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Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Program
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 Formation Evaluation Using
Measurements made
Through Casing

James Hemingway
Petrophysics Advisor

Schlumberger
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Distinguished Lecturer Program
www.spe.org/dl
2
Reservoir description using information
from cased hole logs rather than openhole
logs is a little like comparing Fred Astaire to Ginger Rogers.
“She did everything he did, except she did it backwards
and in high heels”

In nearly every situation the quality of data

acquired in openhole will be better than that
acquired behind casing. This is simply due
to the fact that a measurement made behind
steel pipe and a cement sheath of unknown
quality and thickness will be more effected
by it’s environment than a similar
measurement done without the presence
of casing or cement.
"Sure he was great, but don't forget that
Ginger Rogers did everything he did,
backwards…and in high heels."
Robert Thaves 1982
3
 Easy Way or the Hard Way?
Openhole Vs Cased Hole Logging

Openhole Cased Hole

Better Data Quality Not using valuable rig time

Fewer environmental effects Much lower risk of tool loss

More measurement choices
Completion decision prior
to setting casing
including radioactive sources
Ease of deployment
Use of tractors in high angle
and horizontal wellbores

4
Evolution of Cased Hole Formation Evaluation
 FE began with (of course) only open hole logs in 1927.
 Cased hole designs: S (1960’s) and Carbon/Oxygen (70’s)
 Migration of OH measurements to CH environment
– Neutron porosity
– Sigma
– Sonics
– Spectroscopy & carbon/oxygen
– Resistivity
– Wireline formation testing
- - density ?

5
Approximately 95% of horizontal wells are not logged.

Completions are often designed before the well is drilled.

Comments from a SIG meeting on unconventional

reservoirs:

1 “ Once the well is drilled what would you do

with the information”

2 “Before the well is drilled the completion has already

been designed by the engineers”

3 “When drilling a Hz well you should know where you are.”

Geology is usually very flat.

When production results are available they show 30% to

40% of perforation stages are not producing
6
 Figure A
Snapshot of Production Log Results (4 of 109 wells) SPE 144326
Miller et al
Well No 1 Well No 2
25
33 22
29

Perf Cluster
19
Perf Cluster

25
16
21
17 13
13 10
9 7
5 4
1 1
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
% from Perf Cluster % from Perf Cluster

Well No 3 Well No 4
28 28
25 25
22 22

Perf Cluster
Perf Cluster

19 19
16 16
13 13
10 10
7 7
4 4
1 1
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
% from Perf Cluster % from Perf Cluster

7
– Neutron porosity
– Sigma
– Sonics
– Spectroscopy & carbon/oxygen
– Resistivity
– Wireline formation testing
- - density ?

8
Measurement and Fluid Sensitivity
CO2 Gas OIL Fresh Water Sigma Salty Water

0 100

CO2 Gas
Hydrogen Index Oil, Water
0 1

Water Gas
Carbon Yield OIL
CO2

Carbon to Oxygen Ratio

Water Gas CO2 OIL

Burst On Inelastic Ratio

CO2 Gas OIL Water
Monitoring Saturation Change using
Sigma

10
– Neutron porosity
– Sigma
– Sonics
– Spectroscopy & carbon/oxygen
– Resistivity
– Wireline formation testing
- - density ?

11
 Acoustic Measurements using
Coherence Processing
Slotted Solid Mandrel

Waveform number
Waveform number

Open
hole

Time Time
Waveform number

Waveform number
Cased
hole

Time Time

12
– Neutron porosity
– Sigma
– Sonics
– Spectroscopy & carbon/oxygen
– Resistivity
– Wireline formation testing
- - density ?

13
Other Gamma Spectroscopy Application

Courtesy of NASA/JPL/Caltech
14
 Gamma Spectroscopy measurements from
Martian surface prove existence of water
on the surface of Mars
Press release February, 2002

Courtesy of NASA/JPL/Caltech

15
Pulsed Neutron Spectroscopy measures the rock matrix
Elemental abundance
in earth’s crust
O 46.7
Si 27.6
Quartz, feldspar Al 8.1
Fe 5.1
Ca 3.7
Muscovite
Na 2.8 > 99 %
K 2.6
Mg 2.1
Calcite, dolomite S, Ti, Gd, Mn

Clay
Carbon
16
 Yields and Mineralogy
ELAN Lithology Al Si Ca Fe S Ti Gd H

17
17
 TOC from Inelastic Spectroscopy
Measurement
Integration of Inelastic and TOC = Total Carbon – Inorganic Carbon
Capture gamma ray spectra (TC) (TIC)
allows to determine TOC

18
– Neutron porosity
– Sigma
– Sonics
– Spectroscopy & carbon/oxygen
– Resistivity
– Wireline formation testing
- - density ?

19
 CHFR / PLT Data
(SPE 71715 AGIP North Sea)
CHFR OIL WATER
GR CHFR ILD FLOW FLOW
1 0 3 300 0 3000 0 5000

Water
entries, low
resistivity

Oil entries,
high
resistivity

20
1600BWPD to 300BOPD after
Cased Hole Resistivity

SPE 76730

21
– Neutron porosity
– Sigma
– Sonics
– Spectroscopy & carbon/oxygen
– Resistivity
– Wireline formation testing
- - density

22
 Extend Spine & Ribs Methodology for CH
Open Hole Cased Hole
• Only one environmental • Two environmental effects:
effect: mudcake cement and casing
• rLS, rSS: response with • rLS, rSS : response with no
no mudcake cement (but through-casing)
• A different spine (density
• One spine (density
response) for every casing
response) thickness
• Rib compensates for • Rib compensates for cement
mudcake
Start with
OH. Eqn. Modify for
casing

SPWLA Paper KK 2010

23
SPWLA Paper KK 2010
SPWLA Paper KK 2010
 A Log
Suite
Is this good
repeatability?

26
 An OH/CH
Triple-Combo
GR CH Log Suite
GR OH
RHOZ OH

AHT90 OH
RHOZ CH One dataset acquired in
Openhole.

HALC CH
The other data acquired
RT CH
In cased hole
TNPH OH

27
 Openhole Cased Hole
Lithology from Neutron
Induced Inelastic and
Capture Spectroscopy
Can be done in either
Open or cased wellbores
Cased Hole Results

29
Full Evaluation Suite (Sonic Derived Stress vs.
Geochemical analysis Vs. Image)

Fracture Stress YME, PR

Density
Class
A B C D E F G H

ELAN Image
Combo
Triple
30
Marcellus Example:
Production increase of 80% over nearby wells using
an engineered design based on a better
reservoir description

Production improvement was directly attributed to the

identification and selection of low-stress intervals. Production 31
logging measurements confirmed the improved production rates.
 Conclusions
• Formation evaluation in cased wells is
another option

• Many OH measurements can be made

in cased hole.

• Many applications require that data be

acquired in cased hole.
32
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