Bso Studentguide 120 051002

Basic ADAMS/Solver
Training Guide
VERSION 12.0
PART NUMBER
120BSOLTR-01
Visit us at: www.adams.com

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government contract, then they are provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS. Use, duplication or disclosure is
subject to restrictions stated in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software
clause at 252.227-7013. Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated, 2300 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48105.
The information in this document is furnished for informational use only, may be revised from time to time,
and should not be construed as a commitment by Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated. Mechanical
Dynamics, Incorporated, assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may
appear in this document.
This document contains proprietary and copyrighted information. Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated
permits licensees of ADAMS® software products to print out or copy this document or portions thereof
solely for internal use in connection with the licensed software. No part of this document may be copied for
any other purpose or distributed or translated into any other language without the prior written permission of
Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated.
©2002 by Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
ADAMS ® is a registered United States trademark of Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated.

All other product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
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About Mechanical Dynamics 8
Content of Course 9
Getting Help at Your Job Site 10
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Virtual Prototyping Process 12
Basic ADAMS/Solver Course 13
Four File Types in ADAMS/Solver 14
ADAMS/Solver Dataset File 15
ADAMS/Solver Command File 16
ADAMS/Solver Analysis Files 17
ADAMS/Solver Message File 18
Simulating a Model in ADAMS/Solver 19
Workshop 1—Process Overview 20
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PostProcessing Interface Overview 26
Animating 27
Plotting 28
Getting Help 29
Workshop 2—Viewing Results 30
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System-Level Design 42
Coordinate Systems 43
Part Coordinate System 44
Coordinate System Marker 45
Differences Between Parts and Graphics 46
Parts, Graphics, and Markers 47
Types of Parts in ADAMS 48
Part Properties (Mass and Inertia) 49
Graphic Properties 50
Workshop 3—Falling Mass 51
■
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2QH'2)3HQGXOXP57
Constraints 58
Use of Markers in Constraints 59
Three-Point Orientation Method 61
Degrees of Freedom (DOF) 62
Workshop 4—One DOF Pendulum 63
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Initial Condition Simulation 70
Types of Simulations 71
Simulation Hierarchy 72
Forces in ADAMS 73
Spring Dampers in ADAMS 74
Magnitude of Spring Dampers 75
Workshop 5—Spring Damper I 76
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Single-Component Forces: Action-Reaction 82
Functions in ADAMS 83
Measuring Displacement (Functions continued) 84
Measuring Velocity (Functions continued) 85
Workshop 6—Spring Damper II 86
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Applying Motion 92
STEP Function 93
REQUESTing Measurement Data 94
Workshop 7—Brake System I 95
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Multi-Component Forces 106
Incorporating Test Data (Splines) 108
AKISPL Function 109
Workshop 8—Brake System II 110
4 Contents
■
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Design Study: Quasi-static 118
Workshop 9—Brake System III 119
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Bushings 126
Workshop 10—Suspension 127
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Modeling Contact: IMPACT Function 144
Workshop 11—Bouncing Ball 146
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Constraints Tables (Incomplete) 154
Forces Tables (Incomplete) 155
Constraint Tables (Complete) 156
Forces Tables (Complete) 157
Mass Moments of Inertia 158
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.acf files 162
ball.adm file 163
brake.adm file 164
susp1.adm file 165
Contents 5
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6 Contents
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ADAMS is a powerful modeling and simulating environment that lets you

build, simulate, refine, and ultimately optimize any mechanical system, from
automobiles and trains to VCRs and backhoes.
Basic ADAMS/Solver training teaches you how to build, simulate, and refine
a mechanical system using Mechanical Dynamics, Inc.’s ADAMS/Solver and
ADAMS/PostProcessor.
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■ About Mechanical Dynamics, 8
■ Content of Course, 9
■ Getting Help at Your Job Site, 10
■
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■ http://www.adams.com/mdi/product/modules.htm
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■ http://www.adams.com/mdi/product/partner.htm
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■ http://support.adams.com/training/training.html
■ Or your local support center
8 Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training
■
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■ Build simple ADAMS models.
■ Understand ADAMS product nomenclature and terminology.
■ Understand basic modeling principles.
■ Use the crawl-walk-run approach to virtual prototyping.
■ Debug your models for the most common modeling challenges (for example,
redundant constraints, zero masses, and so on).
■ Use and be informed about all methods of ADAMS product support.
■ Use the product documentation optimally.
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This guide is organized into modules that get progressively more complex. Each module
focuses on solving an engineering-based problem and covers mechanical system simulation
(MSS) concepts that will help you use ADAMS most optimally. The earlier workshops provide
you with more step-by-step procedures and guidance, while the later ones provide you with less.
Each module is divided into the following sections:
1 Problem statement
2 Concepts
3 Workshop
4 Module review
Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training 9
■ Cover the section Organization of Guide in detail,

and reinforce this layout as you go over each
module.
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■ Help menu of any ADAMS product
■ Help tool on the Documentation Road Map
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Go to http://support.adams.com/kb
For a quick tour, go to http://
www.adams.com/mdi/news/dyndim/
vol3_kbtour.htm
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Go to http://support.adams.com/services/
support/ask_info.shtm
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Go to http://support.adams.com/services/consulting.shtm
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To find your support center, go to http://support.adams.com/services/support/
support_centers.shtm
To read the Service Level Agreement, go to http://support.adams.com/services/support/

sla_agree.shtm
10 Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training
MDI Technical Support:

■ Discuss what is available through your local office
or headquarters, if appropriate.
■ Demonstrate the Customer Support web site
(knowledge base, ASK list, and so on).
■ Demonstrate how to log CRs.
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In this module you will simulate a dynamic model and review its associated
output files.
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■ Virtual Prototyping Process, 12
■ Basic ADAMS/Solver Course, 13
■ Four File Types in ADAMS/Solver, 14
■ ADAMS/Solver Dataset File, 15
■ ADAMS/Solver Command File, 16
■ ADAMS/Solver Analysis Files, 17
■ ADAMS/Solver Message File, 18
■ Simulating a Model in ADAMS/Solver, 19
■ Workshop 1—Process Overview, 20

◆ Module review, 24
11
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DESIGN
PROBLEM
...a model of your design using
Bodies Forces
Build Contacts Joints
Motion generators
Cut time ...your design using

Test Measures Animations
and costs Simulations Plots Do results
compare with
measured
data?
...your model by
Validate Importing test data
Superimposing test data
No
Yes
...your model by adding
Friction Forcing functions
Refine
Flexible parts
Control systems
Increase
quality ...your design through
variations using
Iterate Parametrics
Design variables
...your design using

Optimize DOEs
Optimization
Increase
efficiency ...your design process using
Custom menus
Automate
Macros
Custom dialog boxes
IMPROVED
PRODUCT
12 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS

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...a model of your design using
Bodies Forces
Build Contacts Joints
Motion generators
...your design using

Test Measures Animations
Simulations Plots
...your model by
Validate Importing test data
Superimposing test data
■ Build (design) a virtual prototype of a mechanical system using an ADAMS dataset

file.
■ Test your mechanical system using ADAMS/Solver.
■ Validate (review) the results of your output files using ADAMS/PostProcessor.
Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 13

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1 - Build (Input) 2 - Test (ADAMS/Solver) 3 - Validate (Output)
ADAMS dataset Analysis files

.adm ■ .req
■ .res
Command file ■ .gra
.acf ■ .out
Message file
.msg

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■ Statements define an element of a model, such as a part, constraint, or force.
■ Functions are a numeric expression that define the magnitude of an element, such as
force or motion.
Sample .adm file
TITLE LINE
!-------------------------------- SYSTEM UNITS --------------
UNITS/FORCE = NEWTON, MASS = KILOGRAM, LENGTH = MILLIMETER,
,TIME = SECOND
!
PART/1, GROUND
!
MARKER/5, PART = 1, QP = 175, -225, 0
!
PART/2, MASS = 70.94, CM = 3, IP = 2.01E+006, 1.80E+005
, 2.01E+006, MATERIAL = steel
!
MARKER/2, PART = 2, REULER = 37.87498365D, 90D, 0D
!
MARKER/3, PART = 2, QP = 175, -225, 0, REULER = 37.87498365D, 0D, 0D
!
GRAPHICS/1, CYLINDER, CM = 2, LENGTH = 570.08, RADIUS = 71.26
!
JOINT/1, REVOLUTE, I = 4, J = 1
!
REQUEST/1, DISPLACEMENT, I = 3, J = 5, RM = 5
ACCGRAV/JGRAV = -9806.65
OUTPUT/REQSAVE, GRSAVE Statement Function
RESULTS/
!
MOTION/1, ROTATIONAL, JOINT = 1, FUNCTION = 30.0d * time
!
END
■ Explain that there are only three types of syntax: ■ Stress that they (the students) are going to have to
statements, functions, and commands use the guide, Using ADAMS/Solver every step of
■ Go to the guide, Using ADAMS/Solver and show the way, while they try to complete each workshop.
how the whole guide is only made up of three major
sections: Statements, Functions, and Commands.
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■ Commands are actions that you issue during an analysis to make changes to your
model or analysis settings.
■ You can enter commands interactively−one at a time−or you can enter them from a
command file.
Sample .acf file
model_name.adm
output_name Command
SIMULATE/STATIC
SIMULATE/DYNAMIC, END=3.0, STEPS=30
DEACTIVATE/JOINT, ID=3
SIMULATE/DYNAMIC, DURATION=2.0, STEPS=200
STOP
Explain that ADAMS/Solver command files must:

■ Start with the name of the model to be analyzed
■ Have a name you want used for the output files
■ End with a STOP command.
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The output corresponds to these statements in your dataset: REQUEST, RESULT, GRAPHICS,
and OUTPUT.
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■ Key system measurements:
toe angle or displacement in a local marker’s coordinate system.
■ Data for plotting in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
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■ Default calculations in Global Coordinate System:
part displacements and constraint reaction forces
■ Data for plotting in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
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■ Data for animating in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
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■ Tabular output of request data.

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■ Warning messages
■ Error messages
Excerpts from a .msg file
---- WARNING ----

IP data specified for PART test.PAR5200 is not physically
meaningful, since it does not satisfy the requirement
that Iyy + Izz must be greater than or equal to Ixx.
The moments of inertia about the Center of Mass are:
Ixx = 500.80, Iyy = 115.29, Izz = 98.147
---- ERROR ----

The simulation stopped at time = 7.82641E-02.
ADAMS cannot solve the equations of motion.

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■ Non scripted: lets you enter commands one by one.
■ Scripted: lets you enter commands from the command file (.acf).
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■ Runs multiple jobs using a log file and one or more command files (.acf).
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UNIX shell (what you might type to simulate)
adams12 -c
ru-standard
interactive
my_file.acf
NT DOS shell (what you might type to simulate)
adams12
ru-standard
my_file.acf

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Simulate a dynamic model and review the associated output files.
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The model you will use in this workshop represents a quarter-front, short-long-arm (SLA) car
suspension.

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1 Open a UNIX shell and enter the commands to locate and change to your working
directory.
■ Use the ls command to review a list of files and directories.
■ Use the cd <directory name> command to change from one directory to another.
For example, to change your location from the directory, bso_exercises, to mod_01_intro,
enter the following:
cd bso_exercises
ls
cd mod_01_intro
ls
2 Once you have located your working directory, enter the command to start ADAMS, for
example, adams12 -c.
A text menu appears inside of your command shell window.
At your site, your systems administrator determines the alias to start ADAMS/Solver.
In class, if adams12 -c does not launch ADAMS/Solver, see your class instructor for the
correct command.
3 Enter ru-standard (or use the shortcut ru-s) to run standard ADAMS/Solver.
4 Enter interactive (or use the shortcut i) to run ADAMS/Solver in interactive mode.
Skip to Step 1 in Simulating your model on page 23.

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1 Do one of the following:

■ From the Start menu, point to Programs, and then select Command Prompt.
The Command Prompt window appears.
■ From the Start menu, select Run and enter cmd.
The Command Prompt window appears.
2 Enter the commands to locate and change to your working directory.
■ Use the dir command to display your list of files and directories.
■ Use the cd <directory name> command to change from one directory to another.
For example, to change your location from the directory, bso_exercises, to mod_01_intro,
enter the following:
cd bso_exercises
dir
cd mod_01_intro
dir
3 Once you have changed to your working directory, enter the command to start ADAMS,
for example, adams12.
A text menu appears inside of your Command Prompt window.
At your site, your systems administrator determines the alias to start ADAMS/Solver.
In class, if adams12 does not launch ADAMS/Solver, see your class instructor for the
correct command.
4 Enter ru-standard (or use the shortcut ru-s) to run standard ADAMS/Solver.

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1 Enter the name of the ADAMS command file sla.acf.

The command file gives ADAMS/Solver instructions on how to simulate your model, for
example, it defines the run time and type of simulation.
2 Enter exit to close the ADAMS menu.
3 To list the files that are in your working directory, enter ls on UNIX or dir on NT.
Your directory should contain more files than before you ran the simulation.
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■ Quickly set up and run a simulation entering all of the necessary commands on one
line. For example, from a UNIX prompt, enter:
adams12 -c ru-s i sla.acf exit
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■ Quickly set up and run a simulation entering all of the necessary commands on one
line. For example, from a command prompt, enter:
adams12 ru-s sla.acf

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1 What are the three categories of syntax used in the ADAMS language?
________________________________________________________________________
2 Which two out of the three are used in the .adm file?
________________________________________________________________________
3 Which two out of the three are used in the .acf file?
________________________________________________________________________
4 In this course, we are going to use ADAMS/Solver to process the results and ADAMS/
PostProcessor to view the results. What are we going to use as a pre-processor?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5 When you use ADAMS after this course, you will probably be using a pre-processor (that
is, ADAMS/Pre, ADAMS/View, ADAMS/Car, and so on). Why, then, do you need to
learn how to write .adm and .acf files on your own?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1. Statements, functions, and commands 5. Some of the reasons are:

2. Statements and functions will appear in the .adm ■ Better understanding of ADAMS at the most
file. basic level
■ Ability to edit files that come from pre-
3. Commands and functions will appear in the .acf
file. processors
■ Ability to customize pre-processors
4. We will be the pre-processor (along with some sort
■ Helps when debugging models (no matter
of text editor)
what pre-processor they come from)
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In this module you will use ADAMS/PostProcessor to manipulate, review, and

refine the results of the suspension model you simulated in the previous module.
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■ PostProcessing Interface Overview, 26
■ Animating, 27
■ Plotting, 28
■ Getting Help, 29
■ Workshop 2—Viewing Results, 30

25
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■ Animation
■ Plotting
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The tools in the Main toolbar change if you load an animation or a plot into the viewport
The elements shown above are common to both modes.
26 Viewing Results
Important Notes: ■ Tell students that you will answer their questions at
■ Focus only on the interface. the point in the class when the relevant content is
covered.
■ Do not get into detailed explanation of functionality.
■ Do not allow the students’ questions to force you to
■ This module has the potential to take too much time jump ahead too far.
if you start to answer all of the students’ questions.
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Treeview Main toolbar Viewport
Mode type
Dashboard Slider bar

Property
categories
editor
Animation settings
Reset, Rev, Pause,
Fwd, Record
Viewing Results 27
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Treeview Main toolbar Viewport
Mode type
Property Types of List of requests/ Manage

editor results to results curves
be displayed
List of simulation results
28 Viewing Results
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Viewing Results 29
■ Make sure that how to use the Help is *very* clear

to the students.
■ Stress again, how important the documentation is
going to be as they start writing the .adm and .acf
files during the workshops.
■ Demonstrate by doing a global search for the word
rotate.
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Use ADAMS/PostProcessor to manipulate, review, and refine the results of the suspension
model you simulated in the previous module.
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■ This model represents a quarter-front, short-long-arm (SLA) car suspension.
■ You can use the files you generated in Module 1, or use the ones in the directory,
exercise_dir/mod_02_view_results.
30 Viewing Results
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1 Go to the directory where your analysis files are stored.
■ If you’re using the files you generated, the directory should be mod_01_intro.
■ If you’re using the files we provided for you, the directory should be
mod_02_view_results.
2 Open the ADAMS Selection menu.
■ For UNIX, enter adams12 -c.
■ For NT, enter adams12.
The ADAMS Selection Menu appears.
3 At the command line, enter appt.
The ADAMS/PostProcessor Main window appears.
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ADAMS/PostProcessor has two modes: animation and plotting. It switches its modes
automatically depending on the contents of the active viewport. For example, the tools in the
Main toolbar change if you load an animation or a plot into the viewport.
Figure 1 on page 31 shows a conceptual sketch of the ADAMS/PostProcessor window. The
elements shown are common to both modes.
Figure 1. ADAMS/PostProcessor Window
Viewing Results 31
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1 From the File menu, point to Import, and then select Analysis Files.
The File Import dialog box appears.
2 Right-click the File Name text box, and then select Browse.
The Select File dialog box appears.
3 Select any one of the files that starts with sla_output.
4 In the Select File dialog box, select OK.
5 In the File Import dialog box, select OK.
The graphics representing the initial conditions of your simulation appear in the viewport.
32 Viewing Results
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■ Adjust your view of the model on your screen using the tools above the viewport. The
figure below highlights some of the tools that are available. Try experimenting with
the rotate, zoom, and translate tools.
Center
Dynamic Translate View Zoom
Dynamic Rotate View Fit
Select Front View
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■ Play an animation of your model using the tools that are located above the viewport
and in the dashboard. Experiment with the play and pause tools.
Pause Animation
Play Animation Backward Play Animation
Reset Animation Record Animation
Viewing Results 33
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■ Select the View tab in the dashboard.
■ Your view options appear below the View button.
■ Experiment with the options that are available.
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1 From the treeview, expand the model by clicking on the + sign.

2 Select PART_5, which is the wheel.
3 Below the treeview, in the property editor, select the arrow next to the Color text box.
4 Select Coral for the color setting.
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1 From the Edit menu, select Preferences.

The PPT Preferences dialog box appears.
2 In the Force Scale text box, enter a value that is greater than 1, and then select Enter.
3 Experiment with changing the scale of the force graphics.
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1 From the same PPT Preferences dialog box, select the Geometry tab, and check the Graphics
Endcaps box.
Selecting the box adds endcaps to cylinders.
2 Change the view from shaded to wireframe.
3 On the top tool bar, select Wireframe/shaded.
Wireframe/shaded
Icon Visibility
34 Viewing Results
Demonstrate the Main Toolbox:

■ Tool stacks - Accessed by right-clicking a tool.
■ Container - Appears in the bottom half of the
toolbox when a tool is selected.
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1 Create a new page by clicking the Create a New Page tool above the viewport.
Next Page Create a New Page

Previous Page
Delete a Page
You should now have two pages in your session.

2 Change the viewport to plotting by right-clicking in the viewport, and choosing Load Plot
from the pop-up menu.
Notice how the dashboard changes from animation tools to plotting tools.
3 Create a plot on this page by doing the following:
■ From the Simulation list, select the only simulation in your session, sla_output.
■ From the Request list, select REQUEST_2.
■ From the Component list, select X.
■ Below the Independent Axis: heading, make sure Time is selected.
■ Select Add Curves.
Viewing Results 35
Notice the dashboard settings in the following figure:
36 Viewing Results
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1 Go back to page_1 in ADAMS/PostProcessor.

2 Split the screen by right-clicking on the Page Layout tool above the viewport and choosing
the Split Screen tool.
Split Screen
3 Set the new viewport to Plotting by right-clicking in the viewport and choosing Load Plot
from the pop-up menu.
4 Plot Toe Angle vs. Vertical Wheel Position by doing the following:
■ In the Simulation list, select the only simulation in your session, sla_output.
■ In the Request list, select REQUEST_2.
■ In the Component list, select X.
■ Below the Independent Axis: heading, toggle Data.
The Independent Axis Browser appears.
■ In the Request list, select REQUEST_1.
■ In the Component list, select Z.
■ Select OK.
■ Select Add Curves.
Viewing Results 37
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1 From the Help menu, select ADAMS/PostProcessor Guide.

2 Search for the phrase plot statistics and see where it leads you.
If you are unable to find the phrase ask the instructor for help.
3 Use the plot statistics toolbar to find the maximum Toe Angle value.
4 Once you find the maximum toe angle value, use it to answer Question 1 in Module
review on page 40.
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1 Left-click the viewport that contains your graphics so the dashboard changes to animation
tools.
2 Play an animation.
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1 Modify the plot title by doing the following:

■ In the treeview, expand page_1 by clicking the + sign.
■ Select plot_2.
■ Clear the selection of Auto Title.
■ In the Property Editor below, enter the title Toe Angle vs. Wheel Height.
■ Select Enter.
2 Label the vertical axis as Toe Angle (radians) by doing the following:
■ In the treeview, expand the plot by clicking the + sign.
■ select vaxis.
■ In the Property Editor below, toggle Labels.
■ Change the label from NO UNITS to Toe Angle (radians).
3 Modify the legend text by doing the following:
■ In the treeview, select curve_1.
38 Viewing Results
■ In the Property Editor, change the Legend text box to sla_output.
6DYLQJ
7RVDYH\RXU$'$063RVW3URFHVVRUVHVVLRQ
1 Save your session by doing the following:

■ From the File menu, select Save As.
■ Name your file in the File Name text box.
■ Select OK.
This saves the results from your entire session in one file.
2 Exit ADAMS/PostProcessor by doing the following:
■ From the File menu, select Exit.
■ Select Exit, Don’t Save.
Viewing Results 39
■ Remind students of the difference between Find and

Search.
0RGXOHUHYLHZ
1 What was the maximum toe angle value?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the difference between the two search tools (the ones with the binoculars)
available in Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is the software we use to view the online
user’s guides?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 To view an animation, which file type will you need to import?
________________________________________________________________________
4 Both the results (.res) and the request (.req) file can be imported and used to plot
information. What is the difference between the results (.res) and the request (.req) files?
(You may need to refer back to Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS on page 11 for help on
this.)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
40 Viewing Results
■ 1. The maximum toe angle is 0.15858 radians. ■ 4. The results file gives very basic information, such
■ 2. Find searches in one ADAMS user’s guide. as part displacements or joint reaction forces. The
Search searches in all of the ADAMS user’s guide. request file gives more specific measurement data
Make sure they see the difference. that you specify.
■ 3. The graphics (.gra) file.
)$//,1*6721(
Find the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a lumped mass after one
second, when it falls under the influence of gravity, with zero initial velocity.
:KDW·VLQWKLVPRGXOH
■ System-Level Design, 42
■ Coordinate Systems, 43
■ Part Coordinate System, 44
■ Coordinate System Marker, 45
■ Differences Between Parts and Graphics, 46
■ Parts, Graphics, and Markers, 47
■ Types of Parts in ADAMS, 48
■ Part Properties (Mass and Inertia), 49
■ Graphic Properties, 50
■ Workshop 3—Falling Mass, 51

41
■ It is recommended that you do not discuss example

STATEMENTS until Part Properties (Mass and
Inertia) on page 49.
6\VWHP/HYHO'HVLJQ
7KHFUDZOZDONUXQDSSURDFK
■ Do not build the entire mechanism at once.
■ As you add a new component, make sure that it works correctly.
■ Check your model at regular intervals.
$YRLGWKHQHHGIRUFRPSOH[GHEXJJLQJE\IROORZLQJWKH
FUDZOZDONUXQDSSURDFK
42 Falling Stone
■
&RRUGLQDWH6\VWHPV
'HILQLWLRQRIDFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHP&6
■ A coordinate system is essentially a measuring stick to define kinematic and dynamic
quantities.
Point P
ŷ G
R
R = R x x̂ + R y ŷ + R z ẑ
Point O
x̂ G
ẑ G
7\SHVRIFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPV
■ Global coordinate system (GCS):
◆ Rigidly attaches to the ground part.
◆ Defines the absolute point (0,0,0) of your model and provides a set of axes
that is referenced when creating local coordinate systems.
■ Local coordinate systems (LCS):
◆ Part coordinate systems (PCS)
◆ Markers
Falling Stone 43
■ Specify that we will be dealing with Cartesian coordinates during the whole course.
3DUW&RRUGLQDWH6\VWHP
'HILQLWLRQRISDUWFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPV3&6
■ Only one exists per part.
■ Location and orientation is specified by providing its location and orientation with
respect to the GCS.
Part coordinate system ŷ P1

Part 1 at location (10, 5.5, 0)
ẑ P1 x̂ P1
5.5
ŷ G
10
x̂ G
ẑ G
Global coordinate system
ground body at location (0, 0, 0)
For the purpose of this class, and because most pre-processors do so, it is recommended that
each part’s PCS has the same location and orientation as the GCS.
44 Falling Stone
■
&RRUGLQDWH6\VWHP0DUNHU
'HILQLWLRQRIDPDUNHU
■ It attaches to a part and moves with the part.
■ Several can exist per part.
■ Its location and orientation can be specified by providing its location and orientation
with respect to PCS.
ŷ P1 Part coordinate system

Marker 1 on Part 1 ŷ M1 Part 1 at location (10, 5.5, 0)
at location (- 5, -1, 0) -5
-1
ŷ G x̂ P1
x̂ M1 ẑ P1
ẑ M1
x̂ G
ẑ G Ground Body at location (0, 0, 0)
■ It is used wherever a unique location needs to be defined. For example:

◆ The location of a part’s center of mass.
◆ The reference point for defining where graphical entities are anchored.
■ It is used wherever a unique direction needs to be defined. For example:
◆ The axes about which part mass moments of inertia are specified.
◆ Directions for constraints.
◆ Directions for force application.
■ All marker locations and orientations are expressed in PCS.
Falling Stone 45
'LIIHUHQFHV%HWZHHQ3DUWVDQG*UDSKLFV
3DUWV
Define bodies (rigid or flexible) that can move relative to other bodies and have the following
properties:
◆ Mass
◆ Inertia
◆ Initial location and orientation (PCS)
◆ Initial velocities
*UDSKLFV
■ Are used to enhance the visualization of a part using properties such as:
◆ Length
◆ Radius
◆ Width
■ Are not necessary to perform simulations.
PART
CYLINDER
BLOCK
CM
46 Falling Stone
3DUWV*UDSKLFVDQG0DUNHUV
'HSHQGHQFLHVLQ$'$06
To understand the relationship between parts, graphics, and markers in ADAMS, it is
necessary to understand the dependencies shown next:
PART/
GRAPHIC/ MARKER/ MARKER/ MARKER/ GRAPHIC/

CYLINDER Center Marker Center of Mass Corner Marker BLOCK
(CM) (CM) (CM)
PART
CYLINDER
BLOCK
CM
GRAPHIC CMs
Falling Stone 47
7\SHVRI3DUWVLQ$'$06
5LJLGERGLHV
■ Are movable parts.

