Teaching English Spelling

A practical guide

Ruth Shemesh
Sheila Waller
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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© Cambridge University Press 2000

This book is in copyright, which normally means that no reproduction of any part may
take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. The copying
of certain parts of it by individual teachers for use within their classrooms, however, is
permitted without such formality. To aid identification, pages which are copiable by the
teacher without further permission are identified by a separate copyright notice:
© Cambridge University Press 2000.

First published 2000

Reprinted 2002

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeset in Sabon 10.5/12pt

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data applied for

ISBN 0 521 63971 9 paperback

Contents

Thanks vii
Introduction 1

1 Vowel sounds 9
1.1 Short vowel sounds 9
1.2 Short and long vowels – a comparison 21

2 The sound ‘k’ (/k/) 24

2.1 ‘c’ or ‘k’ 24
2.2 ‘-ck’ or ‘-k’ at the end of a word 34
2.3 ‘-ic’ 42
2.4 ‘qu’ 51
2.5 ‘-x’ 59

3 Single vowel followers 69

3.1 ‘-ll’, ‘-ss’ (‘-ff’, ‘-zz’) 69
3.2 ‘-dge’ 77
3.3 ‘-tch’ 82

4 The sound ‘i’ (/a/) 89

4.1 ‘i-e’ 89
4.2 ‘-y’ 100
4.3 ‘-igh’ 110

5 The sound ‘a’ (/e/) 116

5.1 ‘a-e’ 116
5.2 ‘-ay’ 126
5.3 ‘ai’ 135

6 The sound ‘o’ (/əυ/) 141

6.1 ‘o-e’ 141
6.2 ‘-ow’ 153
6.3 ‘oa’ 162

v
Contents

7 The sound ‘u’ (/ju

/ and /u
/) 170
7.1 ‘u-e’ 170
7.2 ‘-ue’ 176
7.3 ‘-ew’ 181
7.4 ‘oo’ 188

8 The sound ‘e’ (/i

/) 200
8.1 ‘ee’ 200
8.2 ‘ea’ 209
8.3 ‘-y’ 217
8.4 ‘ie’ and ‘ei’ 228

9 Soft and hard sounds (/s/, / / and /d/) 236

9.1 The soft ‘c’ 236
9.2 The soft and hard ‘g’ 249

10 Odds and ends 259

10.1 Silent letters 259
10.2 ‘-tion’ and ‘-sion’ 269
10.3 ‘-le’, ‘-al’ and ‘-el’ 277

Recommended resources 290

Index 291

vi
1 Vowel sounds

1.1 Short vowel sounds

Lesson plan
This unit deals with the students’ listening awareness of both short
and long vowel sounds. You might note that there is no universally
agreed concept of what each vowel sound should be. Although this
book uses the phonetic symbols from the International Phonetic
Alphabet, which is based on Southern British English pronunciation,
there are many other acceptable pronunciations which you could
check in a good dictionary.
Each word, when sounded out, has one or more beats. Each beat is
a syllable. In every beat (syllable) we usually hear a vowel sound. A
vowel sound occurs when the mouth is open, the air can flow freely
and the tongue is at rest. The vowels are ‘a’ ‘e’ ‘i’ ‘o’ ‘u’ and
sometimes ‘y’. One or two vowel letters may combine to make one
sound, as you can see in the following:
one-syllable words two-syllable words three-syllable words
can can - dy can - di - date
hope hope - ful un - hope - ful
weight weight - less weight - less - ness
When writing, students may rely only on their auditory memory, that
is, they write the way they remember the sound of a word. (The word
‘week’ may be written as ‘wik’, if that is what the students hear.)
Therefore, in this unit, the differences between the various short vowel
sounds are practised. Next, students are introduced to the differences
between the short and long vowel sounds. Later units will deal with
each long vowel sound individually.
1 ELICIT: Ask students for the names of the vowels. Write them on the
board: A E I O U. Remind the students that all the other letters are
called consonants, apart from Y, which sometimes acts as a vowel
and other times as a consonant. (In less advanced bilingual classes,
this part of the lesson can be done in mother tongue.)

