bÞ E72 ðb1 bÞ þ 2ðl1 =kr Þb1 Eð3Þ
1 ð3Þ ð3Þ
12 ðb1 bÞ
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ
E71 ða2 bÞ E71 ða2 bÞ E72 ðb2 bÞ E72 ðb2 bÞ 7
6 7
6 ð3Þ 1 1 ð3Þ 7
6 E81 ða1 bÞ þ 2ðl1 =kh Þb Eð3Þ 41 ð a1 bÞ E
ð3Þ
82 ðb1 bÞ þ 2ð l 1 =k h Þb E42 ðb1 bÞ
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ
E81 ða2 bÞ E81 ða2 bÞ E82 ðb2 bÞ E82 ðb2 bÞ 7
6 7
6 ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ 7
4 0 0 E11 ða2 aÞ E11 ða2 aÞ E12 ðb2 aÞ E12 ðb2 aÞ 5
ð3Þ ð4Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ
0 0 E41 ða2 aÞ E41 ða2 aÞ E42 ðb2 aÞ E42 ðb2 aÞ
2 3 ð17Þ
2 3 ð1Þ
l E11 ða1 bÞ
An
6 7
6B 7 6 ð1Þ
lE41 ða1 bÞ
 7
6 n7 6 7
6 7 6 ð1Þ 7
6 Cn 7 n
6 E ða1 bÞ  2ðl =kr Þb E ða1 bÞ 7
1 ð1Þ
6
6D 7
7 ¼ u0 ð1Þ en H ða1 r 0 Þ6 71
ð1Þ
n 6 ð1Þ
1 11 7
7
6 n7 6 E ða1 bÞ  2ðl1 =kh Þb1 Eð1Þ ða1 bÞ 7
6 7 6 81 41 7
4 Mn 5 6 7
4 0 5
Nn 0
168 C. Yi et al. / Computers and Geotechnics 55 (2014) 165–171

90 Kr=Kθ=10.0μ1/b 90
5 Kr=Kθ=10.0μ1/b
120 60 2.0 120 60
Kr=Kθ=1.0μ1/b Kr=Kθ=1.0μ1/b
4
Kr=Kθ=0.1μ1/b 1.5 Kr=Kθ=0.1μ1/b
3 150 30 α1a=0.1 150 30 α1a=0.1
1.0
2 R=b r0=5a R=a r0 =5a
1 0.5
DSCF

DSCF
0 180 0 0.0 180 0
1
0.5
2
210 330 1.0 210 330
3
4 1.5
5 240 300 240 300
2.0
270 270

(a) (b)
90 Kr=Kθ=10.0μ1/b 90
Kr=Kθ=10.0μ1/b
1.5 120 60 1.8 120 60
Kr=Kθ=1.0μ1/b Kr=Kθ=1.0μ1/b
Kr=Kθ=0.1μ1/b Kr=Kθ=0.1μ1/b
1.0 1.2
150 30 150 30 α1a=2.0
α1a=2.0
0.5 R=b r0=5a 0.6 R=a r0=5a
DSCF

DSCF
0.0 180 0 0.0 180 0

0.5 0.6
210 330 210 330
1.0 1.2

1.5 240 300 1.8 240 300

270 270

(c) (d)
Fig. 2. DSCF of Hoop stress in the rock and liner for the case of r0 = 5a. (a) DSCF of Hoop stress in the rockm, (b) DSCF of Hoop stress in the liner, (c) DSCF of Hoop stress in the
rock, and (d) DSCF of Hoop stress in the liner.