■ Possess mass and inertia properties.
■ Cannot deform.
)OH[LEOHERGLHVEH\RQGWKHVFRSHRIWKLVFRXUVH
■ Are movable parts.

■ Possess mass and inertia properties.
■ Can bend when forces are applied to them.
*URXQGSDUW
■ Must exist in every model.
■ Defines the GCS and the global origin and, therefore, remains stationary at all times.
■ Acts as the inertial reference frame for calculating velocities and acceleration.
48 Falling Stone
3DUW3URSHUWLHV0DVVDQG,QHUWLD
7KURXJKWKH3$57VWDWHPHQW\RXPXVW
■ Provide the mass for a rigid body.
■ Provide the inertia matrix for a rigid body.
■ Assign mass to a marker that represents the part’s center of mass (CM).
■ Assign inertia to a marker about which the moments of inertia are defined (CM or
IM).
([DPSOH
MARKER/2000
Y (center of mass)
X
Z
PART/20, MASS = 63.71, CM = 2000, IP = 1.50E5, 1.68E6, 1.68E6

MARKER/2000, PART = 20, QP = -75, 200, 0
■ ADAMS will not use the dimensions of the graphics to define the mass and inertia.
■ No IM marker was defined in this example, therefore, the CM’s orientation is
referenced for inertia.
■ Inertia can be calculated for some simple shapes using the Mass Moments of Inertia
sheet in Tables on page 153.
■ Many pre-processors leave the QG argument out of the statement (as seen above),
which is the equivalent to it being all zeros.
Falling Stone 49
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7KURXJKWKH*5$3+,&VWDWHPHQW\RXPXVW
■ Define the shape type (cylinder, circle, and so on).
■ Provide the dimensions for the chosen shape.
■ Assign graphic to a marker, which defines:
◆ which part the graphic will follow
◆ the location of the graphic
◆ the orientation of the graphic
([DPSOH&</,1'(5
MARKER/2001
(center of cylinder)
MARKER/2000
(center of mass)
Z
GRAPHICS/2001, CYLINDER, CM = 2001, LENGTH = 550, RADIUS = 68.75

MARKER/2001, PART = 20, QP = -350, 200, 0, REULER = 90D, 90D, 0D
■ For a cylinder graphic:
◆ CM stands for center marker not center of mass.
◆ The z-axis of CM defines the orientation of the cylinder.

■ Each graphic has a marker that serves a similar purpose to the CM in this example.
■ Again, ADAMS will not use the dimensions of the graphics to define mass and
inertia.
50 Falling Stone
:RUNVKRS³)DOOLQJ0DVV
3UREOHPVWDWHPHQW
Find the displacement, velocity and acceleration of a lumped mass after one second, when it
falls under the influence of gravity, with zero initial velocity.
mass=1kg
MASS radius=50mm
Falling Stone 51
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7RFUHDWHWKHPRGHOGDWDVHWEDVHGRQWKHILJXUHJLYHQ
1 Go to the <exercise_dir>/mod_03_falling_stone directory.

2 Open a text editor to create a new file.
UNIX: Use jot or vi.
NT: Use Notepad or WordPad.
3 Define the title by entering ! Falling Stone Model on the first line of the dataset.
4 Define the units by entering UNITS/.
To get help with the various statements, go to the ADAMS online documentation, and
open the guide, Using ADAMS/Solver.
5 Define the acceleration due to gravity for the model by entering ACCGRAV/.
6 Create the ground part by entering PART/.
7 Create the stone part by entering PART/, and defining the mass, inertia, and location of
center of mass.
The inertia can be calculated using the Mass Moments of Inertia sheet in Tables on
page 153.
8 Define the location of the center of mass to be at the global origin by entering MARKER/.
9 Create a circle graphic to represent the stone by entering GRAPHICS/.
Use the CM marker for the part and the CM marker for the graphic.
10 Generate a graphics (.gra) file for animating later by entering OUTPUT/GRSAV.
11 Generate a results (.res) file for plotting later by entering RESULTS/.

12 Signify that this is the end of the dataset by entering END.
13 Save the file as stone.adm in the mod_03_falling_stone directory.
52 Falling Stone
■ For Step 7: Ix = Iy = Iz = 2/5 mr2

= 1000 kg*mm2
6LPXODWLQJWKHPRGHO
In this section, you will create a command file (*.acf) to dynamically simulate the model for
1 second with 100 output steps.
7RVLPXODWHWKHPRGHO
1 Open a text editor.

2 Enter stone.adm as the first line of the command file.
This is the name of the .adm file you are going to simulate.
3 Enter stone_output as the second line of the command file.
This is the name that you want assigned to your output files.
4 Enter SIMULATE/DYNAMICS, END=1, STEPS=100 as the third line of your command file.
To get help with the various commands, go to the ADAMS online documentation.
5 Enter STOP to signify the end of the commands.
6 Save the file as stone.acf.
7 Run the simulation.
Ensure that the file was simulated properly (no errors or unexpected warning messages).
3ORWWLQJUHVXOWV
7RSORWWKHUHVXOWV
1 Open ADAMS/PostProcessor.
2 Import the stone_output Solver analysis files (.req, .res, .gra).
Because you did not generate a .req file, ADAMS/PostProcessor only imports the .res and
.gra files.
3 Animate the model to ensure the movement you expected.
4 Create a new page.
5 Right-click in the viewport and select Load Plot.
6 Set Source to Result Sets.
7 Choose the part whose results you want to plot.
Falling Stone 53
8 Above the Add Curves button, on the right side of the dashboard, toggle the Surf tool.
Surf lets you view a selected result component without using the Add Curves button.
9 Now, select different components from the Component section and see the plot refresh
with each new selection.
6ROYLQJIRUWKHSUREOHPVWDWHPHQW
7RVROYHIRUWKHSUREOHPVWDWHPHQW
1 Find the value of the stone’s displacement after 1 second. Use the plot tracking tool on the
ADAMS/PostProcessor main toolbar.
Plot Tracking
2 Determine if this result makes sense.

If not, check for mistakes in your model and correct them.
3 If the results do make sense, answer Question 1 in the Module review on page 56.
4 Find the value of the stone’s velocity after 1 second.
Use it to answer Question 2 in the Module review, 56.
5 Find the value of stone’s acceleration after 1 second.
Use it to answer Question 3 in the Module review, 56.
6 Exit ADAMS/PostProcessor without saving the session.
2SWLRQDOWDVNV
7RFKDQJHWKHIDOOLQJVWRQHWRDSURMHFWLOH
1 Edit the stone.adm file so that the part has an initial velocity of 6 m/sec, at an angle of 60o
with respect to the horizontal.
Use VX and VY parameters for the PART/ statement.
54 Falling Stone
2 Save the file as projectile.adm.
3 Edit the stone.acf file, so that it will run the new file, projectile.adm.
4 Save the file as projectile.acf.
5 Simulate the model.
6 Animate and plot to see the stone’s new displacement and velocity values.
$'$06UHVXOWV
■ Displacement after 1 sec = -4903.3 mm
■ Velocity after 1 sec =-9806.6 mm/sec
■ Acceleration after 1 sec = -9806.6 mm/sec2
&ORVHGIRUPVROXWLRQ
$QDO\WLFDOVROXWLRQ
s = ½ (at2) = 4903.325 mm
v = at = 9806.65 mm/sec
a= g = 9806.65 mm/sec2
:KHUH
s = Distance (mm)
a = Acceleration (mm/sec2)
t = Time (sec)
v = Velocity (mm/sec)
Falling Stone 55
0RGXOHUHYLHZ
1 What is the stone’s displacement after one second?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the stone’s velocity after one second?
________________________________________________________________________
3 What is the stone’s acceleration after one second?
________________________________________________________________________
4 What do many pre-processors write for the QG argument in the PART/ statement?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5 The CM argument appears in both the PART/ statement and certain GRAPHIC/
statements. What is the difference in each case?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6 Can the CM be the same marker in both the PART/ statement and the GRAPHIC/
statement?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
56 Falling Stone
■ 1. 4903.3 mm ■ 6. Yes, this model is one example

■ 2. 9806.7 mm/sec
■ 3. 9806.7 mm/sec^2
■ 4. QG=0, 0, 0 which is the default if the argument is
left out
■ 5. CM is Center of Mass in PART/ statment, CM is
Center or Corner Marker in GRAPHIC/ statement
21('2)3(1'8/80
Find the initial force supported by the pin at A, for a bar that swings in a vertical
plane about a pivot, given the initial angular displacement (θo).
qo=45o
g
mass=1 kg
radius=25 mm
length=250 mm
:KDW·VLQWKLVPRGXOH
■ Constraints, 58
■ Use of Markers in Constraints, 59
■ Three-Point Orientation Method, 61
■ Degrees of Freedom (DOF), 62
■ Revolute Joint, DOF Removed by, 154
■ Workshop 4—One DOF Pendulum, 63

57
■
&RQVWUDLQWV
'HILQLWLRQRIDFRQVWUDLQW
■ Restricts relative movement between parts.
■ Represents idealized connection.
■ Removes rotational and/or translational DOF from a system.
([DPSOH
Wall
Wall
Door
Door
7UDQVODWLRQDOFRQVWUDLQWVRIWKHKLQJH
Zw
XD – XW = 0
ZD
Yw YD – YW = 0
ZD – ZW = 0
Xw YD
XD 5RWDWLRQDOFRQVWUDLQWVRIWKHKLQJH
Φ D – Φ W = 0 (about x-axis)
θ D – θ W = 0 (about y-axis)
Therefore, φ D and φ W are free
58 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
8VHRI0DUNHUVLQ&RQVWUDLQWV
&RQVWUDLQWHTXDWLRQVLQ$'$06
■ Constraints are represented as algebraic equations in ADAMS/Solver.
■ These equations describe the relationship between two markers.
■ Joint parameters, referred to as I and J markers, define the location, orientation, and
the connecting parts:
◆ First marker, I, is fixed to the first part.
◆ Second marker, J, is fixed to the second part.
$QDWRP\RIDFRQVWUDLQWLQ$'$06
Model
(example.adm)
PART/20 JOINT/0120 PART/01

(door) (hinge) (wall)
MAR/2001 MAR/0101
(I marker) (J marker)
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 59
8VHRI0DUNHUVLQ&RQVWUDLQWV
■ The I and J markers referenced in the joint (and therefore, the parts to which they
belong), move with respect to each other as follows:
ŷ i, ŷ j
PART/20
PART/01 MAR/2003
MAR/0103
ŷ i
ŷ j
ẑ i, ẑ j
x̂ i, x̂ j x̂ i
θ
x̂ j
ẑ i, ẑ j
The Magical Cactus
■ The I and J markers overlap at time = 0.

■ During simulation, the z-axes of both markers stay aligned.
([DPSOH5HYROXWH-RLQW,DQG-PDUNHUV
JOINT/0120, REVOLUTE, I=0103, J=2003
MAR/0103, PART=01, QP = 3,5,0
MAR/2003, PART=20, QP = 3,5,0
60 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
7KUHH3RLQW2ULHQWDWLRQ0HWKRG
You can define a coordinate system’s orientation using two methods:
■ Rotation sequence method (Euler angles). See the guide, Using ADAMS/Solver for
more details.
■ Three-point method.
'HILQHWKHRULHQWDWLRQRIDFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPXVLQJWKHWKUHH
SRLQWPHWKRG
In the MARKER/ statement, define three points:
■ QP - origin of the coordinate system
■ ZP - coordinates of a point that you want the z-axis to point at
■ XP - coordinates of a point that you want the x-axis to point at

XP (3,10,0)
Xm
QP (3,5,0) Zm
Ym ZP (9,5,0)
(0,0,0)
Yg
Xg
Zg
([DPSOH0$5.(5
MARKER/2003, PART=20, QP=3, 5, 0, ZP=9, 5, 0, XP=3, 10, 0
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 61
'HJUHHVRI)UHHGRP'2)
&RQVWUDLQWVDQG'2)
■ Each DOF corresponds to at least one equation of motion.
■ A freely floating rigid body in three-dimensional space is said to have six DOF.
■ A constraint removes one or more DOF from a system, depending on its type.
ŷ
Rigid body
ẑ x̂
'HWHUPLQHWKHQXPEHURIV\VWHP'2)
■ ADAMS/Solver will provide an estimated number of system DOF by using the
Gruebler’s Count:
System DOF = ( number of movable parts ⋅ 6 DOF/ part )
– ∑ [ # Constraints ⋅ # DOF (Constraint) ]

i = type
■ ADAMS/Solver also provides the actual number of system DOF, as it checks to see
whether:
◆ Appropriate parts are connected by each constraint.
◆ Correct directions are specified for each constraint.
◆ Correct type of DOF (translational versus rotational) are removed by each
constraint.
◆ Redundant constraints exist in the system.
62 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
:RUNVKRS³2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
3UREOHPVWDWHPHQW
Find the initial force supported by the pin at A for a bar that swings in a vertical plane about a
pivot, given the initial angular displacement, θo.
θo=45o
g
mass=1kg
radius=25mm
length=250mm
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 63
■ In this module, you may want to encourage the This way, you don’t have to keep closing ADAMS/
students to take advantage of two tips: PostProcessor to run a new simulation.
■ Run simulations using the one line for ■ Quiz students about minimum # of markers needed
commands: for this model. Answer is 4 (3 on bar for CM,
■ adams12 -c ru-s i pendulum.acf graphic CM, and joint marker, 1 on ground for
joint).
■ Use two shells - 1 for running ADAMS/
PostProcessor and 1 for running simulations
1 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_04_pendulum directory.

2 Open a text editor:
NT: Use Microsoft Notepad or WordPad.
3 Enter ! Pendulum Model as the first line of the dataset.
This is the title.
4 Define the units by entering UNITS/.
5 Define the acceleration due to gravity by entering ACCGRAV/.
7 Create the pendulum part by entering PART/ and setting the inertia properties.
8 Define the location and orientation of the center of mass by entering MARKER/.
■ Location is very important in this model because the pendulum is going to start at an
angle.
■ Orientation is also important because the inertia values (Ixx, Iyy, and Izz) are not all
the same for this part. In the last module, you created a sphere (where: Ixx = Iyy = Izz).
A cylinder is not that simple. In addition, the orientation is dependent on the initial
conditions of the part.
■ To define the orientation, use the three-point method.
9 Create a cylinder graphic to represent the pendulum by entering GRAPHICS/.
10 Define the location and orientation of the center marker for the cylinder graphic by
entering MARKER/.
■ The orientation for this marker is dependent on the initial conditions for the cylinder.
■ Again, use the three-point method.
11 Generate a graphics (.gra) file for output by entering OUTPUT/GRSAV.
12 Generate a results (.res) file for output by entering RESULTS/.
64 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
■ For Step 8: Ix = 1/2mr2

Ix = 312.5 kg*mm2
Iy = Iz = 1/12 m (3r2+L2)
Iy = Iz = 5364.58 kg *mm2
14 Save the file as pendulum.adm in the mod_04_pendulum directory.
7HVWLQJWKHPRGHO
7RFUDZOZDONUXQWHVWWKHPRGHOVRIDU
1 Create a command file (*.acf) to dynamically simulate the model for 1 second with
50 output steps.
2 Run the simulation.
3 View the animation to visually check for errors.
■ At this point you have no constraints in the model, so the pendulum should just fall.
But you can check your initial conditions and make sure they are acceptable.
■ You may want to turn on the global triad in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
◆ Toggle the View button in the dashboard below your viewport.
◆ Check the Display Triad box.
4 If anything in the results does not make sense, modify your .adm file.
&RQVWUDLQLQJWKHSHQGXOXP
7RFRQVWUDLQWKHSHQGXOXP
1 Open a text editor to modify your .adm file.

2 Create the appropriate joint between the pendulum and ground by entering JOINT/.
3 Create the I marker for the constraint by entering MARKER/.
4 Create the J marker for the constraint by entering MARKER/.
5 Run the simulation and check your results.
6 Plot the FX and FY components of force for the revolute joint.
Use the values to answer Question 1 in the Module review on page 68.
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 65
66 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
2SWLRQDOWDVNV
7RDGGIRUFHJUDSKLFV
■ Visualize the reaction forces in the joint by entering GRAPHICS/.
7RYLHZWKHDQLPDWLRQDQGWKHSORWVDWWKHVDPHWLPH
1 Right-click the Page Layout tool.
2 Choose a layout that has enough viewports to view your plots and the animation.
3 In the viewport where you would like to put your animation, right-click and select Load
Animation.
4 In the other ports, right-click and select Load Plot.
5 Set up your plots (if they are not set up already).
6 Animate the results.
7 You may need to modify the scale of the force graphics in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
■ From the Edit menu, select Preferences.
■ In the PPT Preferences dialog box, in the upper left corner, toggle Animation.
■ To modify the scale, from the upper right corner use the Force and Torque Scale text
boxes.
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 67
0RGXOHUHYLHZ
1 What are the initial values of force in the global x and y directions?
________________________________________________________________________
2 If a marker’s QP=10,14,2, and you want its z-axis to point in the global y direction, what
could ZP equal?
________________________________________________________________________
3 In the JOINT/ statement, how do you indicate which two parts are being connected?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
68 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
1. Fx=-3.65N, FY=6.15N
2. There is no one right answer to this. Anything that fits
this formula will work: ZP= 10,(y>14),2
For example: 10,15,2
3. It knows to which bodies the I and J markers belong.
/,1($5635,1*'$03(5,
Investigate the linear spring-damper system shown in the following figure, using
different types of simulations in ADAMS.
c
g
k
MASS
:KDW·VLQWKLVPRGXOH
■ Initial Condition Simulation, 70
■ Types of Simulations, 71
■ Simulation Hierarchy, 72
■ Forces in ADAMS, 73
■ Spring Dampers in ADAMS, 74
■ Magnitude of Spring Dampers, 75
■ Workshop 5—Spring Damper I, 76
69
,QLWLDO&RQGLWLRQ6LPXODWLRQ
'HILQLWLRQRILQLWLDOFRQGLWLRQVVLPXODWLRQ
■ Attempts to resolve any conflicts in the initial conditions specified for the entities in
the model (for example, broken joints).
■ Is also known as an assemble simulation.
,QLWLDOORFDWLRQDQGRULHQWDWLRQRISDUWV
■ You specify the initial position and orientation for a part when you create it.
■ For a part to be held fixed during the initial condition simulation, you can specify up
to three positions ( x̂ G, ŷ G, ẑ G ) and up to three orientations (psi, theta, phi).
■ To do so, use the EXACT argument in the PART/ statement
Use initial positions sparingly. If you fix the initial positions of too many parts, the
initial conditions simulation can fail.
([DPSOH,QLWLDOFRQGLWLRQVFRPPDQG
SIMULATE/INTIAL_CONDITIONS
70 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,
7\SHVRI6LPXODWLRQV
6WDWLF
■ System DOF > 0.

■ System velocities and accelerations set to zero.
■ Can fail if the static solution is a long way from
the initial condition.
([DPSOH SIMULATE/STATIC
'\QDPLF
■ System DOF > 0.

■ Driven by a set of external forces and excitations.
■ Nonlinear differential and algebraic equations
(DAEs) are solved.
([DPSOHSIM/DYNAMIC, END=1, STEP=100
.LQHPDWLF
■ System DOF = 0.
■ Driven by constraints (motions).
■ Only constraint (algebraic) equations are being
solved.
■ Calculate (measure) reaction forces in constraints.
([DPSOHSIM/KINEMATIC, END=1, STEP=100
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU, 71
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Initial Condition Simulation
Initial Condition
Nonlinear Linear
Motion Study Equilibrium

Calculation(s)
Transient* Static*
Nonlinear
DOF = 0 DOF > 0 Eigensolution

or State Matrices
Kinematic* Dynamic*
Linear
* Automatically performs an assemble simulation
Often a linear simulation is preceded by a static equilibrium or dynamic simulation. We

are not going to use linear simulations in the next workshop.
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■ Try to make parts move in certain ways.
■ Do not perfectly connect parts together the way constraints do.
■ Do not absolutely prescribe movement the way motion drivers do.
■ Neither add nor remove DOF from a system.
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The characteristic: Defines:
Bodies Which parts are affected

Points of application Where the parts are affected
Vector components How many vector components there are
Direction/Orientation How the force is oriented
Magnitude Whether the force is pre-defined or user-defined
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■ They are pre-defined forces.

■ They represent compliance:
◆ Between two bodies. I marker
◆ Acting over a distance. B

A
◆ Along or about one J marker (+)
particular direction.
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Bodies Two (A, B)

Points of application Two (I and J marker)
Vector components One
Acts along the line of sight between the I and J markers
Orientation (only for
■ Positive force repels the two parts
translational)
■ Negative force attracts the two parts
Pre-defined equation based on stiffness and damping
Magnitude
coefficients (linear)
See also: Characteristics of a translational and rotational spring damper, page 155.
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■ Linear spring-damping relationship can be written as:
ForceSPDP = − k(q - L0) − c q· + F0
where:
q - Distance between the two locations that define the spring damper
q· - Relative speed of the locations along the line-of-sight between them

k - Spring stiffness coefficient (always > 0)
c - Viscous damping coefficient (always > 0)
F0 - Reference force of the spring (preload)
L0 - Reference length (at preload, always > 0)
Linear Spring Linear Damper

Fk Fc
kL0+F0 Fk = −k(q-L0) + Fc = −c(dq/dt)

−c
F0 -k
r dq/dt
L0 free length
■ Spring damper forces become ill-defined if endpoints become coincident because of

undefined direction.
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SPRINGDAMPER/0120, I=0107, J=2006, K=5, C=.1, L=400, TRANSLATION
MAR/0107, PART=01, QP=0,100,0
MAR/2006, PART=20, QP=0,500,0
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Investigate the linear spring-damper system shown in the following figure, using different types
of simulations in ADAMS.
k=5.0 N/mm
c=0.05N-sec/mm
Lo=400mm g
MASS
m=187.224kg
1 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_05_springdamper_1 directory.