9
Vowel sounds

2 WRITE ON THE BOARD:

a e i o u
cat bed big hot fun
Ask students to give other words that follow the same CVC
(consonant – vowel – consonant) pattern of letters and add them to
the table.
Students copy the table and three examples for each vowel into
their notebooks.
3 ASK: What sound does each vowel have when it is ‘sandwiched’
between two consonants? Answer: The vowel does not say its name,
but is pronounced as a short sound: /
/ as in cat; /e/ as in bed; // as
in sit ; /ɒ/ as in hot and // as in fun.
The vowel will be pronounced in its short form in VC words, like
at, it, up, on.
You might want to explain to more advanced classes that this
pronunciation does not apply to some one-syllable words that end
in ‘-ld’, ‘-st’, or ‘-nd’, where the vowel sound is long: /a/ as in kind,
mind, child; /əυ/ as in old, most, post.

Warm-up practice of short vowel sounds

* Beginners
In turn, students say aloud to the rest of the class one short vowel
sound, without revealing the name of the vowel being pronounced, for
example, Student A says ‘//’ as in sit. The other students must guess
which vowel is being referred to. Do this until all the vowel sounds
have been covered and students feel confident in identifying the short
vowel sounds.
* Intermediate
Write on the board:
bag beg big bog bug
You should now carefully pronounce each word out loud to the class.
Tell the class that when the next word is called out, they must identify
which word was said and write it down in their notebooks. It’s a good
idea to go over the correct answer after each word and possibly re-test
words that were problematic for the students.

10
 Vowel sounds

* Advanced
The following are a number of listening exercises that use the same list
of words and are aimed at strengthening the students’ perception of
the five short vowel sounds. You could either write the list on the
board or photocopy it and hand out to each student.

Listening Exercise – Short Vowel Sounds

1 bad bed
2 cop cup
3 bit bat
4 mud mad
5 chip chap chop
6 drunk drink drank
7 an in on
8 pet pit pat
9 hut hot hit hat
10 bug bag big beg

© Cambridge University Press 2000

1 Dictate one word from each line. Ask the students to underline the
word they hear.
2 Another way you might like to consider is to read out all the words
from each line, but at random. Students number the words in the
order they hear them. For example, (line 5), the words are read out
in the order of chop, chip and chap. The students would write their
answer like this:
2 3 1
chip chap chop
3 Students work in pairs, taking turns reading out one word from
each line. The partner must identify the word by pointing to it on
the page.
4 Taking turns, one student dictates a word and the partner writes it
down, without looking at the list.
You might like to ask the students:
• What difficulties did you have when doing these exercises?
• What was easier for you?
• Which sound/letter did you have most difficulty with?

11
Vowel sounds

A Beginners

1 What am I?
Circle the word that is the name of the picture. Do at least six.

cat bag bad

cot big bud

cut bug bed

1 2 3

pin bit hot

pan bat hat

pen but hut

4 5 6

cup dig track

cap dog trick

cop dug truck

7 8 9

© Cambridge University Press 2000

12
 Vowel sounds

2 Pick a letter – make a word

Choose one letter from each box to make up the name of the
picture. Write the name on the space at the side. Do at least seven.

b a m
1
r e d __ __ __

d o k
2
b u x __ __ __

f i t
3
p a n __ __ __

p e g
4
d o q __ __ __

t i n
5
k e d __ __ __

r a s
6
b u c __ __ __

z o n
7
s u b __ __ __

sh e p
8
ch i f __ __ __ __

pr a g
9
fr o j __ __ __ __

f u nd
10
d i sh __ __ __ __

© Cambridge University Press 2000

13
Vowel sounds

3 Vowel trivia
Read the definition, then choose a suitable vowel to complete the
word, which matches the definition. Can you do at least 14?

