• Building fabric

Facade
• Role of the external wall
design
• Single skin façade
• Unitised system
• Stick system
• Semi unitised system
• Double skin façade
• Box window façade
• Shaft box façade
• Corridor façade
• Multi storey façade
• Local case studies
• Mesiniaga
• Klcc
• Menara TA One
• Plaza atrium
• International case study
• Abu Dhabi tower

Case studies
 BUILDING FABRIC

-Fabric design is a
major factor in
determining the amount
of energy a building will
use in its operation.

-If the activity and

equipment inside the
building generate a
significant amount of
heat, the thermal loads
may be primarily internal
(from people and
equipment) rather than
external (from the sun).

Case studies
 ROLE OF EXTERNAL WALL

• CONTRIBUTE TO THE REDUCTION IN ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

• REDUCE DIRECT AND REFLECTED GLARE

• MINIMISATION OF WATER PENETRATION AND

CONDENSATION

• PROVISION CHOICE OF COLOURS ,TEXTURES AND

FINISHES

• MINIMISATION OF LOADING ON THE STRUCTURAL FRAME

• MINIMISATION OF MAINTAINANCE REQUIREMENTS

Case studies
 Single skin system

• Stick system
-vertical and horizontal system are delivered to the site
-allowing varying degrees in the main structure
-externally, appearance of one grid like framework

Case studies
 Single skin system

• Unitised system
-pre-assembled in the factory
-reduced construction time on site
-it can producing a four sided structurally-glazed unit
-enables the envelope the appear frameless glass

Case studies
 Single skin system

• Semi-Unitised system
-combination of stick and unitised system
-differences between the previous system:-components are delivered in vertical and horizontal
-glass,pre- glazed in the factory
-erection time is longer and the system can control problems

Case studies
 DOUBLE SKIN FACADES
The outer façade layer provides:
• Protection against weather
• Acoustic insulation against external noise
• Ventilation of intermediate space and internal rooms

Type of Double-skin Facades:

• Box window facades
• Shaft-box facades
• Corridor facades
• Multi-storey facades

Facade design
Case studies
 Box window facade
This type of façade is suited for solid
facades with punched openings where
greater importance is attached to privacy
between rooms and high external noise
level

Facade design
Case studies
 Box window
High-risefacade
block, Potsdamer Platz 1, Berlin

Interior of Potsdamer Platz 1, Berlin

Exterior of Potsdamer Platz 1, Berlin

Facade design
Case studies
 Shaft-box facade
It consist of a system of box windows with
continuous vertical shaft that extends
over a number of stories to create a stack
effect.

This façade layout consists of an

alternation of box windows and vertical
shaft segments.

As shaft box facades require small size of

the external openings, where particularly
high levels of external sound insulation
are required.

Facade design
Case studies
 Shaft-box ARAG
facade
2000 Tower, Dusseldorf

View along intermediate space between façade

payers. In every 3rd bay, there is an extract
shaft, which is open at the top.

View of façade for ARAG 2000 building. The

shafts occupy single bays between pairs of box
windows.
Facade design
Case studies
 Corridor facade
Corridor facades are especially
effective with regard to
ventilation; on the other hand,
they limit the sound insulation
between rooms.

They are usually laid out in

staggered form from bay to
bay to prevent vitiated air
extracted on one floor entering
the space on the floor
immediately above.

Facade design
Case studies
 CorridorDusseldorf
facadeCity Gate

South face of’City Gate’ in Dusseldorf,
with the entrance to the Rhine
embankment tunnel beneath
Case studies
View along façade corridor in ‘City Gate’. The
staggered air-intake and extract gratings can be
seen in the floor and Facade
soffit design
 Multi-storey facades

It is commonly used where it is not possible

to do without a mechanical form of
ventilation or where a glazed facades
without openings is required.

Also when the external noise are extremely

high.

Section through Victoria Ensemble, Colonge. Air

streams into intermideate space via a trench ay
the foot of the façade, ascends over the height
of the building and is emitted at roof level.

Facade design
Case studies
 Multi-storeyVictoria
facadesEnsemble, Cologne

The internal rooms are mechanically

ventilated, it was possible to position
the sunblind close to the internal skin.

The use of multi-storey façade remove the need for

openings distributed over the entire height of the building.

Facade design
Case studies
 Local Case Studies

• Petronas Twin Tower

• Mesiniaga
• Menara TA One
• Plaza atrium

Facade design
Case studies
PETRONAS TWIN TOWER
OFFICIAL NAME : Petronas Twin Tower
LOCATION : Kuala Lumpur
HEIGHT : 452 m
FLOORS : 88 Storeys
BUILDING USES : Commercial and Offices

FACTS

• World tallest building 1998-2004, that

preceded Sears Tower and surpassed
by Taipei 101
• Constructed largely of reinforced
concrete, with a steel and glass façade
• The floor plan design, featuring a simple
use of geometrical patterns and
expressing the dominance of Islamic
culture and art in Malaysia

Facade design
Case studies
 Petronas Twin Tower……
• Stainless-steel sunshades to diffuse the
intense equatorial light to minimize the heat
and glare entering the building

• Reflect the play of light and shadow,

expressing the tropical environment.

• Reduce heat gain from the sunlight and

ultraviolet (UV) transmission by using tinted
laminated glass.

• The use of modern materials, stainless-steel

cladding to create a sense of climatic
responsiveness.

• The cladding of the towers, combining linen-

finish stainless steel and projecting
sunshades to give the towers a rich sense of
depth and texture.