2 Open a text editor.
NT: Use Microsoft Notepad or WordPad.
3 Enter ! SpringDamper Model as the first line of the dataset.
This is the title.
4 Enter UNITS/ to define the units.
5 Enter ACCGRAV/ to define the acceleration due to gravity for the model.
7 Create the mass part by entering PART/.
Because you are going to constrain the mass with a translational joint, you don’t need
inertia properties.
8 Define the location of the center of mass by entering MARKER/.
9 Enter GRAPHICS/ to create a circle graphic representing the mass.
10 Define the location and orientation of the center marker for the circle graphic by entering
MARKER/.
Orientation is very important for this graphic.

11 Enter JOINT/ to constrain the mass to move only in the Global-Y direction using a
translational joint.
12 Create the I marker for the translational joint by entering MARKER/.
The orientation of the I and J markers are what define the orientation of the joint.
13 Answer Question 1 in the Module review on page 80.
14 Create the J marker for the translational joint by entering MARKER/.
15 Enter OUTPUT/GRSAV to generate a graphics (.gra) file for output.
16 Enter RESULTS/ to generate a results (.res) file for output.
18 Save the file as spring_1.adm in the mod_05_springdamper_1 directory.
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1 Create a command file (spring_1dyn.acf) to dynamically simulate the model for 2 seconds
with 50 output steps.
3 Play the animation to visually check for errors.
Because you have only the translational joint in the model, the mass should just fall.
4 If needed, modify your .adm file.
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1 Open a text editor to modify your .adm file.

2 Create a spring between the mass and ground by entering SPRINGDAMPER/.
3 Create the I marker for the spring by entering MARKER/.
If the I marker is going to be on the mass, then you could just use the center of mass marker.
4 Create the J marker for the spring by entering MARKER/.
The J marker should be located 400 mm above the I marker.
5 Save the file.
6 Run a dynamic simulation.
7 View the animation of the model.
Does the animation make sense?
8 Plot the Magnitude of Force in the SpringDamper vs. the Position of the Mass Part.
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1 Run an equilibrium simulation.

2 Create a new command file (spring_1static.acf) to find the static equilibrium.
4 Using the Result Sets as the source, plot the spring damper’s force magnitude (FMAG).
The results of an equilibrium simulation, may be just one data point; therefore, if you use
the Plot Tracking tool, it is easier to find the value of the single point.
5 Use the values to answer Question 3 in the Module review on page 80.
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1 Use the GRAPHICS/ command to add a graphic to visualize the spring (coils, and so on).
2 Use the GRAPHICS/ command to add graphics to see the reaction forces on the I and J
markers of the spring.
3 When you animate the results, you may need to modify the scale of the force graphics in
ADAMS/PostProcessor.
■ From the Edit menu, select Preferences.
■ In the upper left corner of the PPT Preferences dialog box, select Animation.
■ To modify the scale, use the Force and Torque Scale text boxes in the upper right
corner.
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1 Which axis of the I and J markers defines the axis of translation for the translational joint?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the approximate slope of the Spring Force versus Mass Position plot? Does this
value make sense?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 What is the value of spring damper force at static equilibrium?
________________________________________________________________________
1. z-axis
2. The slope is approximately 5 N/mm (just like K)
3. ~1835 N
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Replace the linear spring damper created in the previous module with a single-
component force that enables you to provide an equation that describes the force
magnitude, allowing for more flexibility.
.
F=-k*(q-Lo)-c*q g
MASS
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■ Single-Component Forces: Action-Reaction, 82
■ Functions in ADAMS, 83
■ Measuring Displacement (Functions continued), 84
■ Measuring Velocity (Functions continued), 85
■ Workshop 6—Spring Damper II, 86
81
■
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■ They are user-defined forces.
I marker
■ They represent forces:
ce
◆ Between two bodies. B Sfor A
◆ Acting over a distance. J marker (+)

◆ Along or about one
particular direction.
Bodies Two (A, B)
Points of application Two (I and J markers)
Vector components One
Orientation Acts along the line of sight (between the I and J

markers)
◆ Positive force repels the two parts
◆ Negative force attracts the two parts
Magnitude User-defined
See also: Characteristics of an action-reaction S-force, page 155
ADAMS applies action and reaction forces to the I and J markers that are created.
82 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,,
■
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■ You use functions to define magnitudes of input vectors used in motions and applied
forces.
■ Every function evaluates to a single value at each particular point in time.
■ Motions can only be a function of time:
M = f(time)
■ Applied forces can be a function of just about any measurement in your model
F = f(displacement, velocity, reaction force in a joint, ...)
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SFORCE/2080, I=2010, J=8013, TRANSLATIONAL
, FUNCTION = 0.5*0.0032*(VX(2010, 8013, 8013)**2)*1.4*19.3
The equation for drag force looks like:
Fdrag = ---  ρ ( V x ) C D A
1 2
2  
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■
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■ Translational displacement returns scalar portions of vector components
(measurements are taken to a marker (I) from another (J), resolved in R’s CS), as
shown in the example below.
■ Rotational displacement returns angles associated with a particular rotation sequence.
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■ DM(I,J)
■ DX, DY, DZ(I,J,R)
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I x̂ DM(I,J) J x̂
(+) (-)
DY(I,J,R) DX(I,J,R)
yˆR xˆR
■
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■ Returns scalar portions of velocity vector components (translational or rotational).
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■ VM(I,J)
■ VR(I,J)
■ VX, VY, VZ(I,J,R,L)
The velocity function, VR, is used to define velocity along the line of sight, which is
commonly used in spring dampers.
If the markers are separating: VR > 0.
If the markers are approaching: VR < 0.
■
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Replace the linear spring damper created in the previous module with a single-component force
that enables you to provide an equation that describes the force magnitude, allowing for more
flexibility.
.
F=-k*(q-Lo)-c*q
g
MASS
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1 Copy the .adm and .acf files from that last module to the directory,
<exercise_dir>/mod_06_springdamper_2.
If you did not finish the last module workshop, you can use the files that are provided in the
completed directory in mod_05_springdamper_1. You should copy those to the
mod_06_springdamper_2 directory.
UNIX: Make sure the current directory is <exercise_dir>/mod_05_springdamper_1

directory and use the cp command.
cp *.adm *.acf. ./mod_06_springdamper_2
This UNIX command copies (cp) all files that end with .adm and .acf to a particular directory
(mod_06_springdamper_2).
NT: Use the mouse and the exploring capabilities to move files.
2 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_06_springdamper_2 directory.
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1 Open your .adm file in a text editor.

2 Enter ! SPRINGDAMPER/ to comment out the SPRINGDAMPER/ statement lines that you
created during the first module.
3 Add a single-component force that will behave exactly as the spring did, by entering
SFORCE/:
■ Use the same I and J markers you used with the SPRINGDAMPER/.
■ The function syntax should be:
·
– k ( q – L o ) – cq
where q = DM( _ , _ ) and qdot = VR( _ , _ )

■ For help with the DM and VR functions, look them up in the guide, Using ADAMS/
Solver in the Functions section.
4 Save the file as spring_2.adm in the mod_06_springdamper_2 directory.
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1 Edit the command file, spring_1dyn.acf to dynamically simulate the new model
spring_2.adm.
3 Play the animation to visually check for errors.
4 If needed, modify your .adm file.
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1 Edit the command file, spring_1static.acf, to find the static equilibrium of the model
spring_2.adm.
2 Run an equilibrium simulation.
4 Using the result sets as the source, plot the SFORCE’s force magnitude (FMAG).
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■ Change the single-component force so that its function describes a nonlinear force.
For example, add an exponential to the deformation portion of the force:
2 ·
F = k ( q – Lo ) – cq
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1 Does the force magnitude at static equilibrium equal the value that was derived in the
previous module?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the benefit of using an SFORCE/ instead of a SPRINGDAMPER/?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 What is the drawback of using an SFORCE/ instead of a SPRINGDAMPER/?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1. Yes, it should be ~1835 N again.

2. The benefit is that you have more freedom in how
you define the force magnitude.
3. The drawback is that you have to take more
responsibility for the magnitude calculation - which
means more work.
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Constrain the given brake system, and approximate the effort (force) required to
fully engage the brake.
Pedal
Cable Tension
Connecting Rod
Cylinder
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■ Applying Motion, 92
■ STEP Function, 93
■ REQUESTing Measurement Data, 94
■ Workshop 7—Brake System I, 95

91
■
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■ Joint motion
■ Point motion (marker based)
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■ There are two types:
◆ Translational: applied to translational or cylindrical joints (removes 1 DOF).
◆ Rotational: applied to revolute or cylindrical joints (removes 1 DOF).
■ You define the joint to which motion is applied.
■ ADAMS uses the joint’s I and J markers and a single DOF.
■ You define motion magnitude as a:
◆ Displacement function of time
◆ Velocity function of time
◆ Acceleration function of time
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JOINT/2010, REVOLUTE, I=2011, J=1011
MOTION/2010, JOINT=2010, DISPLACEMENT, FUNCTION=80D*sin(360D*time)
92 Brake System I
■
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■ In ADAMS, the STEP function approximates an ideal mathematical step function
(but without the discontinuities).
■ Avoid discontinuous functions because they lead to solution convergence difficulties.
■ The STEP function steps quantities, such as motions or forces, up and down, or on
and off.
A STEP function is used when a value needs to be changed from one constant to
another.
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STEP (q, q1, f1, q2, f2)
where:
q - Independent variable
q1 - Initial value for q
f1 - Initial value for f

q1 < q2
q2 - Final value for q
f2 - Final value for f
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STEP (time,1,5,3,10)
Time
Brake System I 93
■
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Indicates a set of data you want written to the request (.req) file.
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■ Pre-defined
◆ Displacements
◆ Reaction forces
◆ And so on
■ User-defined
◆ User-written functions
◆ User-written subroutines
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■ Results (.res) files do not allow you to write your own functions to be evaluated
during the simulation.
■ Results (.res) files are often very large. A large amount of CPU time can be spent
generating the data in these files, when you may only be concerned with certain
measurements.
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REQUEST/01, DISPLACEMENT, I=0201, J=0103
, COMMENT=CRANK CENTER OF MASS DISPLACEMENT
■ Requesting the displacement of MAR/0201 with respect to MAR/0103.
■ When you import the .req file into ADAMS/PostProcessor, it offers you all
translational and rotational components (x,y,z,mag) of displacement.
■ You will also see the COMMENT in ADAMS/PostProcessor if you include one.
94 Brake System I
■
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Constrain the given brake system, and approximate the effort (force) required to fully engage
the brake.
Pedal
Cable Tension
Connecting Rod
Cylinder
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■ The given model is a simplified model of a brake system that currently has three parts
and the associated graphics defined.
■ In addition, there is a single-component force (SFORCE) already defined that
describes a linear force between the cylinder and ground. The SFORCE represents the
tension in the brake cable.
■ You are going to add constraints to the brake system.
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1 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_07_brake_1 directory.

2 Simulate the given model.
Use the given files, brake.adm and brake.acf.
Brake System I 95
3 View the animation in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
You should see the connecting rod and pedal fall due to gravity.
The cylinder will swing around some but it should not fall off of the screen because it is
attached to the SFORCE that is described in the Model Description on page 95.
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(-225,-150,0)
(-175,-150,0)
(0,0,0)
(-125,-150,0)
PART/10
(Pedal)
(16.33,-200,0)
SFORCE/3001
(Cable Tension)
PART/20
(Connecting Rod)
PART/30
(25,-300,0)
(Cylinder)
(100,-500,0)
96 Brake System I
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1 Open the brake.adm file in a text editor.
Adding constraints to the model will involve JOINT/ and MARKER/ statements. Also,
don’t forget that the orientation and the location of the I and J markers define the
location and orientation of the joints.
2 Constrain the pedal to the ground.
■ Save the brake.adm file.
■ Simulate the model.
■ Animate the output to ensure this joint is placed correctly.
3 Constrain the connection rod to the pedal.
Save, simulate, and animate again.
4 Constrain the cylinder part to the connection rod.
5 Constrain the cylinder part to the ground.
When you animate the constrained model, it will not have much movement due to gravity.
Next, you drive the model with a motion.
Brake System I 97
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1 Use the MOTION/ statement to apply a motion to the joint that is between the pedal and the
ground) to move the cylinder at least 30 mm.
■ To get 30 mm of cylinder movement, you must rotate the pedal about 9o.
■ For the motion function, use the following equation to represent displacement with
respect to time: STEP(time,0,0,0.1,-9D). Depending on the positive direction in your
model, the last argument -9D may need to be positive in your model.
3 View the animation to check if the brake system is moving properly.
98 Brake System I
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1 Request the displacement of the cylinder by entering REQUEST/. Use the I and J markers of
the translational joint between the cylinder and the ground.
2 Request the torque (force) in the motion by entering REQUEST/.
3 Add the REQSAV argument to the OUTPUT/ statement that is near the top of the .adm file.
5 Use requests as your source in ADAMS/PostProcessor and plot the displacement through
which the cylinder goes.
Brake System I 99
6 Use your other request and plot the torque applied to the model by the motion.
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■ Approximate the moment arm.
Later, in the next module, you will apply a force to the pedal at a location that is
directly in between markers 1081 and 1082.
100 Brake System I

PART/20
(Connecting Rod)
PART/10
(Pedal)
MAR/1081 Location?
MAR/1082
■ To approximate the needed force magnitude, you can divide the torque plot by the
length of the moment arm. First, however, you must calculate the length of the
moment arm.
7 Answer Questions 1 and 2 in the Module review on page 103.
8 Scale the curve:
■ From the View menu, point to Toolbars, and then select Curve Edit Toolbar.
■ From the toolbar that appears, select the Scale tool.
■ Type the reciprocal of the moment arm value in the text box to the right of the Curve
Edit toolbar.
■ Select Enter.
■ Left-click the curve you want to scale.
A new curve appears.
■ You may want to delete the original curve to clean up the view and improve the scale.
■ Answer Question 3 in the Module review on page 103.
Brake System I 101

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1 By using the .msg file, check to see how many redundant constraints exist in your model.
How many redundant constraints would you need to remove, in order to not have any?
2 Remove the redundant constraints created by two of the joints.
■ Replace the revolute joint between the pedal and the connecting rod with a spherical
joint.
■ Replace the translational joint between the cylinder and the ground with a cylindrical
joint.
3 Simulate the model and check for redundancies in the .msg file.
102 Brake System I

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1 What are the coordinates of the location exactly in between markers 1081 and 1082?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is length of the moment arm?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 Using the torque measurement, what is the equivalent steady-state force that could be
applied to the pedal?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4 Does a motion remove DOF?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5 If you were simulating a complex model and assuming you could get the same
information, would it be quicker to just ask for a request (.req) file or just ask for a results
(.res) file?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Brake System I 103
1. Coordinates are: 62.5, -400, 0.

2. The moment arm length is: SQRT (62.52 + -4002), which is approximately 405 mm.
3. The approximate force is: (2.26e5(N-mm) / 405 mm), which is approximately 558 N.
4. Yes, even though a motion tells something to move, it is still prescribing how it moves, therefore, constraining it.
5. Typically, a results file will be much larger, containing extra information that you may not be interested in.
Therefore, asking for only specific information in the .req file, will be quicker and result in a smaller file, taking
up less space on your hard drive.
104 Brake System I

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Make the brake system more realistic by applying a force to the pedal, representing
a foot (instead of a motion), and modify the tension in the brake cable to be a
nonlinear force.
Pedal
Cable Tension
Connecting Rod
F
Cylinder
test data
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■ Multi-Component Forces, 106
■ Incorporating Test Data (Splines), 108
■ AKISPL Function, 109
■ Workshop 8—Brake System II, 110
105
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■ They are user-defined forces.
■ They represent forces:
◆ Between two bodies.
◆ Along or about three direction vectors.
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■ Vector force (three translational components)
■ Vector torque (three rotational components)
■ General force vector (three translational, three rotational components)
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Characteristic: Description:
Bodies Two
Points of application Two (action force at I marker and reaction force at

floating J marker)
Vector components Three translational
Orientations Based on reference marker (R marker)
Magnitudes (Fx, Fy, Fz) User-defined
The floating J marker always maintains the same location as the I marker.
The characteristics of other multi-component forces conceptually work the same way.
106 Brake System II
■ Demonstrate this by showing that the VFORCE

was created to model contacts. Use the images on
the next page for a visual aid.
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■ A vector force representing a contact between a ball and a cantilever:
I marker I marker belongs to part A
A J marker belongs to part B but

J marker
floats its location with the
I marker
R marker
B
R marker belongs to part B
■ Because the J marker belongs to part B, the force acts on part B when the bodies
collide.
■ Because the J marker moves with the I marker, part B knows where to apply the
reaction force when the bodies collide.
In the example, the J and R markers must belong to the same part.
See also: Forces Tables (Incomplete) on page 155.
([DPSOH9)25&(XVLQJWKH,03$&7IXQFWLRQFRYHUHGODWHU
VFORCE/5, I=310, JFLOAT=9910, RM=9911,
, FX = 0\
, FY = IMPACT (...)\
, FZ = 0
MAR/310, PART=3, QP=800,300,0
MAR/9910, PART=99, FLOATING
MAR/9911, PART=99, QP=0,10,0
Brake System II 107

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■ Empirical data from suppliers - torque versus motor speed
■ Standard tables - nonlinear compliances (force versus velocity)
■ Data taken from physical prototype - accelerometer data versus time
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■ Data points entered manually
■ Test data from a file
DM (I, J) Force
x y Force
150 -1000
y
200 -200
250 -50 x
300 0
300 DM (I, J)
350 50
400 200
450 1000
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SPLINE/88,
, X=150,200,250,300,350,400,450
, Y=-1000,-200,-50,0,50,200,1000
108 Brake System II

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■ Reference the spline through a spline function used in a motion or force. Several
interpolation methods are available (using the function type):
◆ Cubic-fitting method (CUBSPL)
◆ Akima-fitting method (AKISPL)
◆ B-spline method (CURVE)
6\QWD[IRUAKISPLIXQFWLRQ
AKISPL (x, z, spline, iord)
■ x - Independent variable specifying the value along the x-axis.
■ z - Optionally, a second independent variable specifying the value along the z-axis of
the surface being interpolated.
■ spline - Spline used to map the one-to-one correspondence of the dependent variables
(y) against independent variable values (x or z).
■ iord - An integer variable that specifies the order of the interpolated point (usually 0,
but can be 1 or 2).
([DPSOH$NLPDLQWHUSRODWLRQRI63/,1(
AKISPL (DM(2002, 0124), 0, 88, 0)
You can create the CUBSPL and CURVE functions exactly as you create the AKISPL
function.
Brake System II 109

:RUNVKRS³%UDNH6\VWHP,,
3UREOHPVWDWHPHQW
Make the brake system more realistic by applying a force to the pedal, representing a foot
(instead of a motion), and modifying the tension in the brake cable to be nonlinear.
Pedal
Cable Tension
Connecting Rod
F
Cylinder
test data
0RGHOGHVFULSWLRQ
and associated graphics, three revolute joints, one translational joint, and a motion
that moves the pedal with respect to time.
■ In addition, there is a single-component force (SFORCE) already defined, which
describes a linear force between the cylinder and ground. This represents the tension
in the brake cable.
■ You are going to remove the motion and apply a force to the pedal, where a foot
would touch it.
■ You are going to model the force representing tension in the brake cable as a
nonlinear force based on hypothetical test data.
110 Brake System II

*HWWLQJVWDUWHG
7RJHWVWDUWHG
1 Copy the .adm and .acf files from the last module to the mod_08_brake_2 directory.
completed directory in mod_07_brake_1. You should copy them to the mod_08_brake_2
directory.
UNIX: Make sure you are in the mod_07_brake_1 directory and use the cp command
cp *.adm *.acf ../mod_08_brake_2
This UNIX command is saying, copy (cp) the all files that end with .adm and .acf to a
particular directory (mod_08_brake_2).
2 Go to the mod_08_brake_2 directory.
7RHGLWWKHPRGHOGDWDVHWDQGUHSODFHWKHPRWLRQZLWKDQDSSOLHGIRUFH

2 Enter ! MOTION/ to comment out (deactivate) the MOTION/ statement that was created
during the first module.
3 Apply a translational vector force to the pedal by using the VFORCE/ statement.
■ The magnitude of force will reflect what you found in the last exercise (see Question
3 in the Module review on page 103). For now, just apply a constant value of 560 N.
■ The I marker should belong to the pedal and should be located at the coordinates that
are exactly in between marker 1081 and 1082 (see Question 1 in the Module review
on page 103).
■ The floating marker (JFLOAT) should belong to ground.
■ The reference marker (RM) should belong to the pedal part, so that the vector force
direction changes as the pedal rotates.
■ The RM should also point to an axis at the location 0,-423,0. Use that axis to define
the direction of the force (see the following figure).
Brake System II 111

RM
(62.5,-400,0)
(0,-423,0)
4 For reference in a later section of the module, request the force that the cable tension
applies to the cylinder by entering REQUEST/.
Use the I and J markers of SFORCE/3001.
6 Plot the displacement of the cylinder.
8 Plot the force applied to the cylinder versus its displacement.
112 Brake System II

7RPDNHWKHEUDNHFDEOHWHQVLRQDQRQOLQHDUIRUFH
1 Create a spline representing a force versus displacement relationship.

SPLINE/3001,
,X = -55, -35, -25, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 25, 35, 55
,Y = -4572, -1773, -875, -703, -346, -2, 345, 699, 876, 1751, 4391
Brake System II 113

The x and y values of the spline, if plotted, would appear as follows:
5000
Force (N)
0
-5000
-100 0 100
Displacement (mm)
2 Modify SFORCE/3001 to make it nonlinear:

SFORCE/3001, I=3090, J=0190, TRANS,
,FUNC=-AKISPL(DM(3090,0190)-50,0,3001,0)-0.1*VR(3090,0190)
The SFORCE above uses the spline to define the force versus displacement (stiffness)
relationship, and uses the function that originally defined the force versus velocity
(damping) relationship.
3 Change your .acf file, so that it generates output files that have a new name.
You change the .acf file so that you can compare your nonlinear results with the linear
results.
5 Plot the force versus displacement data for the nonlinear and linear results.
114 Brake System II

/LQHDU
1RQOLQHDU
2SWLRQDOWDVNV
7RHQKDQFHWKHDQLPDWLRQ
■ Add a force graphic to represent the force applied to the pedal.
Brake System II 115

0RGXOHUHYLHZ
1 What is the approximate steady-state displacement of the cylinder? Is this displacement
more than the required 30 mm?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What are the differences between the vector force (VFORCE) and the single-component
force (SFORCE)?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
116 Brake System II
1. ~28.4 mm
2. The VFORCE has three components for which you
need to define the magnitude. The SFORCE only
has one. The VFORCE uses a reference marker to
define direction. The SFORCE uses line of sight.
The VFORCE J marker must be a floating marker.
The SFORCE J marker must be a fixed marker.
%5$.(6<67(0,,,
Run a design study to define the relationship between the force applied to the
pedal and the cylinder displacement using a quasi-static simulation.
∆[
F
∆x vs. F
:KDW·VLQWKLVPRGXOH
■ Design Study: Quasi-static, 118
■ Workshop 9—Brake System III, 119

117
'HVLJQ6WXG\4XDVLVWDWLF
'HILQLWLRQRIDVWDWLFVLPXODWLRQ
■ A static equilibrium calculation that is performed at the current time step.
■ All velocities and accelerations are set to zero.
'HILQLWLRQRIDTXDVLVWDWLFVLPXODWLRQ
■ A series of static equilibrium calculations where time is a variable that changes in
each one.
■ All velocities and accelerations are set to zero.
([DPSOH6WDWLFVLPXODWLRQ
SIMULATE/STATIC
([DPSOH4XDVLVWDWLFVLPXODWLRQ
SIMULATE/STATIC, END=10, STEPS=5
F=20*time
■ Each step in time is actually a
separate static equilibrium
simulation. time=10
F=200
■ The magnitude of applied force is
changing with time; therefore, each
static equilibrium calculation gives
a different result.
steps 0-6 time=0

F=0
118 Brake System III

:RUNVKRS³%UDNH6\VWHP,,,
3UREOHPVWDWHPHQW
Run a design study to define the relationship between the force applied to the pedal and the
cylinder displacement using a quasi-static simulation.
∆[
∆x vs. F F
0RGHOGHVFULSWLRQ
and associated graphics, three revolute joints, and one translational joint.
■ In addition, there is a single-component force (SFORCE) already defined, which
describes a nonlinear force between the cylinder and ground. This represents the
tension in the brake cable.
■ There is a force applied to the pedal, where a foot would touch it.
Brake System III 119

*HWWLQJVWDUWHG
7RJHWVWDUWHG
1 Copy the .adm and .acf files from the previous module to the mod_09_brake_3 directory.
completed directory in mod_08_brake_2. Copy those over to the mod_09_brake_3
directory.
UNIX: Make sure the current directory is mod_08_brake_2 directory and use the cp
command
cp *.adm *.acf ../mod_09_brake_3
This UNIX command copies (cp) all files that end with .adm and .acf to a particular directory
(mod_08_brake_2).
2 Change to the mod_09_brake_3 directory.
7RHGLWWKHPRGHOGDWDVHWDQGPRGLI\WKHIRUFHYDOXH

2 Modify your vector force that is applied to the pedal to a value of 100 N.
)LQGLQJWKHVWDWLFHTXLOLEULXP
7RILQGWKHVWDWLFHTXLOLEULXP
1 Open your .acf file in a text editor.