A E I O U

1 p __ g a farm animal 11 d __ ck a swimming bird

2 m __ p found in an atlas 12 h __ t not cold

3 r __ d a colour 13 s __ x a number

4 h __ nd has fingers 14 w __ t not dry

5 m __ n not a woman 15 n __ ck a giraffe’s is long

6 l __ ps part of the mouth 16 b __ d not good

7 f __ x a wild animal 17 dr __ ss a girl may wear it

8 t __ n a number 18 c __ p you drink from it

9 g __ lf a game 19 d __ sc for the computer

10 r __ n not walk 20 d __ ll a child’s toy

© Cambridge University Press 2000

B Intermediate

1 Triangular words
In each triangle, write a three-letter word that is an answer to its
clue. Write each letter of the word in the corners of the triangle.
Make sure the word is written in the triangle with the same
number as its clue. Words can be written either clockwise or
counterclockwise. Where the corners of the triangles meet, the
letters are the same. To help you start, the answer is given for clue
five. Solve at least 15.

14
 Vowel sounds

2 3
T T
T
4 5 6
G G O O
G O
7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21

Clues
1 Not a woman 11 Past of ‘do’
2 10 12 It becomes a flower
3 Turn it on for water 13 One of many bones
4 Precious stone 14 A can
5 Received 15 It blows air
6 Policeman 16 To tear
7 Earth and water 17 A colour
8 It covers the floor 18 Place to sleep in
9 To go bad 19 Quickly in and out of water
10 A lion, for example 20 Used for frying
21 Not thin

© Cambridge University Press 2000

15
Vowel sounds

2 Compound word picturegram

In this exercise, there are picture, word and letter hints. Use them all
and discover the compound words. Try to do at least ten.

1 + set = _ _ _ _ _ _

2 + mill = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3 + stick = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4 + club = _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5 + stick = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6 + = _ nth _ ll

7 + = s _ ndb _ x

© Cambridge University Press 2000

16
 Vowel sounds

8 + = h _ ndb _ g

9 + = b _ db _ g

10 + = n _ tsh _ ll

11 + = _ i _ _ _ e _

12 pad + = _ _ _ _ _ _ _

13 pig + = _ _ _ _ _ _

14 dish + = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

15 hot + = _ _ _ _ _ _

© Cambridge University Press 2000

17
Vowel sounds

C Advanced

1 Vowel inserts
Read the definition to complete each word with its correct ‘short’
vowels.

1 A thief or robber b_nd_t

2 It could be mathematical or personal pr_blem

3 A quick meal or snack, with bread s_ndw_ch

4 Vegetable for Cinderella’s carriage p_mpk_n

5 One more than twins tr_pl_ts

6 Open footwear for the summer s_ndal

7 A brass wind instrument tr_mp_t

8 A competition c_nt_st

9 A serviette n_pk_n

10 A tooth doctor d_nt_st

11 Created something original _nv_nted

12 Like a devil sat_n_c

13 Big American river M_ss_ss_pp_

14 Bad behaviour m_sc_nd_ct

15 To live in _nh_b_t

© Cambridge University Press 2000

18
 Vowel sounds

2 Compound words
Choose a word from A and find its partner in B in order to make
a compound word which matches its definition below. Find at
least seven.

A B
pen man
lap frog
grand stick
whip pal
back
hang slap
top pit
jet cock
lash
lag
hunch bull stand

Definitions
1 A portable computer ....................................................

2 A word game ....................................................

3 Place to sit in a stadium ....................................................

4 Famous character from Notre Dame ....................................................

5 Low comedy form ....................................................

6 Tiredness after a long flight ....................................................

7 A friend you write to ....................................................

8 A neck injury ....................................................

9 Green creature, found near ponds ....................................................

10 Found at the front of a plane ....................................................

© Cambridge University Press 2000

19
Vowel sounds

Answers
A1
1 cat 2 big 3 bed 4 pen 5 bat 6 hot 7 cup 8 dog 9 truck

A2
1 bed 2 box 3 fat 4 dog 5 ten 6 bus 7 sun 8 ship 9 frog
10 fish

A3
1 pig 2 map 3 red 4 hand 5 man 6 lips 7 fox 8 ten
9 golf 10 run 11 duck 12 hot 13 six 14 wet 15 neck
16 bad 17 dress 18 cup 19 disc 20 doll