• The shaded windows with deep overhangs,

which respond to the tropical climate.

Facade design
Case studies
MESINIAGA
OFFICIAL NAME : Menara Mesiniaga
LOCATION : Subang Jaya, Selangor
FLOORS : 15 Storeys
BUILDING USES : Regional Headquarter for
IBM agency

FACTS

• Designed by Ken Yeang

• The most strking design feature is the
planting that is introduced to the façade
and skycourts, starting from a 3 storey
high plated mound (berm) and sprailling
• Lift lobbies are naturally ventilated and
are sun-lit with view outside

Facade design
Case studies
 Mesiniaga Tower……
• Aluminum fins and louvers as sun
shading
• All windows facing east and west
have external louvers as solar
shading to reduce heat gain into the
internal space
• The windows without direct solar
insolation (north and south) have
unshielded curtain walled glazing
for good views and to maximize
natural lighting.
• Full height glass fronts give
partitioned offices access to views
• The interstitial spaces give
aesthetic and architectural
expression to the building

Facade design
Case studies
 MENARA BUDAYA,KUALA LUMPUR.

OFFICIAL NAME : MENARA TA ONE

LOCATION : JALAN LAW YEW
SWEE
HEIGHT : 151 m (495 ft)
FLOORS : 37 STOREYS
BUILDING USES : OFFICE

FACTS
-MENARA BUDAYA OCCUPIES A
NARROW RECTUNGULAR SITE

-THE SERVICE CORE,WHICH CONSIST

OF THE LIFT LOBBY,TOILETS,FIRE
STAIRS,AND MECHANICAL AND
ELECTRICAL (M&E) ROOMS,IS
LOCATED
ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE
STRUCTURE

-IT ACTS AS A BARRIER

SHIELD,KEEPING THE MORNING SUN
OUT OF THE OFFICES AND ALLOWING
NATURAL LIGHTING INTO THE CORE
AREAS

Case studies
 FAÇADE OF THE BUILDING
• ROOF TOP LEVEL : COMMUNAL SPACE
AND THE TENSILE STRUCTURE ACTS AS
ENTERTAINMENT AREA

• THE EXTERNAL SKIN IS GLAZED WITH

TEMPERED FLOAT GLASS
• VARIETY OF SUN SHADING DEVICES ON

THE WEST AND SOUTH FACING FACADES .

ADVANTAGES OF TEMPERED FLOAT GLASS
-HAS 3 TIMES THE RESISTANCE TO RAPID
TEMPERATURE CHANGES.

-ALSO CLASSIFIED AS A `SAFETY GLASS`

-COMBINED WITH TINTED &REFLECTIVE

GLASS,PRODUCE HIGH LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE
FOR THERMAL STRESS,THERMAL AND LIGHT
TRANSMISSION.

DISADVANTAGES
-FULLY TEMPERED GLASS COMPOSITION MAY
CAUSE SPONTANEOUS BREAKAGE.

-BECOMES A HAZARD TO ANYONE OR ANYTHING

AT GROUND LEVEL.
Case studies
 PLAZA ATRIUM,KUALA
LUMPUR

:
OFFICIAL NAME : PLAZA ATRIUM
FLOORS : 22 STOREY
BUILDING USES : OFFICE & COMPLEX
CONCEPT : RESPONSIVE FORM
FOR TROPICAL
HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS.

MAIN FEATURE : EXTERNAL ATRIUM

ACTS AS
TRADITONAL SPACE
WITH STEPPED BACK
TERRACES.

Core design
Case studies
VENTILATED ATRIUM
-ACTS AS WIND SCOOP
-ALSO ACTS AS TRANSITIONAL SPACE.

TINTED GLASS OR HEAT ABSORBING GLASS

-ABSORBS HEAT FROM THE SUN AND STILL
PERMITTING THE A HIGH LEVEL OF LIGHT
PENETRATION AND MINIMISING EXCESS
GLARE.

-MORE DARKER THE TINT OF THE GLASS,

LESS HEAT IS TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE
PANEL (GIVING LOWER TEMPERATURE
INTERNALLY)

DISADVANTAGES
-REDUCED LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE WITH
SOME COLOURS

-COLOUR BECOMES DARKER AS GLASS

BECOMES THICKER

-WHEN BROKEN,IT CRACKS INTO LARGE

PIECES .

Case studies
 International Case Study

• Chamber of Commerce, Abu

Dhabi

Facade design
Case studies
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
ABU DHABI,UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.

OFFICIAL NAME : ABU DHABI TOWER

LOCATION : ALONG THE ARABIAN GULF
FLOORS : 36 STOREY
BUILDING USES : OFFICE
AIM : -ESTABLISHING A VISUAL
PERCEPTION

-RECOGNITION AS
ARCHITECTURAL
LANDMARK

-DRAMATIC LIGHTING
EFFECT WILL REINFORECE
THIS CONCEPT.

Case studies
 THE EXTERNAL SKIN IS GLAZED WITH HEAT
REFLECTIVE GLASS EITHER COATED OR
LAMINATED BY MEANS ADHESIVE FILM.

ADVANTAGES
-REDUCED EXCESS GLARE

-REFLECT SOLAR RADIATION AWAY FROM

BUILDING

DISADVANTAGES
-MAY CAUSE `HEAT POLLUTION` OF
NEIGHBOURING BUILDINGS

-GLARE ( MOTORISTS VISION MAY BE AFFECTED

Case studies
The End