2 Modify your commands so that you find the static equilibrium of the model with respect
to time. For example:
Remember, the model’s static equilibrium configuration will not change with respect to
time. You are using time here to help in plotting. Instead of getting just one data point to
plot (which is difficult to see), here you will have a flat curve.

4 Plot the cylinder displacement.
0RGLI\LQJWKHIRUFHYDOXH
7RPRGLI\WKHIRUFHYDOXHDQGILQGVWDWLFHTXLOLEULXPDJDLQ
1 Modify your force to a value of 200 N.

2 Simulate the model again.
3 Plot the cylinder displacement again.
6HWWLQJXSDGHVLJQVWXG\
7RVHWXSDGHVLJQVWXG\XVLQJDTXDVLVWDWLFVLPXODWLRQ
1 Enter 100*TIME to modify the force so that its magnitude depends on time.
2 Enter REQUEST/ to request the force applied to the pedal.
Use the I, J, and R markers of the VFORCE.
3 Modify the .acf file so that it uses time in the SIMULATE/ command. For example, enter:
5 Plot the force applied to the pedal versus cylinder displacement to visualize the design-
study results.

Based on the design-study results above, it is easy to see that at ~600 N of force applied to
the pedal, you would get ~28 mm of cylinder displacement.
Also, notice the nonlinear relationship between the force and displacement. The slope is not
uniform.

0RGXOHUHYLHZ
1 What is the cylinder displacement at equilibrium, when 100 N is applied to the pedal?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the cylinder displacement at equilibrium, when 200 N is applied to the pedal?
________________________________________________________________________
3 What if you were asked to repeat this for when 300 N, 400 N,...1000 N were applied to
the pedal? Would you think that was tedious?
No response needed, we all know the answer is “Yes”
1. -5.8769 mm cylinder movement at 100 N applied

load.
2. -11.567 mm cylinder movement at 200 N applied
load.
3. Yes, this would be tedious.

6863(16,21
If you refine the given short-long-arm (SLA) front suspension model by replacing
the revolute joints between the upper control arm and the frame with bushings,
will the differences be negligible?
:KDW·VLQWKLVPRGXOH
■ Bushings, 126
■ Workshop 10—Suspension, 127
125
%XVKLQJV
'HILQLWLRQRIDEXVKLQJ
■ Pre-defined force.
■ Represents compliance:
◆ Between two bodies.
◆ Along or about three vectors.
&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDEXVKLQJ
The characteristic: Description:
Bodies Two
Two (action force at I marker and reaction force at J
Points of application
marker)
Vector components Three translational & three rotational
Orientations Based on the J marker
Pre-defined equation based on:
Magnitudes
■ K
stiffness matrix,
(Fx, Fy, Fz + Tx, Ty, Tz)
■ damping matrix,
C
The bushing’s structure is similar to the general vector force, except for:
◆ The J marker is not floating
◆ There is no R marker
See also: Forces Tables (Incomplete) on page 155.
126 6XVSHQVLRQ
:RUNVKRS³6XVSHQVLRQ
3UREOHPVWDWHPHQW
If you refine the given short-long-arm (SLA) front suspension model by replacing the revolute
joints between the upper control arm and the frame with bushings, will the differences be
negligible?
Right
UCA
Left
UCA
0RGHOGHVFULSWLRQ
■ The given model is a short-long-arm front suspension model that was created in
ADAMS/Pre. We’ve modified it slightly for this exercise.
■ Currently, there are revolute joints that connect each upper control arm (UCA) to the
frame of the vehicle.
■ You are going to replace the two joints with bushings and investigate the differences.
■ We provided ADAMS/PostProcessor command files (.cmd) to make postprocessing
quicker.
6XVSHQVLRQ 127
*HWWLQJVWDUWHG
7RJHWVWDUWHG
1 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_10_suspension directory.

Use the files, susp1.adm and susp1.acf.
3RVWSURFHVVLQJWKHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWV
7RSRVWSURFHVVWKHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWV
2 Choose File and point to Select Directory. The working directory should be set to
mod_10_suspension.
3 Import the post1.cmd command file.
When imported, this command file tells ADAMS/PostProcessor to import the .gra and .req
files. In addition, it assigns colors to certain graphics to make it easier to view the
animation. The command file also labels the plot for you.
4 Animate the model.
You should see the suspension move up and down due to the platform movement.
128 6XVSHQVLRQ
7RJHWWRNQRZWKHPRGHO
1 Notice the point names shown next. The revolute joints are currently at P1 and P01.
This is the naming convention that ADAMS/Pre, the preprocessor, used when creating this
model. The zero in the point name differentiates the right from the left.
P01 P2
P02 P1
Right Side
Left Side
2 Below, in the close up view of P1 and P2, you can see the IDs that are used in the model.
PART/185
PART/142
PART/183
JOINT/1183101
Left Side (Driver Side)
6XVSHQVLRQ 129
The length of the IDs used in this model may seem overly long, but to keep models
organized, you cannot avoid them.
■ PART/142 is the upper control arm on the left side of the vehicle.
■ PART/183 and PART/185 are parts that are already fixed to the frame of the vehicle,
so they will each serve as the frame of the car for this exercise.
■ JOINT/1183101 connects PART/142 to PART/183.
3 Below is a close up view of P01 and P02. You can see the IDs that are used in the model.
PART/143
PART/186
PART/184
P02
JOINT/1184201
Right Side (Passenger Side)
■ PART/143 is the Upper Control Arm on the right side of the vehicle.
■ PART/184 and PART/186 are parts that are already fixed to the frame of the vehicle,
so they will each serve as the frame of the car for this exercise.
■ JOINT/1184201 connects PART/143 to PART/184.
130 6XVSHQVLRQ
'HDFWLYDWLQJUHYROXWHMRLQWV
7RGHDFWLYDWHWKHUHYROXWHMRLQWVLQWKHPRGHO
1 Open the susp1.adm file in a text editor.

2 Find the left side revolute joint, which is at P1.
Use whatever search tools are available in your particular text editor and search for the
statement JOINT/1183101.
When you find that statement, you will see that it is part of a section whose header reads:
FRONT P1 UCA at Frame Joint/Bushing
In this section, the I and J markers and JOINT/1183101 are defined.
3 Deactivate JOINT/1183101 by adding an exclamation point (!) to the start of that line.
4 Do not deactivate the I and J markers, because you will use those for the bushing that you
add later.
5 Scroll down further and deactivate JOINT/1184201, which is at P01.
6 To keep the original file intact, save the file under a new name, susp2.adm.
&UHDWLQJDQHZDFIILOH
7RFUHDWHDQHZDFIILOHWKDWZLOOUXQWKHQHZVXVSDGPILOH
1 Open the susp1.acf file in a text editor.

2 Change the first line so that it will simulate the new .adm file, susp2.adm.
3 Change the second line to susp2, so that the new output files do not overwrite the old
ones.
4 Save the file as susp2.acf.
6XVSHQVLRQ 131
6LPXODWLQJDQGSRVWSURFHVVLQJ
7RVLPXODWHDQGSRVWSURFHVVWKHQHZPRGHO
1 Simulate using the new model, susp2.

This simulation will struggle a little more because the upper control arms are no longer
attached to the frame of the vehicle.
2 Postprocess the results, using the post2.cmd file that is provided.
If you accidentally use the post1.cmd file again, this will pull in the old results, instead of
the new ones.
The animation of this model is almost comical. The wheels and most of the components are
flipped backwards. But, this makes sense, based on the missing constraints in the model.
See the following figure.
P2
P1
P01
P02
132 6XVSHQVLRQ
8VLQJEXVKLQJV
In this section, you add four bushings to the model, at P1, P01, P2, and P02.
7RXVHEXVKLQJVWRFRQQHFWWKH8&$VWRWKHIUDPH
1 Open susp2.adm in a text editor.

2 Go to the section where you deactivated the two joints.
Currently the four pairs of I and J markers needed for the four bushings are already defined.
The I and J markers for the bushings at P1 and P01 are the markers that were used by the
two revolute joints that you deactivated. The other two pairs of I and J markers are defined
in the following two sections, which have headers referencing P2 and P02.
6XVSHQVLRQ 133
3 Create the bushings using the tables given below.
The bushing matrices are the same, except for the Preloadmatrix.
Bushing at: P1 BUSHING/1183101
Kmatrix Cmatrix Preloadmatrix
50 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 50 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 25 0 0 0 0
2434 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1e3 0 0 0
0 2434 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1e3 0 0
0 0 1669 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1e2 – 7.360 e3
0 0 0 5.671e5 0 0
0 0 0 0 5.671e5 0
0 0 0 0 0 8.842e4
For example, using the I and J markers provided, the bushing at P1 would have a statement
that appeared as:
BUSH/1183101,I=1142101,J=1183101
, K =2434.0,2434.0,1669.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =5.671e+5, 5.671e+5, 8.842e+4
, CT =1.0e+3, 1.0e+3, 1.0e+2
, TO = 0.0, 0.0, -7.36e+3
134 6XVSHQVLRQ
2434 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2434 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1669 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 5.671e5 0 0 0 0 0 1e3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 5.671e5 0 0 0 0 0 1e3 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 8.842e4 0 0 0 0 0 1e2 7.360e3
2434 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2434 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1669 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 5.671e5 0 0 0 0 0 1e3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 5.671e5 0 0 0 0 0 1e3 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 8.842e4 0 0 0 0 0 1e2 7.360e3
6XVSHQVLRQ 135
2434 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2434 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1669 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 5.671e5 0 0 0 0 0 1e3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 5.671e5 0 0 0 0 0 1e3 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 8.842e4 0 0 0 0 0 1e2 7.360e3
4 Save the model as susp2.adm.
6LPXODWLQJDQGSRVWSURFHVVLQJ
7RVLPXODWHDQGSRVWSURFHVVWKHPRGHO
1 Simulate the new model with bushings.

This simulation should run quicker than the one that had no joints or bushings between the
upper control arm and the frame.
2 Postprocess the results again, using the post2.cmd file.
The animation should look a little more reasonable, and the plot should look more like the
one that was created when there were revolute joints.
&RPSDULQJPRGHOV
7RFRPSDUHWKHUHYROXWHMRLQWPRGHOZLWKWKHEXVKLQJPRGHO
1 Import the first set of results, susp1.req, into ADAMS/PostProcessor.

2 Click on the right viewport (the one that currently contains the plot of the susp2 results).
136 6XVSHQVLRQ
3 Using the dashboard, select Toe Angle as the vertical axis on the plot.
■ Under Simulation, select susp1.
■ Under Request, select REQUEST_10029 (Front Toe Angle).
■ Under Component, select R3.
4 Using the Independent Axis Browser, select Wheel Vertical Travel as the horizontal axis on
the plot.
■ In the lower right corner of the screen, under Independent Axis, select Data.
The Independent Axis Browser appears.
■ Notice under Simulation, susp1 is already selected.
■ Under Request, select REQUEST_10030 (Front Wheel Vertical (Z) Travel).
■ Under Component, select Z.
■ Select OK.
Notice in the lower right corner, below the Independent Axis Browser section, the
Request you chose appears.
5 Select Add Curves.
Notice that even though the curves are similarly shaped, the toe angle values differ between
the model that used bushings and the one that used revolute joints. This was expected.
6XVSHQVLRQ 137
susp2
susp1
)LQGLQJWKHPD[LPXPWRHDQJOHGLIIHUHQFH
7RILQGWKHPD[LPXPWRHDQJOHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRPRGHOV
1 Create a new page using the tool near the top right corner.
Create a New Page Page Layout
2 If you want just one viewport, right-click the Page Layout tool.
3 In one of the viewports, right-click and select Load Plot.
4 Build a plot of Toe Angle vs. Time for both simulations, susp1 and susp2.
138 6XVSHQVLRQ
susp2
susp1
5 From the View menu, point to Toolbars, and then select Curve Edit Toolbars.
6 Select the Subtract one curve from another tool.
Notice in the lower left corner of the screen, a message to select the first plot curve that
appears.
7 Click the susp2 curve.
8 Click the susp1 curve.
Clicking the two curves creates a third curve on your plot. The third curve represents the
difference between the two plots at every time step.
susp2 – susp1 = newcurve
6XVSHQVLRQ 139
9 Using the Plot Tracking tool, find the maximum value and average of the new curve.
Subtract Plot Tracking
new curve
10 Answer Questions 1, 2, and 3 in the Module review on page 141.
140 6XVSHQVLRQ
2SWLRQDOWDVNV
To do the following tasks, you will need to use the treeview on the left of the screen. If you do
not know how to do a task requested here, try to find out using the documentation. For more
help on using the documentation search tools, see Getting Help on page 29.
7REHFRPHPRUHIDPLOLDUZLWK$'$063RVW3URFHVVRU
1 Add a title to the plot.

2 Increase the line weight of the curves, which is often required when incorporating these
plots into reports and reducing them.
3 Change the labels on the plot.
4 Increase the font size of the labels.
5 Increase the font size of the numbers.
6 Turn off the grid lines.
0RGXOHUHYLHZ
1 What is the maximum toe angle difference between the two models?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the average toe angle difference between the two models?
________________________________________________________________________
3 Is the difference between the model with bushings and the model with revolute joints
substantial or negligible?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6XVSHQVLRQ 141
1. The maximum value is 0.00079181 radians

2. The average difference is 0.00067944 radians
3. You could say the differences are negligible, but there is not one truly correct answer to this
question. It depends on the engineer and what is required of the model.*
*This also is not an indicator of whether or not to use bushings. There are several other bushings
in this model. If you replaced all of them with constraints, the differences between models might
become more substantial.
142 6XVSHQVLRQ
%281&,1*%$//
Make the ball bounce on the plane in the given model.
:KDW·VLQWKLVPRGXOH
■ Modeling Contact: IMPACT Function, 144
■ Workshop 11—Bouncing Ball, 146
143
0RGHOLQJ&RQWDFW,03$&7)XQFWLRQ
'HILQLWLRQRIWKHLPSDFWIXQFWLRQV
■ Are used with user-defined force elements to model contacts, impacts, collisions, and
so on.
■ Mimic nonlinear spring and damping forces that turn on and off depending on the
distance between two objects.
■ Just like a compression-only spring damper, ADAMS/Solver turns the force on when
the distance between two objects, q, becomes less than the user-specified reference
distance, q0:
F IMPACT = Off , if q > q0
F IMPACT = On , if q < q0
$SSOLFDWLRQVRIRQHVLGHGLPSDFWIXQFWLRQV,03$&7
144 Bouncing Ball

,03$&7)XQFWLRQ
6\QWD[IRU,03$&7IXQFWLRQ
IMPACT(q, q· , q1, k, e, cmax, d)
■ q - Actual distance between the two objects (defined with a displacement function)
■ q· - Time rate of change of the variable q

■ q1 - Trigger distance used to determine when the contact force turns on and off; it
should be specified as a real, constant value
■ k - Stiffness coefficient
■ e - Stiffness force exponent
■ c - Damping coefficient
■ d - Damping ramp-up distance
,Q$'$06WKHRQHVLGHGLPSDFWIRUFHLVFDOFXODWHGDV
F = 0 if q > q1
e
F = k ( q 1 – q ) – c max q· *STEP(q, q 1 – d, 1, q 1, 0 ) if q < q1
Compression-only spring force from Compression-only damping force from

one-sided IMPACT function one-sided IMPACT function
Fk = f(q) C = f(q)
e=1 e>1 Cmax d
e<1
q1 - 1 q1 q q1 - d q1 q
Bouncing Ball 145

:RUNVKRS³%RXQFLQJ%DOO
3UREOHPVWDWHPHQW
Make the ball bounce on the plane in the given model.
0RGHOGHVFULSWLRQ
■ The given model (ball.adm) has all of the geometry and parts defined (including mass
properties).
■ In addition, there is already a revolute joint that connects the diving board to the
ground.
■ You are going to add a torsion spring and a contact force to the model.
*HWWLQJVWDUWHG
7RJHWVWDUWHG
1 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_11_bouncing_ball directory.

Use the files, ball.adm and ball.acf.
3 Animate the simulation results.
The diving board should fall like a pendulum. The ball should just free fall.
146 Bouncing Ball

radius=50mm
ma/300
(800,300,0)
ma/101
& PART/3
ma/201
(0,0,0)
ma/200
(500,0,0)
100
0m
m
PART/2
20mm
Y
m
100m
Z X
Notice the following:

■ The ball graphics are actually made up of several circles.
■ Even though some pre-processors have spheres, there is no sphere graphic available
in the ADAMS/Solver dataset language.
■ The revolute joint is at the global origin (0,0,0). Its I and J markers are ma/201 and
ma/101, respectively.
Bouncing Ball 147

■ The board dimensions are:
◆ 1000 mm long, 100 mm deep, and 20 mm thick
◆ mass = 2 kg
■ The ball dimensions are:
◆ 50 mm radius
◆ mass = 2 kg
&KDQJLQJWKHSHQGXOXP
7RFKDQJHWKHSHQGXOXPLQWRDGLYLQJERDUG
1 Enter SPRINGDAMPER/ to add a torsion spring.

■ Use the I and J markers of the revolute joint.
■ Use the TORQUE argument to set a preload moment that keeps the board up until it is
hit.
■ There are no correct values for KT and CT. Just enter a value for now and when the
contact is set up later, you can modify them.
2 Save the model.
4 View the animation.
148 Bouncing Ball

Graphic of force in torsion spring
The board should not move at all, and the ball should fall and pass right through it.
If the board is moving, you may want to try:
◆ Checking your units for the preload moment
◆ Adding a force graphic that shows the force due to the torsion spring
◆ Running a static simulation
You must have this portion of the model working properly before you move on to the
next section.
$GGLQJFRQWDFW
7RDGGFRQWDFWEHWZHHQWKHEDOODQGWKHGLYLQJERDUG
1 Enter VFORCE/ to apply a translational vector force to the ball.
■ The I marker should belong to the ball and should be located at the center. You may
want to just use the center of mass marker (ma/300).
■ The floating marker (JFLOAT) should belong to the board − you will have to create
this.
■ The reference marker (RM) should belong to the board so the vector pointing in the
normal direction remains perpendicular to the board at all times.
■ You may want to place the RM marker somewhere on the top surface of the board so
that you can use it in the IMPACT function.
Bouncing Ball 149

■ The vector that is defined by the IMPACT function will be the axis of the RM that
points normal to the board.
■ Set the other two axes functions to zero (see the figure on page 150).
■ Let the independent variable (q) in the IMPACT function equal the normal distance
between RM and I.
.
q
Z
RM
X
ma/200
(board center of mass)
Using this RM orientation:
FX=0
FY=0
FZ=IMPACT(...)
■ There are no correct values for k, c, and d.

■ For reasons discussed in the lecture, we recommend that you make e greater than 1.
3 Animate the model.
The ball should hit the diving board and bounce up. If you let ADAMS/Solver simulate
long enough, you will notice that the ball continues to make contact with the board even
after it has gone beyond the graphic. It does not fall off. Mathematically, the ball is hitting
an infinite plane. To change this behavior, move on to the section, Optional tasks.
150 Bouncing Ball

2SWLRQDOWDVNV
7RPDNHWKHEDOOIDOOZKHQLWUHDFKHVWKHULJKWHQGRIWKHERDUG
1 Find the VFORCE/ statement in your .adm file.

2 Multiply the IMPACT function by a STEP function that turns the force off when the ball
reaches the end of the graphic.
The STEP function would look something like this:
1.0
STEP(...)
0.0
0.0 1000.0 1050.0 2000.0
Distance *to* the center of the ball,

*from* the global origin in the *local* X direction
DX(300,201,201)
In the example given above, the RM’s z-axis defined the normal force direction; therefore,
in the VFORCE, you would edit the FX function such that it looks something like this:
FZ=IMPACT(...)*STEP(DX(300,201,201), 1000,1,1050.01,0)
Bouncing Ball 151

152 Bouncing Ball

$ 7$%/(6
This appendix contains tables that describe the various elements in

ADAMS/Solver.
:KDW·VLQWKLVPRGXOH
■ Constraints Tables (Incomplete), 154
■ Forces Tables (Incomplete), 155
■ Constraint Tables (Complete), 156
■ Forces Tables (Complete), 157
■ Mass Moments of Inertia, 158
153
&RQVWUDLQWV7DEOHV,QFRPSOHWH
Table 1. Joints—Degrees of Freedom Removed
Translation Translation Translation Rotation Rotation Rotation

Total:
along X: along Y: along Z: about X: about Y: about Z:
Fixed
Revolute
Translational
Cylindrical
Universal/hooke/
Constant velocity
Spherical
Planar
Table 2. Curve Constraints—Degrees of Freedom Removed

Total:
Point-to-curve
Curve-to-curve
Table 3. Joint Primitives—Degrees of Freedom Removed

Total:
Orientation
Inline
Parallel axis
Inplane
Perpendicular
154 Tables
)RUFHV7DEOHV,QFRPSOHWH
Table 4. Pre-Defined Forces (Flexible Connections)
Translational Torsional Spring

Bushing: Beam: Field:
Spring Damper: Damper:
Number of Bodies
Affected
Points of
Application
Number of
Components
Direction/
Orientation
Magnitude
Table 5. User-Defined Forces (Applied Forces)
Single-Component Forces Multi-Component Forces
Between 2 Between 2 1 Body - Vector

1 Body - General
Bodies Bodies Space Force/
Moving: Force:
Translational: Rotational: Fixed: Torque:
Number of
Bodies Affected
Points of
Application
Number of
Components
Direction/
Orientation
Magnitude
Tables 155
&RQVWUDLQW7DEOHV&RPSOHWH
Table 6. Joints—Degrees of Freedom Removed

Total:
Fixed 6
Revolute 5
Translational 5
Cylindrical 4
Universal/hooke/ 4
Constant velocity
Spherical 3
Planar 3
Table 7. Curve Constraints—Degrees of Freedom Removed

Total:
Point-to-curve 2
Curve-to-curve 2
Table 8. Joint Primitives—Degrees of Freedom Removed

Total:
Orientation 3
Inline 2
Parallel axis 2
Inplane 1
Perpendicular 1
156 Tables
)RUFHV7DEOHV&RPSOHWH
Table 9. Pre-Defined Forces (Flexible Connections)
Spring Damper Spring Damper

Bushing: Beam: Field:
Translational: Torsional:
# Bodies 2 2 2 2 2
Affected
Points of
2 2 2 2 2
Application
(I & J markers) (I & J markers) (I & J (I & J (I & J
markers) markers) markers)
Number of 1 1 6 6 6
Components
Direction/ Line of sight Z-axis of J marker J marker J marker J marker

between the (I & J
Orientation
markers)
Magnitude Defined by parameters, such as stiffness, damping, cross-sectional area.
Table 10. User-Defined Forces (Applied Forces)
Multi-Component
Single-Component Forces
Forces
Between 2 Between 2 Vector