B1 M
1
N A
N A
2 3
E T T P
E T P
4 5 6
M G G O O C
M G O C
7 8 9 10
D U U R R T T A
D U R T A

11 12 13 14 15
I D D B B I I N N F
I D B I N F
16 17 18 19 20 21
P R R E E D D P P A A T

B2
1 sunset 2 windmill 3 drumstick 4 fanclub 5 lipstick
6 anthill 7 sandbox 8 handbag 9 bedbug 10 nutshell
11 fishnet 12 padlock 13 pigpen 14 dishcloth 15 hotdog

C1
1 bandit 2 problem 3 sandwich 4 pumpkin 5 triplets
6 sandal 7 trumpet 8 contest 9 napkin 10 dentist
11 invented 12 satanic 13 Mississippi 14 misconduct
15 inhabit

C2
1 laptop 2 hangman 3 grandstand 4 hunchback 5 slapstick
6 jetlag 7 penpal 8 whiplash 9 bullfrog 10 cockpit

20
 Vowel sounds

1.2 Short and long vowels – a comparison

Lesson plan
Note:
Recognizing the difference between short and long vowels is difficult,
especially when you must make a connection between the sound and
the letter(s).
The exercises in this unit provide an opportunity for students of all
abilities to strengthen their ability to differentiate between short and
long vowel sounds on the first level: listening differentiation.
1 WRITE ON THE BOARD: Draw the following table with only the
headings.
1 2 3
vowel short long
sound sound
a mad made

e red read

i win wine

o hop hope

u cut cute

2 ELICIT the five vowels and write them in column 1, reviewing orally
their short sounds in words such as cat, bed, big, hot and cup.
Then fill in the minimal pairs as shown in columns 2 and 3. (In
these minimal pairs, the consonants remain the same but the vowel
sound differs.) It is a good idea to stress the difference in the vowel
sounds for each pair. Note: In the long vowel sound, the vowel says
its name.
3 PRACTISE the different sounds with a short listening comprehension.
Read one of each pair of words and ask the students to identify
which word they hear and write it down.
4 PAIR PRACTICE: Students can ‘test’ each other on the same list of
words. One student reads a word and the partner has to say
whether the vowel is long or short.

21
Vowel sounds

Warm-up practice for comparing short and long vowel

sounds
The following listening exercises should be done in progression with
all students. You might like to adjust the vocabulary according to the
level of your class.
1 Write the following pairs of words on the board for the students to
copy into their notebooks. Students have to differentiate between
sounds: the sound //, as in big and the sound /i:/, as in seem.
Dictate one word from each pair. Ask the students to underline the
word they hear.
SHORT LONG SHORT LONG
ship sheep kiss keys
sit seat this these
fill feel fit feet
hit heat
2 In this exercise the students have to differentiate between five short
and five long vowel sounds. Dictate one word from each pair and the
students underline the word they hear.
SHORT LONG SHORT LONG
bat bait sell seal
rat rate cut cute
bed bead sock soak
pop pope fit fight
sit sight red read
mad made duck duke
bed bead cot coat
not note still style
3 In this exercise the students have to differentiate between five short
and five long vowel sounds. Students may work in pairs, taking
turns to read out one word from each line. The partner must
identify the word. For additional challenge, suggest that the
identification be done within two to three minutes.
ship shape hat hate
shop sheep heat hit
cup cop mean men
cape cap man mine

22
 Vowel sounds

duck Dick Tim time

dock duke tame team
pop pipe fit fat
pope pip feet fight
read red tone ten
rod rid tin tune

4 Write the following sets of words on the board for the students to
copy. Working individually, students say each word quietly to
themselves. If the vowel sound is short, they write SH above the
vowel letter(s). If the vowel sound is long, they write L.
man jeep main line
red stand hope Jack
job night week my
day prize high boat
stone great wine sad
name coke print joke
mule rose buy cup
pet type weight twin

Their answers should look like this:

SH L L L
man jeep main line
SH SH L SH
red stand hope Jack
SH L L L
job night week my
L L L L
day prize high boat
L L L SH
stone great wine sad
L L SH L
name coke print joke
L L L SH
mule rose buy cup
SH L L SH
pet type weight twin

23
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