5. Numerical results and discussions
It is important to solve the dynamic stress concentration factor
on the edge of tunnel and liner impacted by incident harmonic
P-wave. In this problem the main task is to study the DSCF in the
rock and at the edge of the liner. Usually, the hoop stress is larger
than the radial stress in the lined tunnel subjected to the stress
wave, so only the DSCF of hoop stress is considered in the paper.
The dynamic stress concentration factor is determined by
ðiÞ
normalizing rhh by the magnitude of the radial stress rrr of the
incident wave at the same point in the medium with no opening.
The incident radial stress in terms of incident wave potential is:
h i
ð1Þ 2 ð1Þ
rðiÞ 2  ixt ;
rr ¼ l1 a1 u0 H 2 ða1 r Þ þ ð1  k ÞH 0 ða1 r Þ e
 ð18Þ
2
where k ¼ 2ð1m1 Þ
and m1 is Poisson’s ratio of rock.
12m1
The dynamic stress concentration factor of hoop stress is:
rhh ¼ rhh =rrrðiÞ : ð19Þ
To get a general solution, some dimensionless parameters are
defined. CP1 and CP2 are the velocities of P-wave in rock and liner
respectively and CP1/CP2 = 1.5. m1 = 0.25 and m2 = 0.2 are Poisson’s
ratios of rock and liner respectively. l1 and l2 are the shear modu-
lus of rock and liner respectively and l1/l2=2.9. These parameters
can be regarded as a concrete liner structure in rock mass. Three
sets of dimensionless spring stiffnesses are considered and they
are Kr = Kh = 10.0l1/b, 1.0l1/b and 0.1l1/b. The ratio of outer and
inner radii of the liner is 1.2, i.e. the value of b/a is 1.2. A Fortran
program was written to get the numerical results.
When the distance between the line source and the tunnel is 5a,
i.e. r0 = 5a, the distribution of DSCF in the rock mass at r = b and the
DSCF distribution in the liner at r = a due to the low-frequency and
the high-frequency incident waves are shown in Fig. 2. When the
frequency of incident wave is low, there are four peak values of
DSCF in the rock and the liner, see Fig. 2(a) and (b). Increasing of
spring stiffness leads to decreasing DSCF in the rock and increasing
DSCF in the liner. When the incident wave’s frequency is high, the
distribution of DSCF is complicated, see Fig. 2(c) and (d). At the
boundary of rock mass, the difference of maximum of DSCF with
different spring stiffnesses is slight and the location of the peak
values of DSCF is different with different spring stiffnesses, see
Fig. 2(c). At the inner boundary of the liner, Kr = Kh = 1.0l1/b yields
the largest DSCF, see Fig. 2(d). It can be observed that the low-
frequency incident wave leads to a higher DSCF in rock than the
high-frequency incident wave via the comparison of Fig. 2(a) and
(c).
When the distance between the line source and the tunnel is
10a, i.e. r0 = 10a, the distributions of DSCF due to the low frequency
and the high frequency incident waves are shown in Fig. 3. The dis-
tribution of DSCF is similar to the case of r0 = 5a. When the fre-
quency of incident wave is low, the peak value of DSCF is smaller
than the case of r0 = 5a. The locations of two peak values of DSCF
in the rock in the case of r0 = 10a are closer to h = p/2 and h = 3p/
2 compared to the case of r0 = 5a when the frequency of the inci-
dent wave is low.
 C. Yi et al. / Computers and Geotechnics 55 (2014) 165–171 169

90 Kr=Kθ=10.0μ1/b 90 Kr=Kθ=10.0μ1/b
4 120 60
Kr=Kθ=1.0μ1/b 1.5 120 60 Kr=Kθ=1.0μ1/b
3 Kr=Kθ=0.1μ1/b Kr=Kθ=0.1μ1/b
150 30 α1a=0.1 1.0
2 150 30
α1a=0.1
R=b r0 =10a
1 0.5 R=b r0 =10a
DSCF

DSCF
0 180 0 0.0 180 0

1
0.5
2 210 330 210 330
1.0
3

4 240 300 1.5 240 300

270 270

(a) (b)

90 90 Kr=Kθ=10.0μ1/b
Kr=Kθ=10.0μ1/b
1.5 1.6 120 60
120 60 Kr=Kθ=1.0μ1/b Kr=Kθ=1.0μ1/b
Kr=Kθ=0.1μ1/b 1.2 Kr=Kθ=0.1μ1/b
1.0
150 30 150 30
α1a=2.0 0.8 α1a=2.0
0.5 R=b r0=10a R=a r0=10a
0.4
DSCF
DSCF

0.0 180 0 0.0 180 0

0.4
0.5
0.8 210 330
210 330
1.0
1.2

1.5 240 300 1.6 240 300

270 270

(c) (d)
Fig. 3. DSCF of Hoop stress in the rock and liner for the case of r0 = 10a. (a) DSCF of Hoop stress in the rock, (b) DSCF of Hoop stress in the liner, (c) DSCF of Hoop stress in the
rock, and (d) DSCF of Hoop stress in the liner.

5 5

4 4
kr=kθ=10.0μ1/b
kr=kθ=10.0μ1 /b
3 3 kr=kθ=1.0μ1/b
kr=kθ=1.0μ1 /b
DSFC
DSFC

kr=kθ=0.1μ1/b
kr=kθ=0.1μ1 /b
2 2 R=b r0=10a θ=π
R=b r0 =5a θ=π

1 1

0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
α1a α1a
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. DSCF of Hoop stress in the rock vs. the frequency of incident wave at h = p. (a) r0 = 5a and (b) r0 = 10a.

