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CFD for non-newtonian CMC fluid flow through concentric annuli with centre
body rotation
Md Mamunur Rashid
Faculty, Bangladesh Institute of Management (www.bim.org.bd)
4, Sobhanbag, Mirpur Road, Dhaka-1207
E-mail: mamun87245@gmail.com
Abstract
The laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluid through 1. INTRODUCTION
Generally, developing countries, like Bangladesh has
concentric annuli with centre body rotation has
no other alternative but to approach the foreign
been studied numerically. The scope of this study is
consults to solve problems arising due to fluid flow of
limited to numerical prediction of axial velocity
non-Newtonian nature. A computer package, which
profiles and tangential velocity profiles at steady
can run on available personal computers, will be of
state condition. A general computer program
much help for Bangladesh. In the present study, a
“TEACH-T” has been modified for this purpose.
detailed computational investigation on the non-
The program was used after sufficient justification.
Newtonian fluid flow through concentric annuli with
In the present study, confined flow through
centre body rotation with CMC
concentric annuli with centre body rotation is
(carboxymethylcellulose) as a working fluid will be
examined numerically by solving the modified
carried out. The geometry and dimensions of the non-
Navier-Stokes Equations.
Newtonian fluid flow is based on the experimental
Keywords studies Escudier et al. (1995) [1-2]. Pls see the author
Annuli, Flux, Hydraulic diameter, iso-viscous, was presented some works in this arena [4-8]. The
Peclect number specific objectives of this study are to develop a
Nomenclature and list of symbols computer program for theoretical investigation of
m Mass flow rate , Kg/sec
Non-dimensional temperature profiles combined axial and tangential laminar velocity of
R Half diameter of the pipe or tube concentric annular with centre body rotation, to study
µ Laminar viscosity, N-S/m2
Q Volumetric flow rate, m3/s the constant rotational speed with different Reynolds
Gz Graetz number number of concentric annuli with centre body rotation
Pr Prandtl number
U Bulk axial velocity flow and final attempt would be made to establish
ρ Fluid density, Kg/m3 reliabilities, suitability and assessment of the quality
X Axial distance, m
Re bulk flow Reynolds number, 2ρU(Ro-Ri)/µ of this program through comparing the results
Ri radius of inner wall of annulus obtained with those available in the literature.
Ro radius of outer wall of annulus
x, r,
u, v, w axial, radial & tangential velocities
2. GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
coordinate directions
ζ (r-Ri)/( Ro-Ri) This work is concerned with steady laminar flow in
ξ x/( Ro-Ri) concentric annuli with center body rotation. The
K non-Newtonian fluid consistency rheological equation used in this work is well-known
index
n power –law exponent power law, viz.
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International Journal on Science and Technology (IJSAT)
Vol. 2, Issue 3, PP121-126, July-September, 2011
u v V
rz K zz P 2 K
n n
r z z
(1)
r
Schematic
diagram of
the numerical 3. DISCRETIZED GOVERNING
Ro Ri
model DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
In the present study the finite volume approach, as
described by Gosman et al. [1989], is adopted [3].
Typical however, the Newtonian term, which is
included in the present study, is introduced through
the source terms. In his approach, the governing
differential equations are discretized by integrating
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the numerical
model them over a finite number of control volumes or
The fluid flow in concentric annuli with center body computational cells, into which the solution domain is
rotation (shown in figure1) is considered under the divided [10-12]. Discretized transport will take the
following conditions: a) the fluid flows in laminar following quasi-linear form:
and steady. b) The fluid density ρ, consistency index (ap-b) фp= anbфnb + C
K, thermal conductivity k, and heat capacity Cp are
Where the anb are coefficients multiplying the values
temperature independent. Under the assumptions
of ф at the neighbouring nodes surrounding the
stated above, the continuity and momentum equations
central node P. The umber of neighbour depends on
for an incompressible fluid in cylinder co-ordinate
(r, , z) system are:
the interpolation practice or differencing schemes
used. Here ap is the co-efficient of фp given by
vr vz Vr
Continuity:
0
ap= anb;
r z
(2)
Vr Vr rr zr rr
Momentum:
Vz
n
r z r z
Vr
V V r z 2 r
r For the present study, the hybrid Scheme is used.