1 Body - 1 Body - General
Bodies Bodies Force/
Space Fixed: Moving: Force:
Translational: Rotational: Torque:
Number of 2 2 1 1 2 2
Bodies Affected
Points of
2 2 1 1 2 2
(I & J markers) (I & J (I marker) (I marker) (I & J (I & J
Application markers)* markers)*
markers)
Number of 1 1 1 1 3 6
Components
Direction/ Line of sight A-axis of Z-axis of Z-axis of R marker R marker

between I and J J marker J marker J marker
Orientation
markers
Magnitude Defined by whole functions of which the user must take ownership.
* The J markers created for a vector force/torque and a general force are floating markers.
Tables 157
0DVV0RPHQWVRI,QHUWLD
5HFWDQJXODUSULVP y
1 2 2
I x = ------ m ( b + c ) c
a
12
b
1 2 2
I y = ------ m ( c + a )
12
z x
1 2 2
I z = ------ m ( a + b )
12
&LUFXODUF\OLQGHU y
1 2
I x = --- mr
2
1 2 2
I y = I z = ------ m ( 3r + L ) z
12
x
158 Tables
&LUFXODUFRQH y
3 2 h
I x = ------ mr
10
z
3 1 2
I y = I z = --- m --- r + h 
2
5 4  
r
6SKHUH y
2 2
I x = I y = I z = --- mr
5
z x
Tables 159
160 Tables
% 6$03/('$7$6(76
This appendix contains the sample datasets that are distributed during the
training course.
:KDW·VLQWKLVPRGXOH
■ .acf files, 162
■ ball.adm file, 163
■ brake.adm file, 164
■ susp1.adm file, 165
161
DFIILOHV
EDOODFI
ball
test_1
sim/tra,end=3,step=300
stop
EUDNHDFI
brake
test_1
sim/trans,end=1,step=100
stop
VXVSDFI
susp1.adm
susp1
SIM/STAT
SIM/DYN,END=4,STEP=200
STOP
162 Sample Datasets

EDOODGPILOH
! ball and diving board example model - originated by Brett Harris, MDI, 28-07-98
units/force=newton, length=millimeter, time=second, mass=kilogram

accgra/jgrav=-9810
output/grsav,reqsav
part/1, ground
! board
part/2, mass=2, ip=2e3,2e5,2e5, cm=200
ma/200, pa=2, qp=500,0,0
! ball
part/3, mass=2, ip=2000,2000,2000, cm=300
ma/300, pa=3, qp=800,300,0
! hinge from ground to board

joint/12, rev, i=201, j=101
ma/201, pa=2, qp=0,0,0
ma/101, pa=1, qp=0,0,0
! board graphic
graphic/201, box, corner=207, x=1000, y=20, z=100
ma/207, pa=2, qp=0,-10,-50
! ball graphics (fancy way)

graphic/301, circle, cm=3071, rad=50
ma/3071, part=3, qp=800,300,0, reu=0,0,0
ma/3072, part=3, qp=800,300,0, reu=0,30d,0
ma/3073, part=3, qp=800,300,0, reu=0,60d,0
ma/3074, part=3, qp=800,300,0, reu=0,90d,0
ma/3075, part=3, qp=800,300,0, reu=0,120d,0
ma/3076, part=3, qp=800,300,0, reu=0,150d,0
end
Sample Datasets 163

EUDNHDGPILOH
! BRAKE PEDAL (This is the file that you should start the Brake System I module with)
UNITS/LENGTH=MILLI, MASS=KILOGRAM, FORCE=NEWTON, TIME=SEC

ACCGRAV/JGRAV=-9810
OUTPUT/GRSAV
PART/1, GROUND
! PEDAL PART
PART/10, MASS=1, IP=10000,10000,1000, CM=1000
MA/1000, PA=10, QP=50,-250,0, ZP=0,0,0
! CONNECTING ROD
PART/20, MASS=0.5, IP=4000,4000,1000, CM=2000
MA/2000, PART=20, QP=-71,-175,0, ZP=-125,-150,0
! CYLINDER PART
PART/30, MASS=0.3, IP=1000,1000,1000, CM=3000
MA/3000, PA=30, QP=-150,-150,0
! PRESSURE ON CYLINDER
SFORCE/3001, I=3090, J=0190, TRANS,
,FUNC=-35*(DM(3090,0190)-50)-0.1*VR(3090,0190)+2
MA/3090, PA=30, QP=-175,-150,0
MA/0190, PA=01, QP=-225,-150,0
!GRAPHICS
!
! Pedal
GRAPHIC/100, OUTLINE=1080,1081,1082
MA/1080, PA=10, QP=0,0,0
MA/1081, PA=10, QP=25,-300,0
MA/1082, PA=10, QP=100,-500,0
! Connecting Rod
GRAPHIC/200, OUTLINE=2080,2081
MA/2080, PA=20, QP=16.33,-200,0
MA/2081, PA=20,QP=-125,-150,0
! Cylinder
GRAPHIC/300, CYLINDER, CM=3080, RAD=25, LEN=50
MA/3080, PA=30, QP=-175,-150,0, ZP=-125,-150,0
! Force on Cylinder
GRAPHIC/3001, FORCE, ETYPE=SFORCE, EID=3001, EMAR=3090
END
164 Sample Datasets

VXVSDGPILOH
vehicle_name, OUTPUT UNITS = SI
NOLIST
! Uncontrolled Document
!=============================================================================
ADAMSPRE SUSPENSION EXERCISER MODEL
!=============================================================================
!
! NOTE: * THIS MODEL CONTAINS NON-PRODUCTION COMPONENTS AND MODIFICATIONS *
!
! Model Generated by ADAMSPRE on : 2000-08-25 15:41
! AdamsPre version : 10.1
! AdamsPre Patch Level : APN-101-83
! Developed on ADAMS Version : 10.1
! Custom ADAMS Version : 10.1
! AFM_AFT directory : D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre
! AFM_VERSION : (10.1.10.1) - (Windows_NT 4.0 os-1381.wi-1024)
! USER NAME : NT_user
!
! Front Suspension Description :
! 2000-01-17 17:10 hkawa File format updated to 10.1 format
! (Must use with 10.1 version of AdamsPre)
! 1999-07-12 11:05 apre File format updated to 10.0 format
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! Steering System Description :
! 2000-01-17 17:10 hkawa File format updated to 10.1 format
! 1999-07-12 11:05 apre File format updated to 10.0 format
! !
! !
!=============================================================================
!>:
*******************************
* *
* PROGRAM CONTROL *
* *
*******************************
UNITS/
,FORCE = NEWTON
,LENGTH = MILLIMETER
,MASS = KILOGRAM
,TIME = SECOND
ACCGRAV/KGRAV= -9816.000000
INTEGRATOR/GSTIF,ERR=0.02500,HINIT=0.00500
IC/ERR=1.0000e-010
! ITFAC
Sample Datasets 165

ARRAY/50001,NUM=19
EQUIL/ERR=1.0000e-003,IMBAL=1.0000e-001,STAB=3.0000e-002,ALIMIT= 30.0D
, TLIMIT=100.0,MAXIT=75
OUTPUT/REQSAVE,GRSAVE,YPR,NOSEP
!DEBUG/EPRINT
!====================================================================================
F R O N T S U S P E N S I O N P A R T S
!====================================================================================
SLA
!====================================================================================
POINT LOCATIONS
LEFT (mm) RIGHT (mm)

! GEOMETRY Pt X Y Z X Y Z
! ---------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------
! UCA Front Joint/Bushing 1 1394.22 -330.31 799.20 1394.22 330.31 799.20
! UCA Rear Joint/Bushing 2 1739.36 -351.27 780.90 1739.36 351.27 780.90
! LCA Front Bushing 3 1480.50 -275.00 423.40 1480.50 275.00 423.40
! Lower Ball Joint 6 1522.34 -650.00 425.00 1522.34 650.00 425.00
! Upper Ball Joint 7 1553.87 -570.00 804.75 1553.87 570.00 804.75
! Wheel Center 9 1529.20 -743.02 517.27 1529.20 743.02 517.27
! Tire Patch 10 1529.20 -746.70 203.08 1529.20 746.70 203.08
! Spindle Alignment Pt 11 1529.20 -634.59 516.32 1529.20 634.59 516.32
! Outer Tie Rod Ball 12 1405.00 -668.00 543.00 1405.00 668.00 543.00
! Inner Tie Rod Ball 14 1385.46 -335.00 540.00 1385.46 335.00 540.00
! Sta-Bar to FRAME 61-62 1258.75 -358.50 620.49 1258.75 358.50 620.49
! Sta-Bar to Link 63-64 1419.24 -540.00 632.46 1419.24 540.00 632.46
! Sta-Bar Link to LCA 65-66 1426.35 -553.14 449.07 1426.35 553.14 449.07
! Jounce @ LCA 71-72 1528.52 -533.39 400.00 1528.52 533.39 400.00
! Jounce @ FRAME 75-76 1528.52 -533.39 578.88 1528.52 533.39 578.88
! Jounce Mtl @ FRAME 68 1528.52 -533.39 578.88 1528.52 533.39 578.88
! Jounce Mtl @ LCA 69 1528.52 -533.39 400.00 1528.52 533.39 400.00
! Jounce Bumper Orient 175-176 1528.52 -533.39 678.88 1528.52 533.39 678.88
! Rebound @ LCA 73-74 1661.50 -423.20 440.20 1661.50 423.20 440.20
! Rebound @ FRAME 77-78 1661.50 -423.20 840.20 1661.50 423.20 840.20
166 Sample Datasets

! Shock @ FRAME 55 1569.32 -423.42 888.44 1569.32 423.42 888.44
! Shock @ LSMB 56 1535.48 -468.36 601.64 1535.48 468.36 601.64
! Spring @ FRAME 58 1566.65 -428.64 862.32 1566.65 428.64 862.32
! Spring @ LSMB 59 1542.83 -458.60 663.94 1542.83 458.60 663.94
! LSM Bracket @ LCA 35 1493.79 -496.09 418.46 1493.79 496.09 418.46
! LSMB @ LCA Orientation 135 1593.79 -496.09 418.46 1593.79 496.09 418.46
! Compression Strut to Body 4 1929.86 -297.88 422.85 1929.86 297.88 422.85
! Compression Strut to LCA 5 1511.87 -562.00 440.00 1511.87 562.00 440.00
! LCA Rear Bushing 4 1929.86 -297.88 422.85 1929.86 297.88 422.85
! Spindle Bend Location 8 1541.53 -656.51 661.01 1541.53 656.51 661.01
! Spindle Bend Orientation 108 1641.53 -656.51 661.01 1641.53 656.51 661.01
! Carrot Bend Location 19 1529.20 -688.81 516.80 1529.20 688.81 516.80
----- BODY SIDE FRONT SUSPENSION POINTS
! LEFT SIDE
M/5309,PA=051,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 P9 - FOR RISE TO CURB

M/5310,PA=051,QP= 1529.20, -746.70, 203.08 P10 - LF CONTACT PATCH CENTER
! RIGHT SIDE
M/5409,PA=051,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 P9 - FOR RISE TO CURB

M/5410,PA=051,QP= 1529.20, 746.70, 203.08 P10 - RF CONTACT PATCH CENTER
adams_view_name=’ges_Subframe_FRONT’
PART/149,CM=14900,MASS=.1, IP = .1,.1,.1
, 0.0,0.0,0.0
M/14900,QP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40

M/14951,QP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 DUMMY SUBFRAME TO BODY
M/5191,PA=051,QP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 DUMMY SUBFRAME TO BODY
JOINT/0030,FIX,I=14951,J=5191 FRONT SUBFRAME
adams_view_name=’gel_Spindle_FRONT’
PART/104,CM=10400,MASS=11.17,IP=9.4730e+004,1.2610e+005,4.3710e+004
, -6.8960e+002,-4.6650e+003,1.3610e+004
M/10400,QP= 1552.00, -648.00, 577.00 CG

M/10406,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 P6 - LOWER BALL JOINT
M/10411,QP= 1529.20, -634.59, 516.32 P11 - KPI
M/10401,QP= 1529.20, -653.02, 517.27 P9 w/ Y-50 mm - (BRAKE GRAPHICS)
, REU=0,90D,0
M/104020,QP= 1529.20, -634.59, 516.32 P9 w/ Y-50 mm - (BRAKE GRAPHICS)
, ZP = 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27
M/10432,QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 P12 - (STEER ARM GRAPHICS)
, ZP = 1529.20, -684.59, 543.00 ZP= X=P11 Y=P11-50 Z=P12 (GRAPHICS)
M/10433,QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 P12 - (STEER ARM GRAPHICS)
, ZP = 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 ZP= P6 (GRAPHICS)
M/10450,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 P9 - WHEEL CENTER FOR TIRE LIFT FORCE
, REU = 0, 0, 0
M/10451,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 P9 - WHEEL CENTER FOR TIRE DRAG FORCE
, REU= 90D, 90D, 90D
M/10495,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 P6 - SPINDLE GRAPHICS
, ZP= 1541.53, -656.51, 661.01 ZP=P8
M/10402,QP= 1541.53, -656.51, 661.01 NECK BEND JOINT AND BUSHING
, ZP= 1641.53, -656.51, 661.01 ZP=P108
, XP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 XP=P7
M/10403,QP= 1529.20, -688.81, 516.80 CARROT BEND JOINT AND BUSHING
, ZP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 ZP=P9
M/10490,QP= 1529.20, -688.81, 516.80 CARROT GRAPHICS ON SPINDLE
, ZP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 ZP=P9
adams_view_name=’gel_Spindle_Top_FRONT’
Sample Datasets 167

PART/94,CM=9400,MASS=1.00,IP=1,1,1
M/9400,QP= 1547.70, -613.26, 732.88 CG

M/9402,QP= 1541.53, -656.51, 661.01 NECK BEND JOINT AND BUSHING
, ZP= 1641.53, -656.51, 661.01 ZP=P108
, XP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75, XP=P7
M/10407,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 P7 - UPPER BALL JOINT
M/9490,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 P7 - GRAPHICS

, ZP= 1541.53, -656.51, 661.01 ZP=P8
adams_view_name=’gel_Carrot_FRONT’
PART/194,CM=19400,MASS=1.00,IP=1,1,1
M/19400,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 CG
M/10404,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, -0.502D,180D P9 - WHEEL CENTER FOR TIRE FORCES
M/104041,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, -0.502D,0D P9 - WHEEL CENTER FOR SVC
M/10409,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 P9 - WHEEL CENTER
, ZP= 1529.20, -634.59, 516.32 ZP=P11
M/10422,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 P9 - WHEEL/SPINDLE JOINT
M/10421,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 P9 - REQ 1080
M/10405,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 P6 - REQ 1080
, ZP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 ZP=P7
M/10410,QP= 1529.20, -746.70, 203.08 P10 - LF CONTACT PATCH CENTER
M/10424,QP= 1529.20, -634.59, 516.32 P11 - TURN STATISTICS
, ZP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 ZP=P7
M/19490,QP= 1529.20, -688.81, 516.80 CARROT GRAPHICS

, ZP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 ZP=P9
M/19403,QP= 1529.20, -688.81, 516.80 CARROT BEND JOINT AND BUSHING

, ZP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 ZP=P9
----- LEFT NECK BEND JOINT

JOINT/9402,FIXED,I=10402,J=9402 NECK BEND JOINT
----- LEFT CARROT BEND JOINT
JOINT/19403,FIXED,I=10403,J=19403 CARROT BEND JOINT
adams_view_name=’ger_Spindle_FRONT’
PART/105,CM=10500,MASS=11.17,IP=9.4730e+004,1.2610e+005,4.3710e+004
, 6.8960e+002,-4.6650e+003,-1.3610e+004
M/10500,QP= 1552.00, 648.00, 577.00 CG

M/10506,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 P6 - LOWER BALL JOINT
M/10511,QP= 1529.20, 634.59, 516.32 P11 - KPI
M/10501,QP= 1529.20, 653.02, 517.27 P11 - (BRAKE BACK GRAPHICS)
, REU=0,-90D,0
M/105020,QP= 1529.20, 634.59, 516.32 P11 - (BRAKE BACK GRAPHICS)
, ZP = 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27
M/10531,QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 P12 - (STEER ARM GRAPHICS)
, ZP = 1529.20, 684.59, 543.00 ZP=X=P11 Y=P11+50 Z=P12
M/10533,QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 P12 - (STEER ARM GRAPHICS)
, ZP = 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 ZP=P6
M/10550,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 P9 - WHEEL CENTER FOR TIRE LIFT FORCES
, REU = 0, 0, 0
M/10551,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 P9 - WHEEL CENTER FOR TIRE DRAG FORCES
, REU= 90D, 90D, 90D
M/10595,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 P6 - SPINDLE GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1541.53, 656.51, 661.01
M/10502,QP= 1541.53, 656.51, 661.01 NECK BEND JOINT AND BUSHING
, ZP = 1641.53, 656.51, 661.01 ZP = P108
, XP = 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 XP = P7
168 Sample Datasets

M/10503,QP= 1529.20, 688.81, 516.80 CARROT BEND JOINT AND BUSHING
, ZP = 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 ZP=P9
M/10590,QP= 1529.20, 688.81, 516.80 CARROT GRAPHICS ON SPINDLE
, ZP = 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 ZP=P9
adams_view_name=’ger_Spindle_Top_FRONT’
PART/95,CM=9500,MASS=1.00,IP=1,1,1
M/9500,QP= 1547.70, 613.26, 732.88 CG

M/9502,QP= 1541.53, 656.51, 661.01 NECK BEND JOINT AND BUSHING
, ZP= 1641.53, 656.51, 661.01 ZP=P108
, XP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75, XP=P7
M/10507,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 P7 - UPPER BALL JOINT
M/9590,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 P7 - GRAPHICS

, ZP= 1541.53, 656.51, 661.01 ZP=P8
adams_view_name=’ger_Carrot_FRONT’
PART/195,CM=19500,MASS=1.00,IP=1,1,1
M/19500,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 CG
M/10504,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 0.502D,180D P9 - WHEEL CENTER FOR TIRE FORCES
M/105041,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 0.502D,0D P9 - WHEEL CENTER FOR SVC
M/10509,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 P9 - WHEEL CENTER
, ZP= 1529.20, 634.59, 516.32 ZP=P11
M/10522,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 90.502D,0 P9 - WHEEL/SPINDLE JOINT
M/10523,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D,-89.498D,0 P9 - REQ 1080
M/10505,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 P6 - REQ 1080
, ZP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 ZP=P7
M/10510,QP= 1529.20, 746.70, 203.08 P10 - LF CONTACT PATCH CENTER
M/10524,QP= 1529.20, 634.59, 516.32 P11 - TURN STATISTICS
, ZP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 ZP=P7
M/19590,QP= 1529.20, 688.81, 516.80 CARROT GRAPHICS

, ZP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 ZP=P9
M/19503,QP= 1529.20, 688.81, 516.80 CARROT BEND JOINT AND BUSHING

, ZP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 ZP=P9
----- RIGHT NECK BEND JOINT

JOINT/9502,FIXED,I=10502,J=9502 NECK BEND JOINT
----- RIGHT CARROT BEND JOINT
JOINT/19503,FIXED,I=10503,J=19503 CARROT BEND JOINT
adams_view_name=’gel_Toe_Adjuster_FRONT’
PART/181,CM=18100,MASS=0.01,IP=10,10,10
M/18100,QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 CG

M/18110,QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 P12 - TIE ROD TO SPINDLE OR HUB COMPLIANCE PART
, ZP = 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
adams_view_name=’ger_Toe_Adjuster_FRONT’
PART/182,CM=18200,MASS=0.01,IP=10,10,10
M/18200,QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 CG

M/18210,QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 P12 - TIE ROD TO SPINDLE OR HUB COMPLIANCE PART
, ZP = 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
Sample Datasets 169

adams_view_name=’gel_Front_Adjuster_FRONT’
PART/183,CM=18300,MASS=0.01,IP=10,10,10
M/18300,QP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 CG

M/18384,QP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20
, ZP= 346.22,-17637.31, 799.20
adams_view_name=’ger_Front_Adjuster_FRONT’
PART/184,CM=18400,MASS=0.01,IP=10,10,10
M/18400,QP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 CG

M/18486,QP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20
, ZP= 346.22,17637.31, 799.20
adams_view_name=’gel_Rear_Adjuster_FRONT’
PART/185,CM=18500,MASS=0.01,IP=10,10,10
M/18500,QP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 CG

M/18583,QP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90
, ZP= 691.36,-17658.27, 780.90
adams_view_name=’ger_Rear_Adjuster_FRONT’
PART/186,CM=18600,MASS=0.01,IP=10,10,10
M/18600,QP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 CG

M/18685,QP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 RIGHT REAR ADJUSTER JOINT
, ZP= 691.36,17658.27, 780.90
! Body adjustment points

M/5183,PA=051,QP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 LEFT FRONT ADJUSTER JOINT
, ZP= 346.22,-17637.31, 799.20
M/5284,PA=051,QP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 RIGHT FRONT ADJUSTER JOINT
, ZP= 346.22,17637.31, 799.20
M/5185,PA=051,QP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 LEFT REAR ADJUSTER JOINT
, ZP= 691.36,-17658.27, 780.90
M/5286,PA=051,QP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 RIGHT REAR ADJUSTER JOINT
, ZP= 691.36,17658.27, 780.90
! Markers for LSMB
M/2435,PA=189,QP= 1493.79, -496.09, 418.46 P35 - LEFT LSMB BUSHING

, ZP= 1593.79, -496.09, 418.46
M/2498,PA=189,QP= 1493.79, -496.09, 418.46 P35 - LEFT LSMB GRAPHICS
, ZP= 1535.48, -468.36, 601.64
M/2535,PA=190,QP= 1493.79, 496.09, 418.46 P035 - RIGHT LSMB BUSHING

, ZP= 1593.79, 496.09, 418.46
M/2598,PA=190,QP= 1493.79, 496.09, 418.46 P035 - RIGHT LSMB GRAPHICS
, ZP= 1535.48, 468.36, 601.64
!===============================================================================
F R O N T S U S P E N S I O N J O I N T S
!===============================================================================
170 Sample Datasets

SLA With Coil Spring
!===============================================================================
----- WHEELS TO SPINDLE

JOINT/01,REV,I=2104,J=10422 LEFT WHEEL JOINT
JOINT/02,REV,I=2205,J=10522 RIGHT WHEEL JOINT
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P1 UCA at Frame Joint/Bushing
!
MARKER/1142101,PA=142
, QP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 P1
, ZP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 ZP=P2
, XP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 XP=P7
MARKER/1183101,PA=183
, QP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 P1
, ZP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 ZP=P2
, XP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 XP=P7
JOINT/1183101, REV, I=1142101,J=1183101 P1 UCA at Frame Bushing
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P01 UCA at Frame Joint/Bushing
!
MARKER/1143201,PA=143
, QP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 P01
, ZP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 ZP=P02
, XP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 XP=P07
MARKER/1184201,PA=184
, QP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 P01
, ZP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 ZP=P02
, XP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 XP=P07
JOINT/1184201, REV, I=1143201,J=1184201 P01 UCA at Frame Bushing
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P2 UCA at Frame Bushing
!
MARKER/1142102,PA=142
, QP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 P2
, ZP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 ZP=P1
, XP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 XP=P7
MARKER/1185102,PA=185
, QP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 P2
, ZP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 ZP=P1
, XP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 XP=P7
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P02 UCA at Frame Bushing
!
Sample Datasets 171

MARKER/1143202,PA=143
, QP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 P02
, ZP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 ZP=P01
, XP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 XP=P07
MARKER/1186202,PA=186
, QP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 P02
, ZP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 ZP=P01
, XP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 XP=P07
*******************************
* *
* ALIGNMENT ADJUSTERS *
* *
*******************************
JOINT/81,TRA,I=18110,J=10612 LEFT TOE ADJUSTER

JOINT/82,TRA,I=18210,J=14612 RIGHT TOE ADJUSTER
JOINT/83,TRA,I=18384,J=5183 LEFT FRONT UCA ADJUSTER

JOINT/84,TRA,I=18486,J=5284 RIGHT FRONT UCA ADJUSTER
JOINT/85,TRA,I=18583,J=5185 LEFT REAR UCA ADJUSTER
JOINT/86,TRA,I=18685,J=5286 RIGHT REAR UCA ADJUSTER
! Desired alignment values (will be modified in .acf file)

ARRAY/1081,NUM = 33,33,0,33,33,0
! Initial alignment values for Left toe, caster, camber, Right toe, caster, camber
ARRAY/1082,NUM = 0.000e+000,0.000e+000,0.000e+000,
, 0.000e+000,0.000e+000,0.000e+000
MOTION/81,JOINT=81,TRA, FUNC=aryval(1082,1)
MOTION/82,JOINT=82,TRA, FUNC=aryval(1082,4)
MOTION/83,JOINT=83,TRA, FUNC=aryval(1082,3)+aryval(1082,2)
MOTION/84,JOINT=84,TRA, FUNC=aryval(1082,6)+aryval(1082,5)
MOTION/85,JOINT=85,TRA, FUNC=aryval(1082,3)-aryval(1082,2)
MOTION/86,JOINT=86,TRA, FUNC=aryval(1082,6)-aryval(1082,5)
*******************************
* *
* FRONT CONTROL ARM BUSHINGS *
* *
*******************************
SPRING RATES (TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL)
RATE (N/mm) RATE (N/rad)