The variation of DSCF of the rock mass at h = p and r = b with the
change of the incident wave’s frequency is shown in Fig. 4 for the
cases of r0 = 5a and r0 = 10a. The results indicate that DSCF at
h = p is high when the incident wave’s frequency is low, which
is quite different from the results of plane incident wave. The
analysis of plane incident wave shows that the DSCF at h = p is
always small for the case of perfect interface [4]. When the bond
is extremely imperfect (Kr = Kh = 0.1l1/b), the results show that
there are several peak values of DSCF in the rock, which is due
to the resonance scattering as observed by Rajabi and Hashe-
minejad [33]. This phenomenon is very unique for the case of
the extremely imperfect interface [34]. Thus, the effect of an
imperfect interface has a pronounced effect on the scattering of
elastic waves.
170 C. Yi et al. / Computers and Geotechnics 55 (2014) 165–171

2.5 3.5

3.0
2.0
2.5
α1a=0.5
1.5 2.0
DSCF

α1a=1.0

DSCF
α1a=1.5
α1a=0.5 1.5
1.0
α1a=1.0 θ =π
α1a=1.5
1.0
0.5
θ=π/2 0.5

0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
r0 /a r0 /a

(a) (b)
Fig. 5. DSCF of Hoop stress in the rock vs. r0.

2.8
5
2.4 Plane wave,θ=π/2
Cylindrical wave,θ=π/2 4 Kr=Kθ
2.0 Plane wave,θ=π Kr=Kθ=100.0 μ1/b
Cylindrical wave,θ=π
DSCF

1.6 3
DSCF

1.2
2
0.8
1
0.4

0.0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 1 2 3 4
α1a α1a

(a) (b)
Fig. 6. DSCF vs. the frequency of incident wave.

In order to investigate the effect of the distance between the
line source and the tunnel, the variation of DSCF of the boundary
of rock mass at h = p/2 and h = p with the change of r0 is shown
in Fig. 5. Three incident frequencies were investigated and the
spring stiffness was set as Kr = Kh = 10.0l1/b. The results show that
the value of DSCF is constant when r0 is large; the value of DSCF
depends on the frequency of the incident wave, which implies that
the cylindrical wave can be treated as a plane wave when the dis-
tance between the line source and the tunnels is large.
In order to investigate the validity of the spring model and cal-
culations, a modified FORTRAN program was used to calculate the
DSCF of the circular lined tunnel with perfect interface impacted by
plane P-waves. The values of parameters of the tunnel and the liner
are same to those in Table 4.3 for Case I in Chapter 3 of the refer-
ence [4]. The numerical results, as shown in Fig. 6(a), accurately
reproduced the curves for the case of b/a = 1.2 displayed in
Fig. 4.5 (a) in Chapter 3 of the reference [4]. According to the anal-
ysis above, the cylindrical wave can be treated as a plane wave
when the distance between the line source and the tunnels is large.
The case of r0 = 1000a and Kr = Kh = 10.0l1/b was studied. The
results indicate that DSCFs at h = p/2 and h = p induced by
cylindrical P-waves are close to those induced by plane P-waves,
see Fig. 6(a). Pao and Mow [4] investigated the dynamic response
of circular tunnel without liner subjected to cylindrical P-waves.
This case is equivalent to define Kr = Kh = + 1 and the same values
of parameters for tunnels and liners in present paper. The case of
r0 = 2a was taken as an example. The numerical result for the case
of Kr = Kh = + 1, as shown in Fig. 6(b), accurately reproduced the
curve for the case of r0 = 2a displayed in Fig. 7.6 in Chapter 3 of
the reference [4]. The results also indicate that the interface is close
to perfect bonded interface when the stiffness of the spring model
is Kr = Kh = 100.0l1/b, especially for the high frequency incident
waves.
6. Conclusions
The influence of the boundary imperfections and the curvature
of the incident wave on the dynamic response of the lined tunnel
subjected to a cylindrical incident P-wave was studied with wave
function expansion method and the spring model for the imperfect
interface. The distribution of DSCF around the lined tunnel and the
variation of DSCF with the change of the frequency and the curva-
ture of the incident wave were presented. The results show that
increasing spring stiffness leads to a decreasing DSCF in the rock
and an increasing DSCF in the liner. But the dynamic response of
the lined tunnel to the high-frequency incident wave is compli-
cated due to the boundary imperfections. When the bond is
extremely weak, the phenomenon of resonance scattering can be
observed, which can induce a large DSCF in the rock mass. The
curvature of the incident wave also has a great effect on the
dynamic response of the lined tunnel. The cylindrical wave can
 C. Yi et al. / Computers and Geotechnics 55 (2014) 165–171 171

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