On

Electrical Wiring

•Prepared By: Nikul Parmar

  Introduction.
 Electric Power supply Wiring.
 Domestic Electric circuits.
I. Domestic Wiring.
II. Sub-circuits in Domestic Wiring.
III. Methods of Wiring.
 Industrial Electrification.
I. Types of Installation.
II. Electrical Installation for power circuit.
 Now a day electricity Is used not only for domestic lighting
purpose, but it is also used for various modern equipments,
which are very common to various houses like geysers,
washing machines ,mixers ,ovens ,televisions ,computers
etc. Each consumer has a separate electrical circuit
connecting different appliances and accessories.
Depending upon the power, current and voltage ratings of
various appliances, it is necessary to select proper type of
wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of
wires connecting various accessories for distribution of
electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the
numerous electrical energy consuming devices through
controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical Wiring.
 Electric power is usually generated at places which
are far away from the places where it is consumed. At
the generating station, the electric power is generated
at 11,000 volts. This voltage alternates at a frequency
of 50 Hz.
 The power is transmitted over long distances at high
voltage to minimize the loss of energy in the
transmission.
 The electric power line enters our house through three wires- namely the live wire, the
neutral wire and the earth wire. To avoid confusion we follow a color code for insulating
these wires.

 The red wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral. The earth wire is given green
plastic insulation.

 The live wire has a high potential of 220 volts whereas the neutral wire has zero potential.
Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0 = 220 volts.

 The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to
a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric
meter and then to the main switch.

 In our homes, we receive supply of electric power through a main supply (mains), either
supported through overhead electric poles or by underground cables.
 The live wire and neutral wire, coming from the electric pole, enter a box
fitted just outside our house which has a main fuse F1. The fuse is
connected in series with the live wire. This is done so because it is only
the live wire which has a high potential of 220 volts unlike the neutral wire
which carries zero potential. The fuse F1 has a high rating of about 50
amperes. Thus it prevents any damage such as fire to the entire electrical
wiring entering the house due to short-circuit or overloading.

 The two wires then enter the electricity meter which records lithe electrical
power consumed by us in kilowatt-hour (kWh). This meter is installed by
the electric supply Department of our city.

 These two wires coming out of the meter are then connected to a main
switch which is placed in a distribution box. Another fuse F2 is placed in
series with the live wire in this box for the sake of consumer safety.

 There are two separate circuits in a house namely lighting circuit and
power circuit. The lighting circuit with a 5 A fuse is used for running
electric bulbs, fan, radio, TV, tube lights etc. and the power circuit with a
15 A fuse is used for running electric heater, electric iron, geyser,
refrigerator etc as it draws more current.
 The distribution circuits are always connected in parallel
combination. In a parallel circuit even if there is a fault or short-
circuiting in any one line, the corresponding fuse blows off
leaving the other circuits and appliances intact and prevents
damage to the entire house.

 In case short-circuit occurs in the power circuit, then the

power-fuse will blow off but our lights will continue to burn as
the lighting circuit remains unaffected.

 A constant voltage of the main line is available for all other

electrical appliances.

 Along with the two wires, a third wire called the earth wire also
enters our house as shown in the fig. The earth connection is
first made to the electric meter and then to the main switch.
This wire then goes into the rooms along with the live and
neutral wires.
It is Broadly classified into two categories:

Light and Fan sub-circuit and Power sub-circuit.

(1) Light and Fan Sub-circuit:

The sub-circuit of the electrical installation feeding supply
to various light points, i.e. lamps, tubes etc. and to fan
points is termed as light and fan sub-circuit respectively.

(2) Power circuit:

The part of the complete installation that supplies
appliances like hot plate , electric iron ,small single-phase
motors of washing machine , refrigerator etc. is generally
called the power sub-circuit.
 Wiring (a process of connecting various accessories for
distribution of electrical energy from supplier’s meter
board to home appliances such as lamps, fans and other
domestic appliances is known as Electrical Wiring) can
be done using two methods which are,

I. Joint box system or Tee system

II. Loop – in system.
 Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System

 In this method of wiring, connections to appliances are

made through joints. These joints are made in joint
boxes by means of suitable connectors or joints cutouts.
This method of wiring doesn’t consume too much cables
size.