Vz
r z r z
Vr The name Hybrid indicates a combination of the
Vz Vz zr zz zr
r Central Difference Scheme (CDS) and Upwind
Vz
r z r z
Vr (3) Difference Scheme (UDS). For the range of peclect
r
Where the stress tensors are given by number (ρuL/Γ) -2< Pe < 2, both the diffusion and
V V
convective term are evaluated by the CDS. Outside
r K
n
r r
this range convective terms are evaluated using the
V
UDS and the diffusion terms are evaluation using
z K
n
z
CDS. Boundary conditions of the present study are at
inlet boundary, flat profile of axial velocity is
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International Journal on Science and Technology (IJSAT)
Vol. 2, Issue 3, PP121-126, July-September, 2011
specified, at outlet boundary, the gradients of all Figure 3. Axial velocity profiles for CMC fluid at
Re=350
variables are set to zero in the axial direction and at
wall boundaries; outer wall velocity is set to a
constant value.
Rotational speed of inner pipe, N=126 rpm. are shown in such a way, that the gradual change in
profiles from flat to developed parabolic type can be
easily inspected. The last curve (at length to hydraulic
diameter ratio, X/Dh=104) in each case shows the
developed axial velocity profile and compared with
experimental results of Escudier et al. (1995). The
prediction is for the iso-viscous laminar flow of
fluids. From figure 2 the last curve of the graph
shows the developed velocity profile and points of
experimental result from Escudier et al. (1995). The
maximum velocity for experimental result is 1.7 and
for numerical solutions it is 1.5. Hence a percentage
Figure 2. Axial velocity profiles for CMC fluid at
Re=110 deviation of 12% in maximum velocity is observed at
the last station. In the figure 4 at the last station the
maximum velocity for experimental result is 1.4 and
numerical solution it is 1.65. Hence percentage
deviations of 17% in maximum velocity observed.
For both figures 2 and 3, it is seen for laminar flow
(low Reynolds number respectively 110 and 350) the
maximum velocity occurs near the inner wall. Higher
rotation of inner pipe gives rise to higher shear stress
adjacent to the inner wall resulting lower viscosity,
consequently maximum velocity near the inner wall
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International Journal on Science and Technology (IJSAT)
Vol. 2, Issue 3, PP121-126, July-September, 2011
V 1 1 r
2 2
rr
2 1
1 2
1 2
r
1
2 r
r r
2
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Vol. 2, Issue 3, PP121-126, July-September, 2011
5. COCLUSION
Figure 8. Tangential velocity profiles for Glucose at The main findings are summarized below: a) the axial
Re=800
and it is found to be in excellent agreement. This velocity profile at inlet is flat and gradually
shows the validity of present numerical predictions. transforms to parabolic shape. b) Maximum axial
In the experiments of Escudier et al. (1995), the velocity occurs at a region close to the inner wall.
centre body is slightly distorted, and it is impossible This tendency is particularly noticeable at a Reynolds
to achieve a concentric geometry over the entire number of 110. c) The tangential velocity decreases
length of the test section. In our numerical prediction with the increase of radius; while near the outer wall
this concentricity was not considered. In contrast to it changes slowly and d) increasing the Reynolds
the negligible influence of friction factor, rotating has number for constant rotational speed produces a
a strong influence on the tangential mean velocities, progressively reduced level of the tangential velocity,
which generally reveal a triple layer structure of except for anomalous behavior at low Reynolds
speed; Nouri and law (1994) also reported very number for CMC.
similar observation for CMC. As the Reynolds
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
number is increased the tangential velocity levels
The same prediction can be carried out for the
within the annular gap are progressively reduced
turbulent cases by incorporating the turbulent
except for Re 110, which is shown in figure 9.
transport equations Similar study can be made for
eccentric annular with centre body rotation. (E.g.
LUDS, Quick Scheme) can be used to have better
accuracy in this type of prediction [9-12]. Similar
study can be made for different size, length, diameter
and rotational speed. Similar prediction can be made
giving the inner body rotation with vibration.
REFERENCES
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with centre body rotation of a Newtonian and shear thinning
Figure 9. Effects of Re of tangential velocity profiles at X/Dh=104 liquid. Int. Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. Vol. 16. No.3
(1995).
Therefore that the tangential velocity gradient in the
inner layer must be substantially higher than in the
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International Journal on Science and Technology (IJSAT)
Vol. 2, Issue 3, PP121-126, July-September, 2011
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