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4. Problem 19.17.

When the valve is closed the number of moles of the gas in container A is nA =
pAVA/RTA and that in container B is nB = 4pBVA/RTB. The total number of moles in both containers is then

VA  p A 4 p B 
n  nA  nB      const.
R  TA TB 

After the valve is opened, the pressure in container A is pA = RnATA/VA and that in container B is pB =
RnBTB/4VA. Equating pA and pB, we obtain RnATA/VA = RnBTB/4VA, or nB = (4TA/TB)nA. Thus,

 4T  V p 4 pB 
n  nA  nB  nA 1  A   nA  nB  A  A  .
 TB  R  TA TB 

We solve the above equation for nA:

V p A TA 4 pB TB
nA .
R 1 4TA TB

Substituting this expression for nA into pVA = nARTA, we obtain the final pressure:

nA RTA p  4 pBTA / TB


p   A  2.0  105 Pa.
VA 1  4TA / TB

5. Problem 19.58. Let pi, Vi, and Ti represent the pressure, volume, and temperature of the initial
state of the gas, and let pf, Vf, and Tf be the pressure, volume, and temperature of the final state. Since
 
the process is adiabatic piVi  p f V f . Combining with the ideal gas law, pV  NkT , we obtain

  1 
i i  pi (Ti / pi )  pi Ti  constant
pV  pi1 Ti   p1f Tf

With   4 / 3, which gives (1   ) /   1/ 4 , the temperature at the end of the adiabatic expansion is
1
 p  
 5.00 atm 
1/ 4

Tf   i  Ti    (278 K)  186 K  87C .


p   1.00 atm 
 f 
6. Problem 12.25. At the moment when the wheel leaves the lower floor, the floor no longer exerts a
force on it.

As the wheel is raised over the obstacle, the only forces acting are the force F applied horizontally at the
axle, the force of gravity mg acting vertically at the center of the wheel, and the force of the step corner,
shown as the two components fh and fv.
If the minimum force is applied the wheel does not accelerate, so both the total force and the total
torque acting on it are zero.

We calculate the torque around the step corner. The second diagram (above right) indicates that the
distance from the line of F to the corner is r – h, where r is the radius of the wheel and h is the height of
the step. The distance from the line of mg to the corner is b g
r2  r  h
2
 2rh  h2 . Thus,

b g
F r  h  mg 2rh  h2  0 .

The solution for F is

2rh  h 2 2(6.00 102 m)(3.00 102 m)  (3.00 102 m) 2


F= mg  (0.800 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
r h (6.00 102 m)  (3.00 102 m)
 13.6 N.
The applied force here is about 1.73 times the weight of the wheel. If the height is increased, the force
that must be applied also goes up. Below we plot F/mg as a function of the ratio h / r . The required
force increases rapidly as h / r  1 .

7. Problem 20.42. The work done by the motor in t = 10.0 min is |W| = Pt = (200 W)(10.0
min)(60 s/min) = 1.20  105 J. The heat extracted is then

QL  K W 
TL W


 270 K  1.20 105 J 
 1.08 106 J.
TH  TL 300 K  270 K
8. Problem 20.34. (a) Using Eq. 19-54 for process D  A gives
p0
8V0  = p0V0

pDVD = pAVA 
32

which leads to 8 = 32    5 / 3 . The result (see Sections 19-9 and 19-11) implies the gas is
monatomic.
(b) The input heat is that absorbed during process A  B:
5  T  5 5
QH = nC p T = n  R  TA  B  1 = nRTA    2  1 = p0V0  
2   TA  2 2
and the exhaust heat is that liberated during process C  D:
5   T  5 1 5
QL = nC p T = n  R  TD 1  L  = nRTD   1  2  =  p0V0  
2   TD  2 4 2
where in the last step we have used the fact that TD  14 TA (from the gas law in ratio form).
Therefore, Eq. 20-12 leads to
Q 1
  1  L  1   0.75  75%.
QH 4

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