 You might think because this method of wiring doesn’t

require too much cable it is therefore cheaper. It is of
course but the money you saved from buying cables will
be used in buying joint boxes, thus equation is balanced.
This method is suitable for temporary installations and it
is cheap.
 Loop-in or Looping System
 This method of wiring is universally used in wiring.
Lamps and other appliances are connected in
parallel so that each of the appliances can be
controlled individually. When a connection is
required at a light or switch, the feed conductor is
looped in by bringing it directly to the terminal and
then carrying it forward again to the next point to
be fed.

 The switch and light feeds are carried round the

circuit in a series of loops from one point to
another until the last on the circuit is reached. The
phase or line conductors are looped either in
switchboard or box and neutrals are looped either
in switchboard or from light or fan. Line or phase
should never be looped from light or fan.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Loop-In Method
Advantages :
 It doesn’t require joint boxes and so money is saved
 In loop – in systems, no joint is concealed beneath floors or
in roof spaces.
 Fault location is made easy as the points are made only at
outlets so that they are accessible.

Disadvantages :
 Length of wire or cables required is more and voltage drop
and copper losses are therefore more.
 Looping – in switches and lamp holders is usually difficult.
 To increase the productivity and to avoid the accident
hazardous, factory lighting should fulfill the following
requirements.

i] It should produce sufficient illumination on the working

plane.
ii] It should provide uniform distribution of illumination.
iii] It should avoid glare and shadows.
iv] It should be easy to clean.
1.General Lighting:
 Under this scheme general lighting should be provided such that there will be
uniform distribution of light over the working plane.
 In such cases, the color of walls and surroundings are selected in such a way
that it adds effectiveness to the Illumination. Generally White color is preferred.

2.Local Lighting:
 There are certain locations where fairly intense illumination is required.
 To provide sufficiently more illumination for such locations, local lighting is
provided.
 Local lighting is provided by means of adjustable fittings attached to the working
plane and lamps are mounted on reflectors to avoid the glare.

3. Emergency Lighting:
 There are some applications where emergency lighting has to be provided such
as:
 Control posts , first aid centre and speedy evacuation of personnel after main
lighting circuit is off.
 According to Indian Electricity Rules(No. 50 and 51), the wiring of
electrical motors in industries is to be carried out apart from meeting
local requirements on various conditions.

 Design consideration in case of motor wiring installation is different

from that of the lighting wiring installation. In case of lighting load, size
of the conductor l wire is decided on the total current of the load.

 But in case of motor wiring, size of the conductor should not be less
than corresponding to 300 percent of the motor full load current. The
reason is that conductor should be capable of withstanding the starting
current of the motor which is generally 5 to 7 times the full load current.
Therefore , each motor is fed separately from the main distribution
board. If there are more than one motor on single branch circuit, then
the rating of the conductor will depend on the total load of all motors in
that circuit plus starting current of the largest H.P. motor.
Electrical Installation of Power Circuits
 Each motor takes a high current at the starting which may be 5
to 7 times full load current of the motor. Hence, to limit the
voltage drop in the cable as well as to limit huge starting
current, a separate starting device, called starter is used for
each motor. Starter is located after the motor switch.
 In domestic installations, single earthing is sufficient but in
workshops or factory , double earthing is necessary from the
extra safety point of view.
 The conduit used in power wiring shall be electrically
continuous throughout and connected upto the frame of the
motor. The frame of the motor shall be earthed by the owner by
two separate and distinct connections to the earth (IE Rule 61).
 The conduit should preferably be laid in covered trenches to
facilitate operator movement. Laying of cables must be in
separate conduits for separate motors.
 Reference sites:
www.google.com
www.Electricaltechnology.org
 Reference Books:
Elements o Electrical Engineering(Author :U.A. Patel)