RADIAL RADIAL AXIAL CONICAL CONICAL TORSIONAL
! BUSHINGS (RATES) PT (X) (Y) (Z) (X) (Y) (Z)
! ---------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
! UCA Front Bushing 1 2.434E+03 2.434E+03 1.669E+03 5.671E+05 5.671E+05 8.842E+04
! UCA Rear Bushing 2 2.434E+03 2.434E+03 1.669E+03 5.671E+05 5.671E+05 8.842E+04
! LCA Front Bushing 3 6.450E+03 6.450E+03 7.750E+02 1.528E+06 1.528E+06 1.143E+05
! Compression Strut @ LCA 5 1.000E+04 1.000E+04 1.000E+04 5.671E+05 5.671E+05 8.842E+04
! Compression Strut @ Body 4 3.250E+03 3.250E+03 6.750E+02 5.671E+05 5.671E+05 8.842E+04
! Tie Rod Ball Stud 12 5.256E+03 5.256E+03 5.256E+03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
! Sta Bar Rotational 61 1.000E+03 1.000E+03 1.000E+02 1.000E+03 1.000E+03 1.000E+03
! Sta Bar Link 63 1.000E+04 1.000E+04 1.675E+03 2.000E+04 2.000E+04 1.000E+02
! Shock Lower 35 4.434E+03 4.434E+03 1.669E+03 5.671E+05 5.671E+05 8.842E+04
! Shock Upper 55 2.434E+03 2.434E+03 1.669E+03 5.671E+05 5.671E+05 8.842E+04
172 Sample Datasets

! Hub Compliance 9 -9.990E+01 -9.990E+01 -9.990E+01 -9.990E+01 -9.990E+01 -9.990E+01
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P12 TieRod at Spindle Bushing
!
MARKER/1181112,PA=181
, QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 P12
, ZP= 1405.00, -668.00, 643.00 ZP=P12 + (0,0,100)
, XP= 1505.00, -668.00, 543.00 XP=P12 + (100,0,0)
MARKER/1104112,PA=104
, QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 P12
, ZP= 1405.00, -668.00, 643.00 ZP=P12 + (0,0,100)
, XP= 1505.00, -668.00, 543.00 XP=P12 + (100,0,0)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P12 TieRod at Spindle Bushing’
BUSH/1104112,I=1181112,J=1104112 P12 TieRod at Spindle Bushing

, K =5256.0,5256.0,5256.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
, CT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P12 TieRod at Spindle Bushing
M/11811121,PA=181,QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 583.00 BUSHING CAP #1 CENTER I MARKER

, ZP = 1405.00, -668.00, 623.00 ORIENT OUTWARD
M/11041121,PA=104,QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 583.00 BUSHING CAP #1 CENTER J MARKER
GRA/11041121,CYL,CM=11041121,SEG=10,RAD= 30.00,LEN= -80.00 OUTER CYLINDER
GRA/11041122,CYL,CM=11041121,SEG=10,RAD= 26.40,LEN= -80.00 OUTER INSIDE CYLINDER
GRA/11041123,CYL,CM=11811121,SEG=10,RAD= 11.40,LEN= -80.00 INNER OUTSIDE CYLINDER
GRA/11041124,CYL,CM=11811121,SEG=10,RAD= 7.80,LEN= -80.00 INNERMOST CYLINDER
! OUTER AND INNER LOOP CAPS
GRA/11041125,FRU,CM=11041121,RAN=6.28,L=0.01,SI=20,TOP= 30.00,BOT= 26.40,SEG=20
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P012 TieRod at Spindle Bushing
!
MARKER/1182212,PA=182
, QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 P012
, ZP= 1405.00, 668.00, 643.00 ZP=P012 + (0,0,100)
, XP= 1505.00, 668.00, 543.00 XP=P012 + (100,0,0)
MARKER/1105212,PA=105
, QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 P012
, ZP= 1405.00, 668.00, 643.00 ZP=P012 + (0,0,100)
, XP= 1505.00, 668.00, 543.00 XP=P012 + (100,0,0)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P012 TieRod at Spindle Bushing’
BUSH/1105212,I=1182212,J=1105212 P012 TieRod at Spindle Bushing

, K =5256.0,5256.0,5256.0
Sample Datasets 173

, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
, CT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P012 TieRod at Spindle Bushing
M/11822121,PA=182,QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 583.00 BUSHING CAP #1 CENTER I MARKER

, ZP = 1405.00, 668.00, 623.00 ORIENT OUTWARD
M/11052121,PA=105,QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 583.00 BUSHING CAP #1 CENTER J MARKER
*******************************
* *
* SPLINES AND ARRAYS *
* *
*******************************
SPLINE/195
,X=-4000,-678.2,-642.6,-609.6,-579.1,-541.0,-508.0,-475.0
, -442.0,-406.4,-370.8,-337.8,-304.8,-269.2,-236.2
, -203.2,-170.2,-134.6,-101.6, -66.0, -33.0, 0.0
, 35.6, 68.6, 104.1, 137.2, 170.2, 203.2, 238.8
, 271.8, 307.3, 340.4, 375.9, 408.9, 444.5, 477.5
, 513.1, 546.1, 581.7, 614.7, 647.7, 680.7,4000.0
,Y=-10000.0,-1801.4,-1659.1,-1507.9,-1405.6,-1285.5,-1192.1
, -1089.8, -987.5, -889.6, -805.1, -747.3, -671.6
, -604.9, -538.2, -471.5, -409.2, -329.2, -262.4
, -186.8, 62.3, 142.3, 387.0, 404.8, 422.6
, 435.9, 449.2, 471.5, 502.6, 538.2, 569.3
, 596.0, 618.3, 649.4, 667.2, 702.8, 725.0
, 756.2, 782.8, 809.5, 836.2, 862.9, 10000.0
!====================================================================================
F R O N T S U S P E N S I O N G R A P H I C S
!====================================================================================
SLA With Coil Spring
!====================================================================================
174 Sample Datasets

***************************************
* *
* SLACOIL FRONT SUSPENSION *
* *
***************************************
----- FRONT SPINDLES AND BRAKES
GRA/1101,FRUSTUM,CM=10401,SIDES=30,SEG=30,BOTTOM=125 LEFT FRONT BRAKE BACK

, TOP=0,LEN=1
GRA/1102, CYL,CM=10401,SEG=30,SIDES=30,RAD=125,LEN=90 LEFT BRAKE
GRA/1103, CYL,CM=10432,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN= 125 LEFT SPINDLE STEER ARM
GRA/1111,FRUSTUM,CM=10501,SIDES=30,SEG=30,BOTTOM=125 RIGHT FRONT BRAKE BACK

, TOP=0,LEN=1
GRA/1112, CYL,CM=10501,SEG=30,SIDES=30,RAD=125,LEN=90 RIGHT BRAKE
GRA/1113, CYL,CM=10531,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN= 125 RIGHT SPINDLE STEER ARM
GRA/9490,CYL,CM=9490,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN= 168.218073 LEFT SPINDLE TOP

GRA/0490,CYL,CM=10490,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=-100 LEFT CARROT ON SPINDLE
GRA/0491,CYL,CM=10490,SEG=6,RAD=19,LEN=150 LEFT CARROT ON SPINDLE
GRA/19490,CYL,CM=19490,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=150 LEFT CARROT
GRA/9590,CYL,CM=9590,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN= 168.218073 RIGHT SPINDLE TOP
GRA/0590,CYL,CM=10590,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=-100 RIGHT CARROT ON SPINDLE
GRA/0591,CYL,CM=10590,SEG=6,RAD=19,LEN=150 RIGHT CARROT ON SPINDLE
GRA/19590,CYL,CM=19590,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=150 RIGHT CARROT
----- FRONT LSMBS
GRA/1151,CYL,CM=2498,SEG=6,RAD=50,LEN=165 LEFT LSMB

GRA/1152,CYL,CM=2598,SEG=6,RAD=50,LEN=165 RIGHT LSMB
*******************************
* *
* LOWER CONTROL ARM *
* *
*******************************
adams_view_name=’gel_LCA_FRONT’
PART/102,CM=10200,MASS= 2.69,IP=4.2820e+004,1.6300e+003,4.3160e+004
, 4.5720e+003,7.1790e+001,-1.6280e+003
M/10200,QP= 1492.44, -449.87, 428.50 CG

M/10291,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 P6 - LEFT LOWER BALL JOINT
, ZP = 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40
GRA/10291, CYL,CM=10291,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=377.330287 LEFT LOWER ARM FRONT LEG
M/10224,QP= 1493.79, -496.09, 418.46 P35 - LEFT LOWER SHOCK MOUNTING BRACKET
, ZP = 1593.79, -496.09, 418.46 ZP=P36
adams_view_name=’ger_LCA_FRONT’
, -4.5720e+003,7.1790e+001,1.6280e+003
M/10300,QP= 1492.44, 449.87, 428.50 CG

M/10391,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 P6 - LEFT LOWER BALL JOINT
, ZP = 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40
M/10324,QP= 1493.79, 496.09, 418.46 P35 - RIGHT LOWER SHOCK MOUNTING BRACKET
, ZP = 1593.79, 496.09, 418.46 ZP=P36
adams_view_name=’gel_Compression_Strut_FRONT’
Sample Datasets 175

, -1.6410e+004,-4.7930e+002,-2.8840e+002
M/11200,QP= 1744.69, -441.88, 432.93 CG

M/11291,QP= 1511.87, -562.00, 440.00 P5 - COMPRESSION STRUT @ LCA
, ZP = 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85
adams_view_name=’ger_Compression_Strut_FRONT’
, -1.6410e+004,-4.7930e+002,-2.8840e+002
M/11300,QP= 1744.69, 441.88, 432.93 CG

M/11391,QP= 1511.87, 562.00, 440.00 P05 - COMPRESSION STRUT @ LCA
, ZP = 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85
**************************************
* *
* LOWER CONTROL ARM BUSHING *
* *
**************************************
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P6 LCA at Spindle SPH Joint
!
MARKER/1102306,PA=102
, QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 P6
, ZP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 ZP=P3
, XP= 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85 XP=P4
MARKER/1104306,PA=104
, QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 P6
, ZP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 ZP=P3
, XP= 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85 XP=P4
adams_view_name=’FRONT P6 LCA at Spindle SPH Joint’
JOINT/1104306,SPH,I=1102306,J=1104306 P6 LCA at Spindle SPH Joint
----- SPHERE GRAPHIC FOR: P6 LCA at Spindle SPH Joint
GRA/11023060,FRU,CM=11023060,LEN=0.246172,TOP=3.127911, BOT=0
M/11023060,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 405.01
GRA/11023061,FRU,CM=11023061,LEN=0.732453,TOP=6.178788, BOT=3.127911
M/11023061,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 405.25
M/11023062,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 405.98
M/11023063,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 407.18
M/11023064,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 408.82
M/11023065,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 410.86
M/11023066,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 413.25
176 Sample Datasets

M/11023067,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 415.92
M/11023068,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 418.82
M/11023069,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 421.87
M/11043060,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00
M/11043061,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 428.13
M/11043062,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 431.18
M/11043063,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 434.08
M/11043064,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 436.75
M/11043065,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 439.14
M/11043066,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 441.18
M/11043067,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 442.82
M/11043068,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 444.02
M/11043069,PA=102,QP= 1522.34, -650.00, 444.75
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P06 LCA at Spindle SPH Joint
!
MARKER/1103406,PA=103
, QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 P06
, ZP= 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40 ZP=P03
, XP= 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85 XP=P04
MARKER/1105406,PA=105
, QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 P06
, ZP= 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40 ZP=P03
, XP= 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85 XP=P04
adams_view_name=’FRONT P06 LCA at Spindle SPH Joint’
JOINT/1105406,SPH,I=1103406,J=1105406 P06 LCA at Spindle SPH Joint
----- SPHERE GRAPHIC FOR: P06 LCA at Spindle SPH Joint
M/11034060,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 405.01
M/11034061,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 405.25
M/11034062,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 405.98
M/11034063,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 407.18
M/11034064,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 408.82
M/11034065,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 410.86
M/11034066,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 413.25
M/11034067,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 415.92
M/11034068,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 418.82
Sample Datasets 177

M/11034069,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 421.87
M/11054060,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00
M/11054061,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 428.13
M/11054062,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 431.18
M/11054063,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 434.08
M/11054064,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 436.75
M/11054065,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 439.14
M/11054066,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 441.18
M/11054067,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 442.82
M/11054068,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 444.02
M/11054069,PA=103,QP= 1522.34, 650.00, 444.75
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P3 LCA at Frame Bushing
!
MARKER/1102103,PA=102
, QP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 P3
, ZP= 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85 ZP=P4
, XP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 XP=P6
MARKER/1051103,PA=051
, QP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 P3
, ZP= 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85 ZP=P4
, XP= 1522.34, -650.00, 425.00 XP=P6
adams_view_name=’FRONT P3 LCA at Frame Bushing’
BUSH/1051103,I=1102103,J=1051103 P3 LCA at Frame Bushing

, K =6450.0,6450.0, 775.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =1.52800e+006,1.52800e+006,1.14300e+005
, CT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+002
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P3 LCA at Frame Bushing

178 Sample Datasets

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P03 LCA at Frame Bushing
!
MARKER/1103203,PA=103
, QP= 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40 P03
, ZP= 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85 ZP=P04
, XP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 XP=P06
MARKER/1051203,PA=051
, QP= 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40 P03
, ZP= 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85 ZP=P04
, XP= 1522.34, 650.00, 425.00 XP=P06
adams_view_name=’FRONT P03 LCA at Frame Bushing’
BUSH/1051203,I=1103203,J=1051203 P03 LCA at Frame Bushing

, K =6450.0,6450.0, 775.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =1.52800e+006,1.52800e+006,1.14300e+005
, CT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+002
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P03 LCA at Frame Bushing

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P5 CompStrut at LCA Bushing
!
MARKER/1112305,PA=112
, QP= 1511.87, -562.00, 440.00 P5
, ZP= 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85 ZP=P4
, XP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 XP=P3
MARKER/1102305,PA=102
, QP= 1511.87, -562.00, 440.00 P5
, ZP= 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85 ZP=P4
, XP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 XP=P3
adams_view_name=’FRONT P5 CompStrut at LCA Bushing’
JOINT/1102305,FIX,I=1112305,J=1102305 P5 CompStrut at LCA Bushing
----- FIXED GRAPHIC FOR: P5 CompStrut at LCA Bushing
Sample Datasets 179

M/11123051,PA=112,QP= 1511.87, -562.00, 440.00 FIXED BUSHING QP
GRA/11023051,BOX,corner=11123051, X= 30.00, Y= 30.00, Z= 30.00
GRA/11023052,BOX,corner=11123051, X=-30.00, Y=-30.00, Z=-30.00
GRA/11023053,BOX,corner=11123051, X= 30.00, Y=-30.00, Z=-30.00
GRA/11023054,BOX,corner=11123051, X= 30.00, Y=-30.00, Z= 30.00
GRA/11023055,BOX,corner=11123051, X=-30.00, Y=-30.00, Z= 30.00
GRA/11023056,BOX,corner=11123051, X=-30.00, Y= 30.00, Z=-30.00
GRA/11023057,BOX,corner=11123051, X=-30.00, Y= 30.00, Z= 30.00
GRA/11023058,BOX,corner=11123051, X= 30.00, Y= 30.00, Z=-30.00
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P05 CompStrut at LCA Bushing
!
MARKER/1113405,PA=113
, QP= 1511.87, 562.00, 440.00 P05
, ZP= 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85 ZP=P04
, XP= 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40 XP=P03
MARKER/1103405,PA=103
, QP= 1511.87, 562.00, 440.00 P05
, ZP= 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85 ZP=P04
, XP= 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40 XP=P03
adams_view_name=’FRONT P05 CompStrut at LCA Bushing’
JOINT/1103405,FIX,I=1113405,J=1103405 P05 CompStrut at LCA Bushing
----- FIXED GRAPHIC FOR: P05 CompStrut at LCA Bushing
M/11134051,PA=113,QP= 1511.87, 562.00, 440.00 FIXED BUSHING QP

GRA/11034051,BOX,corner=11134051, X= 30.00, Y= 30.00, Z= 30.00
GRA/11034052,BOX,corner=11134051, X=-30.00, Y=-30.00, Z=-30.00
GRA/11034053,BOX,corner=11134051, X= 30.00, Y=-30.00, Z=-30.00
GRA/11034054,BOX,corner=11134051, X= 30.00, Y=-30.00, Z= 30.00
GRA/11034055,BOX,corner=11134051, X=-30.00, Y=-30.00, Z= 30.00
GRA/11034056,BOX,corner=11134051, X=-30.00, Y= 30.00, Z=-30.00
GRA/11034057,BOX,corner=11134051, X=-30.00, Y= 30.00, Z= 30.00
GRA/11034058,BOX,corner=11134051, X= 30.00, Y= 30.00, Z=-30.00
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P4 CompStrut at Frame Bushing
!
MARKER/1112104,PA=112
, QP= 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85 P4
, ZP= 1511.87, -562.00, 440.00 ZP=P5
, XP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 XP=P3
MARKER/1051104,PA=051
, QP= 1929.86, -297.88, 422.85 P4
, ZP= 1511.87, -562.00, 440.00 ZP=P5
, XP= 1480.50, -275.00, 423.40 XP=P3
adams_view_name=’FRONT P4 CompStrut at Frame Bushing’
BUSH/1051104,I=1112104,J=1051104 P4 CompStrut at Frame Bushing

, K =3250.0,3250.0, 675.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =5.67100e+005,5.67100e+005,8.84200e+004
, CT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+002
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P4 CompStrut at Frame Bushing
180 Sample Datasets

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P04 CompStrut at Frame Bushing
!
MARKER/1113204,PA=113
, QP= 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85 P04
, ZP= 1511.87, 562.00, 440.00 ZP=P05
, XP= 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40 XP=P03
MARKER/1051204,PA=051
, QP= 1929.86, 297.88, 422.85 P04
, ZP= 1511.87, 562.00, 440.00 ZP=P05
, XP= 1480.50, 275.00, 423.40 XP=P03
adams_view_name=’FRONT P04 CompStrut at Frame Bushing’
BUSH/1051204,I=1113204,J=1051204 P04 CompStrut at Frame Bushing

, K =3250.0,3250.0, 675.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =5.67100e+005,5.67100e+005,8.84200e+004
, CT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+002
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P04 CompStrut at Frame Bushing

*******************************
Sample Datasets 181

* *
* UPPER CONTROL ARM *
* *
*******************************
adams_view_name=’gel_UCA_FRONT’
, -1.0730e+003,-1.4150e+003,-5.1010e+002
M/14200,QP= 1551.00, -480.00, 822.00 CG

M/14217,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 P7 - LEFT UPPER BALL JOINT
, ZP = 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 ZP=P2
M/14291,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 P7 - GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 ZP=P1
M/14292,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 P7 - GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 ZP=P2
! Left upper arm front leg
GRA/14291,CYL,CM=14291,SEG=6,RAD=15,LEN=288.045519
! Left upper arm rear leg
adams_view_name=’ger_UCA_FRONT’
PART/143,CM=14300,MA= 1.59,IP=9.7540e+003,2.2160e+004,3.1210e+004
, 1.0730e+003,-1.4150e+003,5.1010e+002
M/14300,QP= 1551.00, 480.00, 822.00 CG

M/14317,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 P7 - RIGHT UPPER BALL JOINT
, ZP = 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 ZP=P2
M/14391,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 P7 - GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 ZP=P1
M/14392,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 P7 - GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 ZP=P2
! Right upper arm front leg
! Right upper arm rear leg
**************************************
* *
* UPPER CONTROL ARM BUSHING *
* *
**************************************
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P7 UCA at Spindle SPH Joint
!
MARKER/1142307,PA=142
, QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 P7
, ZP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 ZP=P1
, XP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 XP=P2
MARKER/1104307,PA=104
, QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75 P7
, ZP= 1394.22, -330.31, 799.20 ZP=P1
182 Sample Datasets

, XP= 1739.36, -351.27, 780.90 XP=P2
adams_view_name=’FRONT P7 UCA at Spindle SPH Joint’
JOINT/1104307,SPH,I=1142307,J=1104307 P7 UCA at Spindle SPH Joint
----- SPHERE GRAPHIC FOR: P7 UCA at Spindle SPH Joint
M/11423070,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 784.76
M/11423071,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 785.00
M/11423072,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 785.73
M/11423073,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 786.93
M/11423074,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 788.57
M/11423075,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 790.61
M/11423076,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 793.00
M/11423077,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 795.67
M/11423078,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 798.57
M/11423079,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 801.62
M/11043070,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 804.75
M/11043071,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 807.88
M/11043072,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 810.93
M/11043073,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 813.83
M/11043074,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 816.50
M/11043075,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 818.89
M/11043076,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 820.93
M/11043077,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 822.57
M/11043078,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 823.77
M/11043079,PA=142,QP= 1553.87, -570.00, 824.50
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P07 UCA at Spindle SPH Joint
!
MARKER/1143407,PA=143
, QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 P07
, ZP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 ZP=P01
, XP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 XP=P02
MARKER/1105407,PA=105
, QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75 P07
, ZP= 1394.22, 330.31, 799.20 ZP=P01
, XP= 1739.36, 351.27, 780.90 XP=P02
adams_view_name=’FRONT P07 UCA at Spindle SPH Joint’
Sample Datasets 183

JOINT/1105407,SPH,I=1143407,J=1105407 P07 UCA at Spindle SPH Joint
----- SPHERE GRAPHIC FOR: P07 UCA at Spindle SPH Joint
M/11434070,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 784.76
M/11434071,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 785.00
M/11434072,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 785.73
M/11434073,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 786.93
M/11434074,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 788.57
M/11434075,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 790.61
M/11434076,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 793.00
M/11434077,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 795.67
M/11434078,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 798.57
M/11434079,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 801.62
M/11054070,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 804.75
M/11054071,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 807.88
M/11054072,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 810.93
M/11054073,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 813.83
M/11054074,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 816.50
M/11054075,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 818.89
M/11054076,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 820.93
M/11054077,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 822.57
M/11054078,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 823.77
M/11054079,PA=143,QP= 1553.87, 570.00, 824.50
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P1 UCA at Frame Bushing

184 Sample Datasets




*******************************
* *
* FRONT COIL SPRINGS *
Sample Datasets 185

* *
*******************************
!
!
!
! PART SPRING WHEEL CAPACITY CAPACITY K L DIAMETER
! NUMBER RATE RATE @ SPRING @ GROUND (- for SPLINE) (GRAPHICS)
! (lb/in) (lb/in) (lbs) (lbs) (N/mm) (mm) (mm)
! ------- ------- ------- -------- -------- ------ ------ --------
! Hoesch 688.60 240.00 0.00 0.00 120.6 274.2 107.00
! Hoesch 485.30 199.45 0.00 0.00 87.5 315.0 107.00
MARKER/118959,PART=189, P25 - LEFT FRONT COIL SPRING TO LSMB

,QP= 1542.83, -458.60, 663.94
MARKER/105158,PART=051, P23 - LEFT FRONT COIL SPRING TO FRAME
,QP= 1566.65, -428.64, 862.32
MARKER/1190059,PART=190, P26 - RIGHT FRONT COIL SPRING TO LSMB

,QP= 1542.83, 458.60, 663.94
MARKER/1051058,PART=051, P24 - RIGHT FRONT COIL SPRING TO FRAME
,QP= 1566.65, 428.64, 862.32
SPRING/111,TRA,I=118959,J=105158,K= 87.50,L= 315.00 LEFT FRONT SPRING

SPRING/112,TRA,I=1190059,J=1051058,K= 87.50,L= 315.00 RIGHT FRONT SPRING
GRA/19311,SPDP,I=118959,J=105158,COILS=5,DA= 107.00 LEFT FRONT SPRING GRAPHIC

GRA/19312,SPDP,I=1190059,J=1051058,COILS=5,DA= 107.00 RIGHT FRONT SPRING GRAPHIC
*******************************
* *
* FRONT SHOCK ABSORBERS *
* *
*******************************
adams_view_name=’gel_Upper_Shock_FRONT’
PART/187,CM=18700,MASS= 2.00, IP=1.0000e+004,1.0000e+004,1.0000e+004

, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/18700, QP =1528.66,-477.09, 543.73 CG

M/18701, QP=1569.32,-423.42, 888.44
M/18783, QP=1535.48,-468.36, 601.64 LEFT SHOCK TOP TO BOTTOM
, ZP=1569.32,-423.42, 888.44
adams_view_name=’ger_Upper_Shock_FRONT’

, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/18800,QP=1528.66, 477.09, 543.73 CG

M/18801, QP=1569.32, 423.42, 888.44
M/18884, QP=1535.48, 468.36, 601.64 RIGHT SHOCK TOP TO BOTTOM
, ZP=1569.32, 423.42, 888.44
186 Sample Datasets

adams_view_name=’gel_Lower_Shock_FRONT’

, 2.2720e+002,-1.6710e+002,-1.7120e+003
M/18900,QP= 1528.66, -477.09, 543.73 CG

M/18985, QP=1535.48,-468.36, 601.64 LEFT LOWER SHOCK
, ZP=1569.32,-423.42, 888.44
M/18901, QP=1535.48,-468.36, 601.64
M/18983,QP=1535.48,-468.36, 601.64 LEFT LOWER SHOCK JOINT
, ZP= 1569.32, -423.42, 888.44
adams_view_name=’ger_Lower_Shock_FRONT’

, 2.2720e+002,-1.6710e+002,-1.7120e+003
M/19000,QP= 1528.66, 477.09, 543.73 CG

M/19086, QP=1535.48, 468.36, 601.64 RIGHT LOWER SHOCK
, ZP=1569.32, 423.42, 888.44
M/19001, QP=1535.48, 468.36, 601.64
M/19084, QP=1535.48, 468.36, 601.64 RIGHT LOWER SHOCK JOINT
, ZP= 1569.32, 423.42, 888.44
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P55 UpperShock at FRAME Bushing
!
MARKER/1187155,PA=187
, QP= 1569.32, -423.42, 888.44 P55
, ZP= 1535.48, -468.36, 601.64 ZP=P56
, XP= 1569.32, -423.42, 988.44 XP=P55 + (0,0,100)
MARKER/1051155,PA=051
, QP= 1569.32, -423.42, 888.44 P55
, ZP= 1535.48, -468.36, 601.64 ZP=P56
, XP= 1569.32, -423.42, 988.44 XP=P55 + (0,0,100)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P55 UpperShock at FRAME Bushing’
BUSH/1051155,I=1187155,J=1051155 P55 UpperShock at FRAME Bushing

, K =2434.0,2434.0,1669.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =5.67100e+005,5.67100e+005,8.84200e+004
, CT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+002
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P55 UpperShock at FRAME Bushing

Sample Datasets 187

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P055 UpperShock at FRAME Bushing
!
MARKER/1188255,PA=188
, QP= 1569.32, 423.42, 888.44 P055
, ZP= 1535.48, 468.36, 601.64 ZP=P056
, XP= 1569.32, 423.42, 988.44 XP=P055+ (0,0,100)
MARKER/1051255,PA=051
, QP= 1569.32, 423.42, 888.44 P055
, ZP= 1535.48, 468.36, 601.64 ZP=P056
, XP= 1569.32, 423.42, 988.44 XP=P055+ (0,0,100)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P055 UpperShock at FRAME Bushing’
BUSH/1051255,I=1188255,J=1051255 P055 UpperShock at FRAME Bushing

, K =2434.0,2434.0,1669.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =5.67100e+005,5.67100e+005,8.84200e+004
, CT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+002
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P055 UpperShock at FRAME Bushing

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P35 LSMB at LCA Bushing
!
MARKER/1189135,PA=189
, QP= 1493.79, -496.09, 418.46 P35
, ZP= 1593.79, -496.09, 418.46 ZP=P135 USER DEFINED
, XP= 1393.79, -496.09, 418.46 XP=P35-xdir
188 Sample Datasets

MARKER/1102135,PA=102
, QP= 1493.79, -496.09, 418.46 P35
, ZP= 1593.79, -496.09, 418.46 ZP=P135 USER DEFINED
, XP= 1393.79, -496.09, 418.46 XP=P35-xdir
adams_view_name=’FRONT P35 LSMB at LCA Bushing’
BUSH/1102135,I=1189135,J=1102135 P35 LSMB at LCA Bushing

, K =4434.0,4434.0,1669.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =5.67100e+005,5.67100e+005,8.84200e+004
, CT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+002
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P35 LSMB at LCA Bushing

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P035 LSMB at LCA Bushing
!
MARKER/1190235,PA=190
, QP= 1493.79, 496.09, 418.46 P035
, ZP= 1593.79, 496.09, 418.46 ZP=P0135 USER DEFINED
, XP= 1393.79, 496.09, 418.46 XP=P035-xdir
MARKER/1103235,PA=103
, QP= 1493.79, 496.09, 418.46 P035
, ZP= 1593.79, 496.09, 418.46 ZP=P0135 USER DEFINED
, XP= 1393.79, 496.09, 418.46 XP=P035-xdir
adams_view_name=’FRONT P035 LSMB at LCA Bushing’
BUSH/1103235,I=1190235,J=1103235 P035 LSMB at LCA Bushing

, K =4434.0,4434.0,1669.0
, C = 50.00, 50.00, 25.00
, KT =5.67100e+005,5.67100e+005,8.84200e+004
, CT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+002
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P035 LSMB at LCA Bushing

Sample Datasets 189

JOINT/11032,I=18783,J=18985,TRA LEFT UPPER TO LOWER SHOCK

JOINT/11033,I=18884,J=19086,TRA RIGHT UPPER TO LOWER SHOCK
NOTE: SPLINE X is negative = Extension and Y must be negative

SPLINE X is positive = Compression and Y must be positive
- positive force = repulsion

- negative force = attraction
- When markers are separating, VR is positive
- When markers are approaching each other, VR is negative
SFORCE/1801,I=18901,J=18701,TRA
, FUNC= 1.00*AKISPL(-VR(18701,18901),0, 195, 0)
SFORCE/1802,I=19001,J=18801,TRA
, FUNC= 1.00*AKISPL(-VR(18801,19001),0, 195, 0)
----- SHOCK ABSORBERS
GRA/1901,SPDP,I=18901,J=18701,DB=26,LA=5 LEFT FRONT SHOCK

, LC= 204.585690,DC=40,LB=5,LD= 204.585690
GRA/1902,SPDP,I=19001,J=18801,DB=26,LA=5 RIGHT FRONT SHOCK
, LC= 204.585690,DC=40,LB=5,LD= 204.585690
*******************************
* *
* FRONT JOUNCE BUMPERS *
* *
*******************************
M/105175,PA=051,QP= 1528.52, -533.39, 560.00 LEFT UPPER JOUNCE BUMPER @ FRAME (Tip)
, ZP= 1528.52, -533.39, 678.88 ZP=P175
M/105168,PA=051,QP= 1528.52, -533.39, 578.88 LEFT UPPER JOUNCE METAL/METAL @ FRAME
, ZP= 1528.52, -533.39, 678.88
M/105176,PA=051,QP= 1528.52, 533.39, 560.00 RIGHT UPPER JOUNCE BUMPER @ FRAME (Tip)
, ZP= 1528.52, 533.39, 678.88 ZP=P176
M/1051068,PA=051,QP= 1528.52, 533.39, 578.88 RIGHT UPPER JOUNCE METAL/METAL @ FRAME
, ZP= 1528.52, 533.39, 678.88
M/110271,PA=102,QP= 1528.52, -533.39, 400.00
M/110269,PA=102,QP= 1528.52, -533.39, 400.00
M/1102711,PA=102,FLOATING LEFT JOUNCE BUMPER CONTACT @ LCA (Stiffness)
M/1102712,PA=102,FLOATING LEFT JOUNCE BUMPER CONTACT @ LCA (Damping)
M/1102691,PA=102,FLOATING LEFT JOUNCE METAL/METAL CONTACT @ LCA
M/110372,PA=103,QP= 1528.52, 533.39, 400.00
M/1103069,PA=103,QP= 1528.52, 533.39, 400.00
M/1103721,PA=103,FLOATING RIGHT JOUNCE BUMPER CONTACT @ LCA (Stiffness)
M/1103722,PA=103,FLOATING RIGHT JOUNCE BUMPER CONTACT @ LCA (Damping)
190 Sample Datasets

M/11030691,PA=103,FLOATING RIGHT JOUNCE METAL/METAL CONTACT @ LCA
The Jounce Bumper VFORCE Function Should Be Set Up As Follows:

FZ = rate1 * [(Z Disp) + ABS (Z Disp)]/2
+ rate2 * [((Z Disp) + ABS (Z Disp))/2]**2
+ rate3 * [((Z Disp) + ABS (Z Disp))/2]**3
+ STEP (Z Disp, jbh, 0.0, jbh+1, 1E6)
where: rate1 = bumper linear rate (N/mm)

rate2 = bumper quadratic rate (N/mm/mm)
rate3 = bumper cubic rate (N/mm/mm/mm)
(OPTIONAL, defaults to zero if not defined in data file)
jbh = height of jounce bumper (mm)
positive force = repulsion

negative force = attraction
STEP functions model metal-to-metal contact
The ABS() term assures no force prior to contact
If rate1 is negative, then a SPLINE with ID=rate1 is used
VARIABLE/1817
,FUNC=(DZ(110271,105175,105175)+ABS(DZ(110271,105175,105175)))/2.0
VARIABLE/1818
,FUNC=(DZ(110269,105168,105168)+ABS(DZ(110269,105168,105168)))/2.0
VFORCE/1817,I=105175,JFLOAT=1102711,RM=105175 LEFT JOUNCE BUMPER

, FX=0\FY=0\FZ=POLY(VARVAL(1817),0,0,388.40, -1.69, 0.76)
VFORCE/1818,I=105168,JFLOAT=1102691,RM=105168 LEFT JOUNCE METAL/METAL

, FX=0\FY=0\FZ=STEP(VARVAL(1818),0,0,1,1.000e+006*(VARVAL(1818)))
VARIABLE/1827
,FUNC=(DZ(110372,105176,105176)+ABS(DZ(110372,105176,105176)))/2.0
VARIABLE/1828
,FUNC=(DZ(1103069,1051068,1051068)+ABS(DZ(1103069,1051068,1051068)))/2.0
VFORCE/1827,I=105176,JFLOAT=1103721,RM=105176 RIGHT JOUNCE BUMPER

, FX=0\FY=0\FZ=POLY(VARVAL(1827),0,0,388.40, -1.69, 0.76)
VFORCE/1828,I=1051068,JFLOAT=11030691,RM=1051068 RIGHT JOUNCE METAL/METAL

, FX=0\FY=0\FZ=STEP(VARVAL(1828),0,0,1,1.000e+006*(VARVAL(1828)))
----- FRONT JOUNCE GRAPHICS
GRA/15175,CYL,CM=105175,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=18.880000 LEFT JOUNCE BUMPER AT FRAME

GRA/15176,CYL,CM=105176,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=18.880000 RIGHT JOUNCE BUMPER AT FRAME
GRA/15171,CYL,CM=110271,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=-30 LEFT JOUNCE BUMPER AT LCA
GRA/15172,CYL,CM=110372,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=-30 RIGHT JOUNCE BUMPER AT LCA
GRA/15177,CYL,CM=105168,SEG=6,RAD=30,LEN=10 LEFT JOUNCE METAL/METAL AT FRAME

GRA/15178,CYL,CM=1051068,SEG=6,RAD=30,LEN=10 RIGHT JOUNCE METAL/METAL AT FRAME
GRA/15179,CYL,CM=110269,SEG=6,RAD=30,LEN=-10 LEFT JOUNCE METAL/METAL AT LCA
GRA/15180,CYL,CM=1103069,SEG=6,RAD=30,LEN=-10 RIGHT JOUNCE METAL/METAL AT LCA
*******************************
* *
* FRONT REBOUND BUMPERS *
* *
*******************************
M/105177,PA=051,QP= 1661.50, -423.20, 840.20 LEFT REBOUND BUMPER

M/105178,PA=051,QP= 1661.50, 423.20, 840.20 RIGHT REBOUND BUMPER
M/110273,PA=102,QP= 1661.50, -423.20, 440.20 LEFT REBOUND BUMPER CONTACT
Sample Datasets 191

M/110374,PA=103,QP= 1661.50, 423.20, 440.20 RIGHT REBOUND BUMPER CONTACT
----- REBOUND BUMPERS
The Rebound Bumper SFORCE Function Should Be Set Up As Follows:

FZ = - rate1 * [(Z Disp) + ABS (Z Disp)]/2
- rate2 * [((Z Disp) + ABS (Z Disp))/2]**2
- rate3 * [((Z Disp) + ABS (Z Disp))/2]**3
+ STEP (Disp, rbh, 0.0, rbh+1, -1E6)
where: rate1 = bumper linear rate (N/mm)

rate2 = bumper quadratic rate (N/mm/mm)
rate3 = bumper cubic rate (N/mm/mm/mm)
(OPTIONAL, defaults to zero if not defined in data file)
rbh = height of rebound bumper (mm)
positive force = repulsion

negative force = attraction
STEP functions model metal-to-metal contact
The ABS() term assures no force prior to contact
If rate1 is negative, then a SPLINE with ID=rate1 is used
VARIABLE/1837,FUNC=(DM(105177,110273)- 434.50+ABS(DM(105177,110273)- 434.50))/2.0
SFORCE/1837,I=105177,J=110273,TRA LEFT REBOUND BUMPER

, FUNC=POLY(VARVAL(1837),0,0,-150.00,-30.00, 0.00)
, +STEP(VARVAL(1837), 4.00,0, 5.00,-1.000e+006*(VARVAL(1837)- 4.00))
VARIABLE/1838,FUNC=(DM(105178,110374)- 434.50+ABS(DM(105178,110374)- 434.50))/2.0
SFORCE/1838,I=105178,J=110374,TRA RIGHT REBOUND BUMPER

, FUNC=POLY(VARVAL(1838),0,0,-150.00,-30.00, 0.00)
, +STEP(VARVAL(1838), 4.00,0, 5.00,-1.000e+006*(VARVAL(1838)- 4.00))
!====================================================================================
FRONT BEAM ELEMENT STABILIZER BAR
!====================================================================================
*******************************
* *
* LINKS AND BUSHINGS *
* *
*******************************
adams_view_name=’gel_Stabilizer_Bar_Link_FRONT’
PART/134,CM=13400,MASS= 1.000000 LEFT STABILIZER BAR LINK

, IP= 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/13400, CM
, QP= 1419.24, -540.00, 632.46
, ZP= 1426.35, -553.14, 449.07
, XP= 1519.24, -540.00, 632.46
M/13401, GRAPHICS
, QP= 1419.24, -540.00, 632.46
, ZP= 1426.35, -553.14, 449.07
GRA/13401,CYLINDER,CM=13401,SEG=6,LENGTH=183.997565,RAD=8.0
adams_view_name=’ger_Stabilizer_Bar_Link_FRONT’
192 Sample Datasets

PART/135,CM=13500,MASS= 1.000000 RIGHT STABILIZER BAR LINK
, IP= 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/13500, CM
, QP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46
, ZP= 1426.35, 553.14, 449.07
, XP= 1519.24, 540.00, 632.46
M/13501, GRAPHICS
, QP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46
, ZP= 1426.35, 553.14, 449.07
GRA/13501,CYLINDER,CM=13501,SEG=6,LENGTH=183.997565,RAD=8.0
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P61 StaBar at FRAME Bushing
!
MARKER/1710161,PA=71001
, QP= 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49 P61
, ZP= 1258.75, -258.50, 620.49 ZP=P61 + (0,100,0)
, XP= 1258.75, -358.50, 720.49 XP=PT61 + (0,0,100)
MARKER/1051161,PA=051
, QP= 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49 P61
, ZP= 1258.75, -258.50, 620.49 ZP=P61 + (0,100,0)
, XP= 1258.75, -358.50, 720.49 XP=PT61 + (0,0,100)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P61 StaBar at FRAME Bushing’
BUSH/1051161,I=1710161,J=1051161 P61 StaBar at FRAME Bushing

, K =1000.0,1000.0, 100.0
, C = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
, KT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003
, CT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P62 StaBar at FRAME Bushing
!
MARKER/1720262,PA=72001
, QP= 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49 P62
, ZP= 1258.75, 458.50, 620.49 ZP=P62 + (0,100,0)
, XP= 1258.75, 358.50, 720.49 XP=PT62 + (0,0,100)
MARKER/1051262,PA=051
, QP= 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49 P62
, ZP= 1258.75, 458.50, 620.49 ZP=P62 + (0,100,0)
, XP= 1258.75, 358.50, 720.49 XP=PT62 + (0,0,100)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P62 StaBar at FRAME Bushing’
BUSH/1051262,I=1720262,J=1051262 P62 StaBar at FRAME Bushing

, K =1000.0,1000.0, 100.0
, C = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
, KT =1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003,1.00000e+003
, CT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P63 Stabar Link at StaBar Bushing
!
MARKER/1134163,PA=134
Sample Datasets 193

, QP= 1419.24, -540.00, 632.46 P63
, ZP= 1426.35, -553.14, 449.07 ZP=P65
, XP= 1519.24, -540.00, 632.46 XP=PT63 + (100,0,0)
MARKER/1710163,PA=71003
, QP= 1419.24, -540.00, 632.46 P63
, ZP= 1426.35, -553.14, 449.07 ZP=P65
, XP= 1519.24, -540.00, 632.46 XP=PT63 + (100,0,0)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P63 Stabar Link at StaBar Bushing’
BUSH/1710163,I=1134163,J=1710163 P63 Stabar Link at StaBar Bushing

, K =10000.0,10000.0,1675.0
, C = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
, KT =2.00000e+004,2.00000e+004,1.00000e+002
, CT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P63 Stabar Link at StaBar Bushing

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P64 Stabar Link at StaBar Bushing
!
MARKER/1135264,PA=135
, QP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46 P64
, ZP= 1426.35, 553.14, 449.07 ZP=P66
, XP= 1519.24, 540.00, 632.46 XP=PT64 + (100,0,0)
MARKER/1720264,PA=72003
, QP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46 P64
, ZP= 1426.35, 553.14, 449.07 ZP=P66
, XP= 1519.24, 540.00, 632.46 XP=PT64 + (100,0,0)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P64 Stabar Link at StaBar Bushing’
BUSH/1720264,I=1135264,J=1720264 P64 Stabar Link at StaBar Bushing

, K =10000.0,10000.0,1675.0
, C = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
, KT =2.00000e+004,2.00000e+004,1.00000e+002
, CT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P64 Stabar Link at StaBar Bushing

194 Sample Datasets

ARRAY/1105, NUMBERS= 1710163, 1134163,

, 1720264, 1135264
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P65 Stabar Link at LCA Bushing
!
MARKER/1134165,PA=134
, QP= 1426.35, -553.14, 449.07 P65
, ZP= 1419.24, -540.00, 632.46 ZP=P63
, XP= 1526.35, -553.14, 449.07 XP=PT65 + (100,0,0)
MARKER/1102165,PA=102
, QP= 1426.35, -553.14, 449.07 P65
, ZP= 1419.24, -540.00, 632.46 ZP=P63
, XP= 1526.35, -553.14, 449.07 XP=PT65 + (100,0,0)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P65 Stabar Link at LCA Bushing’
BUSH/1102165,I=1134165,J=1102165 P65 Stabar Link at LCA Bushing

, K =10000.0,10000.0,1675.0
, C = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
, KT =2.00000e+004,2.00000e+004,1.00000e+002
, CT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P65 Stabar Link at LCA Bushing

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! FRONT P66 Stabar Link at LCA Bushing
!
Sample Datasets 195

MARKER/1135266,PA=135
, QP= 1426.35, 553.14, 449.07 P66
, ZP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46 ZP=P64
, XP= 1526.35, 553.14, 449.07 XP=PT66 + (100,0,0)
MARKER/1103266,PA=103
, QP= 1426.35, 553.14, 449.07 P66
, ZP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46 ZP=P64
, XP= 1526.35, 553.14, 449.07 XP=PT66 + (100,0,0)
adams_view_name=’FRONT P66 Stabar Link at LCA Bushing’
BUSH/1103266,I=1135266,J=1103266 P66 Stabar Link at LCA Bushing

, K =10000.0,10000.0,1675.0
, C = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
, KT =2.00000e+004,2.00000e+004,1.00000e+002
, CT =0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000,0.00000e+000
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P66 Stabar Link at LCA Bushing

*******************************
* *
* STABILIZER BAR PARTS *
* *
*******************************
----- CENTER PART
adams_view_name=’ges_Stabilizer_Bar_Center_FRONT’
PART/71000, CM=7100000, MASS=5.736362

, IP = 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/7100000,QP= 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49 CM POINT

, XP = 1358.75, 0.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 0.00, 720.49
M/71100,QP= 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49 Z TOWARD FIRST LEFT POINT
, XP = 1358.75, 0.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49
M/72200,QP= 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49 Z TOWARD FIRST RIGHT POINT
, XP = 1358.75, 0.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49
196 Sample Datasets

M/71300,QP= 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49, USEXP, X AWAY FROM FIRST LEFT POINT
, XP = 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 0.00, 720.49
M/72300,QP= 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49, USEXP, X AWAY FROM FIRST POINT
, XP = 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 0.00, 720.49
GRAPHICS/71100, CYLINDER, CM=71100, SEG=6, LENGTH=179.250000, RAD=18.000000

----- LEFT PART 1 OF 3
adams_view_name=’gel_Stabilizer_Bar_1 of 3_FRONT’
PART/71001, CM=7100100, MASS=2.160136

, IP = 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/7100100,QP= 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49 CM POINT

, XP = 1358.75, -358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, -358.50, 720.49
M/71101,QP= 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49 Z TO NEXT LEFT POINT
, XP = 1358.75, -358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, -540.00, 620.49
M/71201,QP= 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49 Z TO PREV LEFT POINT
, XP = 1358.75, -358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49
M/71301,QP= 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49, USEXP, X AWAY FROM NEXT LEFT POINT
, XP = 1258.75, -177.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, -358.50, 720.49
M/71401,QP= 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49, USEXP, X TO PREV LEFT POINT
, XP = 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, -358.50, 720.49

BEAM/71001 , I =71300 , J =71401 , LENGTH=358.500000

, IXX =164895.915202 , IYY =82447.957601, IZZ =82447.957601
, AREA=1017.876020 , CRAT=0.001000
, EMOD=207000.000000 , GMOD=79000.000000
, ASY=1.110000 , ASZ=1.110000
PART/71002, CM=7100200, MASS=1.369830

, IP = 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/7100200,QP= 1258.75, -540.00, 620.49 CM POINT

, XP = 1358.75, -540.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, -540.00, 720.49
, XP = 1358.75, -540.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1419.24, -540.00, 632.46
, XP = 1358.75, -540.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49
M/71302,QP= 1258.75, -540.00, 620.49, USEXP, X AWAY FROM NEXT LEFT POINT
, XP = 1098.26, -540.00, 608.52
Sample Datasets 197

, ZP = 1258.75, -540.00, 720.49
, XP = 1258.75, -358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, -540.00, 720.49

BEAM/71002 , I =71301 , J =71402 , LENGTH=181.500000

, IXX =164895.915202 , IYY =82447.957601, IZZ =82447.957601
, AREA=1017.876020 , CRAT=0.001000
, EMOD=207000.000000 , GMOD=79000.000000
, ASY=1.110000 , ASZ=1.110000
PART/71003, CM=7100300, MASS=0.643784

, IP = 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/7100300,QP= 1419.24, -540.00, 632.46 CM POINT

, XP = 1519.24, -540.00, 632.46
, ZP = 1419.24, -540.00, 732.46
, XP = 1519.24, -540.00, 632.46
, ZP = -2.00, -2.10, -2.20
, XP = 1519.24, -540.00, 632.46
, ZP = 1258.75, -540.00, 620.49
, XP = 1258.75, -540.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1419.24, -540.00, 732.46
BEAM/71003 , I =71302 , J =71403 , LENGTH=160.935767

, IXX =164895.915202 , IYY =82447.957601, IZZ =82447.957601
, AREA=1017.876020 , CRAT=0.001000
, EMOD=207000.000000 , GMOD=79000.000000
, ASY=1.110000 , ASZ=1.110000
----- RIGHT PART 1 OF 3
adams_view_name=’ger_Stabilizer_Bar_1 of 3_FRONT’
PART/72001, CM=7200100, MASS=2.160136

, IP = 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/7200100,QP= 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49

, XP = 1358.75, 358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 358.50, 720.49
M/72201,QP= 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49
, XP = 1358.75, 358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 540.00, 620.49
M/72101,QP= 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49
, XP = 1358.75, 358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49
M/72301,QP= 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49, USEXP
, XP = 1258.75, 177.00, 620.49
198 Sample Datasets

, ZP = 1258.75, 358.50, 720.49
M/72401,QP= 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49, USEXP
, XP = 1258.75, 0.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 358.50, 720.49

BEAM/72001 , I =72300 , J =72401 , LENGTH=358.500000

, IXX =164895.915202 , IYY =82447.957601, IZZ =82447.957601
, AREA=1017.876020 , CRAT=0.001000
, EMOD=207000.000000 , GMOD=79000.000000
, ASY=1.110000 , ASZ=1.110000
PART/72002, CM=7200200, MASS=1.369830

, IP = 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/7200200,QP= 1258.75, 540.00, 620.49

, XP = 1358.75, 540.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 540.00, 720.49
M/72202,QP= 1258.75, 540.00, 620.49
, XP = 1358.75, 540.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46
M/72102,QP= 1258.75, 540.00, 620.49
, XP = 1358.75, 540.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49
M/72302,QP= 1258.75, 540.00, 620.49, USEXP
, XP = 1098.26, 540.00, 608.52
, ZP = 1258.75, 540.00, 720.49
M/72402,QP= 1258.75, 540.00, 620.49, USEXP
, XP = 1258.75, 358.50, 620.49
, ZP = 1258.75, 540.00, 720.49

BEAM/72002 , I =72301 , J =72402 , LENGTH=181.500000

, IXX =164895.915202 , IYY =82447.957601, IZZ =82447.957601
, AREA=1017.876020 , CRAT=0.001000
, EMOD=207000.000000 , GMOD=79000.000000
, ASY=1.110000 , ASZ=1.110000
PART/72003, CM=7200300, MASS=0.643784

, IP = 1000.00, 1000.00, 1000.00
M/7200300,QP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46

, XP = 1519.24, 540.00, 632.46
, ZP = 1419.24, 540.00, 732.46
M/72203,QP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46
, XP = 1519.24, 540.00, 632.46
, ZP = -2.00, -2.10, -2.20
M/72103,QP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46
Sample Datasets 199

, XP = 1519.24, 540.00, 632.46
, ZP = 1258.75, 540.00, 620.49
M/72403,QP= 1419.24, 540.00, 632.46, USEXP
, XP = 1258.75, 540.00, 620.49
, ZP = 1419.24, 540.00, 732.46
BEAM/72003 , I =72302 , J =72403 , LENGTH=160.935767

, IXX =164895.915202 , IYY =82447.957601, IZZ =82447.957601
, AREA=1017.876020 , CRAT=0.001000
, EMOD=207000.000000 , GMOD=79000.000000
, ASY=1.110000 , ASZ=1.110000
!====================================================================================
S T E E R I N G S Y S T E M P A R T S
!====================================================================================
Rack and Pinion Steering With Advanced II Column Compliance Model
!====================================================================================
POINT LOCATIONS
LEFT (mm) RIGHT (mm)

! GEOMETRY Pt X Y Z X Y Z
! ---------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------
! Bottom of Pinion 15 1360.00 -132.00 547.52 (specify as left side)
! Center of Rack 16 1375.94 0.00 539.10 (specify as left side)
! Top of Pinion 22 1561.35 -231.20 902.85 (specify as left side)
! Tie Rod Inner Ball Joint 14 1385.46 -335.00 540.00 1385.46 335.00 540.00
! Steering Wheel 30 2140.13 -345.00 1195.14
! Tilt U-Joint 31 1937.66 -339.99 1109.20
! Tilt U-Joint 31z 1898.59 -339.99 1201.25
! Tilt U-Joint 31x 1935.98 -439.97 1108.49
! Upper U-Joint 32 1735.19 -335.98 1023.26
! Upper U-Joint 32z 1770.49 -375.08 938.26
! Upper U-Joint 32x 1792.88 -255.36 1010.13
! I_Shaft Midpoint 33 1648.27 -283.59 963.06
! Lower U-Joint 22 1561.35 -231.20 902.85
! Lower U-Joint 22z 1599.74 -265.86 817.26
! Lower U-Joint 22x 1505.67 -313.83 911.33
! Pinion Midpoint 34 1460.68 -181.60 725.18
! Steering Gear Mount 41-42 1419.94 -198.50 539.10 1419.94 198.50 539.10
! Steering Gear Mount 43 1419.94 -198.50 539.10
!
! Steering Column Phase Angle 156.98 (deg)
! Int. Shaft Phase Angle 86.88 (deg)
!
! Str Col. to Aux Shaft Angle 0.26 (deg)
! Str Col. to Int Shaft Angle 27.71 (deg)
! Int. Shaft to Pinion Angle 27.25 (deg)
----- BODY SIDE FRONT STEERING POINTS
M/5118, PA=051,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 input shaft reference marker

, ZP= 1158.65, -32.80, 192.19 P15+(P15-P22) along pinnion
, XP= 1360.00, -132.00, 647.52 P15+(0,0,100)
200 Sample Datasets

M/5117,PA=051,QP= 1460.68, -181.60, 725.18 P34- BODY TO INPUT SHAFT REV JOINT
, ZP= 1259.33, -82.40, 369.85 ZP=steer.pt34 + (steer.pt15 - steer.pt22)
M/5120,PA=051,QP= 1648.27, -283.59, 963.06 P15 - FRICTION - I SHAFT/BODY
, ZP = 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 ZP=P22
M/51220,PA=051, QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 rag joint reference marker
, ZP= 1387.51, -126.42, 782.44 P22+(P22-P32) along lower I-shaft
, XP= 1561.35, -231.20, 1002.85 P22+(0,0,100)
M/5116,PA=051,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - RACK HOUSING TO BODY

, ZP = 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
M/51210,PA=051, QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 P22 GEAR INPUT DAMPING
M/512401,PA=051, QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 STEERING COLUMN DAMPING
, ZP = 2140.13, -344.00, 1195.14 Along
M/51999,PA=051, QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 FOR POWER BOOST FORCE

M/0112,PA=051,QP= 1385.46, -535.00, 540.00 P14 - LEFT TIE ROD TO RACK
, ZP = 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
, XP = 1385.46, -335.00, 541.00 XP=ABOVE P14
M/0014,PA=051,QP= 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 P14 - TIE ROD TO GROUND
, ZP = 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 ZP=P12
, XP = 1385.46, -335.00, 541.00 XP= global Z
M/0017,PA=051,QP= 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 P14 - TIE ROD TO GROUND
, ZP = 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 ZP=P12
, XP = 1385.46, 335.00, 541.00 XP= global Z
!====================================================================================
! STEERING COLUMN PARTS AND MARKERS
!====================================================================================
----- BODY SIDE FRONT STEERING COLUMN POINTS
M/51240,PA=051, QP= 1735.19, -335.98, 1023.26 ! P32-STEERING COLUMN/BODY INLINE CONSTRAINT

, ZP = 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 ! ZP= P31
, XP = 1735.19, -235.98, 1023.26 ! XP= P32+ydir
M/5115,PA=051,QP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 P30 - STEERING WHEEL/BODY REV. JOINT
, ZP = 2342.60, -350.01, 1281.08 ZP=P30 + (P30 - P31)
adams_view_name=’ges_Steering_Wheel’
, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000, WX=0, WY=0, WZ=0
M/1000,QP= 2676.19, -345.00, 1095.14 CG

, ZP = 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 ZP = P31
M/1090,QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 P31- STEERING WHEEL GRAPHICS
, ZP = 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 ZP = P30
M/1091,QP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 P30- Wheel graphics
, ZP = 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 ZP = P31
M/1094, QP= 2175.29, -189.12, 1112.29 FOR GRAPHICS JOINT
, ZP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 ZP = P30
M/1093, QP= 2069.80, -345.00, 1360.83 WHEEL GRAPHICS
, ZP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 ZP = P30
M/1095, QP= 2175.29, -500.88, 1112.29 WHEEL GRAPHICS
, ZP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 ZP = P30
M/1080,QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 P31- WHEEL/AUX REV JOINT
, ZP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 Along aux,down
Sample Datasets 201

, XP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1295.14
M/1015,QP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 P30- STEERING WHEEL TO BODY REV JOINT
, ZP= 2342.60, -350.01, 1281.08 Along aux, up
M/1051,QP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 P30- STEERING COLUMN DAMPING
, ZP = 2342.60, -350.01, 1281.08 Along aux, up
adams_view_name=’ges_Steering_Column’
PART/240,CM=24000,MASS=0.250000,IP= 10.00, 10.00, 10.00

, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000, WX=0, WY=0, WZ=0
M/24000,QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 CG

, ZP = 1735.19, -335.98, 1023.26 Along steering column,down
M/24010,QP= 1735.19, -335.98, 1023.26 GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20
M/240230,QP= 1735.19, -335.98, 1023.26 STEERING COL/UPPER MID INTER SHAFT U JOINT
, ZP = 1770.49, -375.08, 938.26 P32z
, XP = 1792.88, -255.36, 1010.13 P32x
M/24080,QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 STEERING COL/AUX TILT U JOINT
, ZP = 1935.98, -439.97, 1108.49 P31x
, XP = 1898.59, -339.99, 1201.25 P31z
M/24051,QP= 1735.19, -335.98, 1023.26 INLINE CONSTRAINT
, ZP = 1532.72, -331.97, 937.32 P32+(P32-P31)
M/240511, QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 STEERING COLUMN DAMPING
, ZP = 2140.13, -344.00, 1195.14 Along
adams_view_name=’ges_Aux_Steering_Column’
PART/80,CM=8000,MASS=0.01,IP=1.0,1.0,1.0
, 0.0,0.0, 0.0, WX=0, WY=0, WZ=0
M/8000,QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 PT31-CG

, ZP = 1735.19, -334.98, 1023.26 Along aux column
M/8010,QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 P31- AUX TO WHEEL
, ZP = 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 Along aux, down
, XP = 2140.13, -345.00, 1295.14 new
M/8020,QP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 P30- FOR REQUEST 1090
, ZP = 2342.60, -350.01, 1281.08 Along aux, up
M/80240,QP= 1937.66, -339.99, 1109.20 P31- AUX TO UPPER SHAFT
, ZP = 1898.59, -339.99, 1201.25 P31x
, XP = 1935.98, -439.97, 1108.49 P31z
adams_view_name=’ges_Upper_Mid_Inter_Shaft’
PART/230,CM=23000,MASS=0.100000,IP= 10.00, 10.00, 10.00

, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000, WX=0, WY=0, WZ=0
M/23000,QP= 1648.27, -283.59, 963.06 CG
, ZP= 1474.43, -178.81, 842.65 P33+(P22-P32)
, XP= 1648.27, -283.59, 1063.06 P33+(0,0,100)
M/23011,QP= 1648.27, -283.59, 963.06 UPPER/LOWER MID INTER SHAFT CYL JOINT
, ZP= 1474.43, -178.81, 842.65 P33+(P22-P32)
, XP= 1648.27, -283.59, 1063.06 P33+(0,0,100)
M/230240,QP= 1735.19, -335.98, 1023.26 UPPER MID INTER/STEERING COLUMN U JOINT
, ZP = 1792.88, -255.36, 1010.13 P32z
, XP = 1770.49, -375.08, 938.26 P32x
adams_view_name=’ges_Lower_Mid_Inter_Shaft’
PART/11,CM=1100,MASS=0.100000,IP= 10.00, 10.00, 10.00
202 Sample Datasets

, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000, WX=0, WY=0, WZ=0
M/1100,QP= 1648.27, -283.59, 963.06 CG
, ZP= 1474.43, -178.81, 842.65 P33+(P22-P32)
, XP= 1648.27, -283.59, 1063.06 P33+(0,0,100)
M/11220,QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 P22 LOWER INTER SHAFT/RAG JOINT
, XP= 1561.35, -231.20, 1002.85 P22+(0,0,100)
M/11230,QP= 1648.27, -283.59, 963.06 P33 LOWER/UPPER INTER SHAFT
, ZP= 1474.43, -178.81, 842.65 P33+(P22-P32)
, XP= 1648.27, -283.59, 1063.06 P33+(0,0,100)
M/0915,QP= 1648.27, -283.59, 963.06 P33 - STANDARD REQUESTS
, ZP= 1474.43, -178.81, 842.65 P33+(P22-P32)
, XP= 1648.27, -283.59, 1063.06 P33+(0,0,100)
Used to implement rag joint compliance

adams_view_name=’ges_Lower_Inter_Shaft_Dummy’
PART/220, CM= 22000, MASS= 0.01, IP=1.0, 1.0, 1.0

, WX=0, WY=0, WZ=0
M/22000, QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 CG Marker

, XP= 1561.35, -231.20, 1002.85 P22+(0,0,100)
M/1180,QP= 2140.13, -345.00, 1195.14 P30 - secondary steering wheel reference marker id
, ZP = 2342.60, -350.01, 1281.08
M/220210, QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 Lower Universal Joint
, ZP= 1599.74, -265.86, 817.26 P22z
, XP= 1505.67, -313.83, 911.33 P22x
M/22011, QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 rag Joint Revolute Joint
, XP= 1561.35, -231.20, 1002.85 P22+(0,0,100)
M/22012, QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 rag Joint Revolute Joint
M/1109,QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 LOWER INTER. SHAFT, for REQ 1095
, ZP= 1387.51, -126.42, 782.44 Steering align point
!====================================================================================
! STEERING COLUMN JOINTS
!====================================================================================
JOINT/10,REV,I=5115,J=1015 STEERING WHEEL TO BODY

MOTION/10, ROT, JOINT=10, FUNC=0
JOINT/740,REV,I=1080,J=8010 AUXILLARY TO STEER WHEEL

JOINT/24080,UNIV, I=24080,J=80240 STEERING COLUMN TO AUX
JPRIM/24051,INLINE,I=24051,J=51240 STEERING COLUMN TO BODY
JOINT/230240,UNIV,I=230240,J=240230 UPPER MID INTER TO STEERING COLUMN
JOINT/11230,CYL,I=11230,J=23011 LOWER MID INTER TO UPPER MID INTER
JOINT/22011,REV,I=22011,J=11220 LOWER INTER TO LOWER MID INTER
MOTION/11230, JOINT=11230,ROTATION NO LASH IN LOWER/UPPER MID INTER SHAFT

, FUNCTION= 0.0
SPRING/10,ROT,I=11220,J=22011,KT=5.15700e+005,CT=2.71400e+003 ! INTERMEDIATE SHAFT COMPLIANCE/rag joint
----- STEERING COLUMN GRAPHICS
Sample Datasets 203

GRA/3400,CYL,CM=1100,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN= 118.0 lower shaft
GRA/3410,CYL,CM=23000,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN=-118.0 upper shaft
GRA/3420,CYL,CM=24010,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN= 220.0 steering column
GRA/3430,CYL,CM=1090,SEG=6,RAD=20,LEN= 220.0 col/wheel
GRA/3440,FRUSTUM,CM=1091,LEN=20,SIDES=60,TOP=200,BOTTOM=180 steering wheel
GRA/3470,CYL,CM=1093,SEG=6,RAD=10,LEN=130 steering wheel radial
!====================================================================================
! STEERING GEAR PARTS
!====================================================================================
adams_view_name=’ges_Steering_Rack_Housing’
, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/0800,QP= 1912.00, 0.00, 439.10 CG

M/0809,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 - RACK HOUSING TO PINION
, ZP = 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 ZP=P22
M/815,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - RACK HOUSING TO RACK JOINT
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
M/0816,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - RACK HOUSING TO BODY JOINT
, ZP = 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
M/0891,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - BOOST FORCE FOR BOOST TYPE 1
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
M/0894,QP= 1375.94, 100.00, 539.10 P16 - BOOST FORCE FOR BOOST TYPE 2 & 3
M/0892,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - RACK/HOUSING FRICTION FORCE
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
M/0893,QP= 1375.94, 100.00, 539.10 P16 - RACK/HOUSING DAMPING FORCE
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
M/0801,QP= 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 P14 - RACK HOUSING GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 ZP=RIGHT P14
M/08211,QP= 1460.68, -181.60, 725.18 P34- INPUT SHAFT/RACK HOUSING REV JOINT
, ZP= 1259.33, -82.40, 369.85
M/0821, QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 P22 GEAR INPUT DAMPING
, ZP = 1762.70, -330.40, 1258.18
adams_view_name=’ges_Steering_Input_Shaft_Tbar’
PART/210, CM= 21000, MASS= 0.10, IP=1.0000e+001,1.0000e+001,1.0000e+001
M/21000,QP= 1460.68, -181.60, 725.18 CG

M/21009, QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 TORSION BAR REV. JOINT
, XP= 1360.00, -132.00, 647.52 P15+(0,0,100)
M/21019, QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 MARKER FOR VDO TYPE BOOSTING FORCE
, ZP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 along pinnion, down
M/210220,QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 LOWER UNIV. JOINT
, ZP= 1505.67, -313.83, 911.33 P22x
, XP= 1599.74, -265.86, 817.26 P22z
M/0911,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 - GEAR INPUT SHAFT MARKER FOR REQ 1095
, ZP= 1158.65, -32.80, 192.19 pt15 + (pt15 - pt22)
M/21008,QP= 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 GEAR INPUT DAMPING
, ZP = 1762.70, -330.40, 1258.18
204 Sample Datasets

M/21017,QP= 1460.68, -181.60, 725.18 P34- INPUT SHAFT/BODY REV JOINT
, ZP= 1259.33, -82.40, 369.85
adams_view_name=’ges_Pinion’
, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/0900,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 CG

, ZP = 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 ZP=P22
M/0908,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 - PINION TO RACK HOUSING
, ZP = 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 ZP=P22
M/0991,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 - STEERING CONSUB
, ZP = 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 ZP=P22
M/09919,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 - BOOST FORCE
, ZP= 1158.65, -32.80, 192.19 P15+(P15-P22) along pinion
, XP= 1360.00, -132.00, 647.52 P36+(0,0,100)
M/09210,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 - T-BAR SPRING
, XP= 1360.00, -132.00, 647.52 P36+(0,0,100)
M/09211,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 - T-BAR SPRING
M/0993,QP= 1360.00, -132.00, 547.52 P15 - T-BAR STOPS
, ZP = 1561.35, -231.20, 902.85 ZP=P22
, XP = 1360.00, -32.00, 547.52 XP=P15+(0,100,0)
adams_view_name=’ges_Rack’
, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/0700,QP= 1912.00, 0.00, 439.10 CG

M/0713,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 SVC MARKER
M/0714,QP= 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 P14 - LEFT TIE ROD TO RACK
, ZP = 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
, XP = 1385.46, -335.00, 541.00 XP=ABOVE P14
M/0717,QP= 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 P14 - RIGHT TIE ROD TO RACK
, ZP = 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
, XP = 1385.46, 335.00, 541.00 XP=ABOVE P14
M/715,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - RACK TO RACK HOUSING JOINT
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 ZP= P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
M/0716,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - STANDARD REQUEST MARKER
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 ZP= P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 ZP= P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
M/0792,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - RACK/HOUSING FRICTION FORCE
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 ZP= P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
M/0793,QP= 1375.94, 0.00, 539.10 P16 - RACK/HOUSING DAMPING FORCE
, ZP = 1375.94, -100.00, 539.10 ZP= P16X, P16Y-100, P16Z
M/0701,QP= 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 P14 - RACK GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 ZP=RIGHT P14
adams_view_name=’gel_Tie_Rod_FRONT’
, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/10600,QP= 1395.23, -501.50, 541.50 CG

, ZP = 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 ZP=P12
M/10605,QP= 1395.23, -501.50, 541.50 CG RM for load request
Sample Datasets 205

M/10612,QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 P12 - TIE ROD TO SPINDLE
, ZP = 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
M/10614,QP= 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 P14 - TIE ROD TO RACK
, ZP = 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 ZP=P12
, XP = 1385.46, -335.00, 541.00 XP= global Z
M/10601,QP= 1405.00, -668.00, 543.00 P12 - TIE ROD GRAPHICS

, ZP = 1385.46, -335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
adams_view_name=’ger_Tie_Rod_FRONT’
, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/14600,QP= 1395.23, 501.50, 541.50 CG

, ZP = 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 ZP=P012
M/14605,QP= 1395.23, 501.50, 541.50 CG RM for load request
M/14612,QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 P12 - TIE ROD TO SPINDLE
, ZP = 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 ZP=P14
M/14617,QP= 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00 P14 - TIE ROD TO RACK
, ZP = 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 ZP=P12
, XP = 1385.46, 335.00, 541.00 XP= global Z
M/14601,QP= 1405.00, 668.00, 543.00 P12 - TIE ROD GRAPHICS
, ZP = 1385.46, 335.00, 540.00
!====================================================================================
! STEERING GEAR JOINTS
!====================================================================================
JOINT/210220,UNIV,I=210220,J=220210 TORSION BAR/INPUT SHAFT TO LOWER INTER
JOINT/21017,REV,I=21017,J=08211 INPUT SHAFT TO RACK HOUSING REV. JOINT
JOINT/08,TRA,I=715,J=815 RACK TO RACK HOUSING
JOINT/09,REV,I=0908,J=0809 PINION TO RACK HOUSING
JOINT/14,HOO,I=10614,J=0714 LEFT TIE ROD TO RACK

JOINT/17,HOO,I=14617,J=0717 RIGHT TIE ROD TO RACK
COUPLER/01,JOINTS=8,9,TYPE=T:R,SCALES=-360D, 42.7272 RACK AND PINION JOINT
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! STEERING P41 RackHousing at Frame Bushing
!
MARKER/208141,PA=08
, QP= 1419.94, -198.50, 539.10 P41
, ZP= 1519.94, -198.50, 539.10 ZP=P41 + (100,0,0)
, XP= 1419.94, -198.50, 639.10 XP=PT41 + (0,0,100)
MARKER/2051141,PA=051
, QP= 1419.94, -198.50, 539.10 P41
, ZP= 1519.94, -198.50, 539.10 ZP=P41 + (100,0,0)
, XP= 1419.94, -198.50, 639.10 XP=PT41 + (0,0,100)
adams_view_name=’STEERING P41 RackHousing at Frame Bushing’
206 Sample Datasets

BUSH/2051141,I=208141,J=2051141 P41 RackHousing at Frame Bushing
, K =8000.0,8000.0,8000.0
, C = 80.00, 80.00, 80.00
, KT =5.73000e+006,5.73000e+006,5.73000e+006
, CT =5.72900e+003,5.72900e+003,5.72900e+003
----- ADVANCED BUSHING GRAPHIC FOR: P41 RackHousing at Frame Bushing

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!
MARKER/208242,PA=08
, QP= 1419.94, 198.50, 539.10 P42
, ZP= 1519.94, 198.50, 539.10 ZP=P42 + (100,0,0)
, XP= 1419.94, 198.50, 639.10 XP=PT42 + (0,0,100)
MARKER/2051242,PA=051
, QP= 1419.94, 198.50, 539.10 P42
, ZP= 1519.94, 198.50, 539.10 ZP=P42 + (100,0,0)
, XP= 1419.94, 198.50, 639.10 XP=PT42 + (0,0,100)

, K =8000.0,8000.0,8000.0
, C = 80.00, 80.00, 80.00
, KT =5.73000e+006,5.73000e+006,5.73000e+006
, CT =5.72900e+003,5.72900e+003,5.72900e+003

Sample Datasets 207

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!
MARKER/208143,PA=08
, QP= 1419.94, -198.50, 539.10 P43
, ZP= 1519.94, -198.50, 539.10 ZP=P43 + (100,0,0)
, XP= 1419.94, -198.50, 639.10 XP=PT43 + (0,0,100)
MARKER/2051143,PA=051
, QP= 1419.94, -198.50, 539.10 P43
, ZP= 1519.94, -198.50, 539.10 ZP=P43 + (100,0,0)
, XP= 1419.94, -198.50, 639.10 XP=PT43 + (0,0,100)

, K =8000.0,8000.0,8000.0
, C = 80.00, 80.00, 80.00
, KT =5.73000e+006,5.73000e+006,5.73000e+006
, CT =5.72900e+003,5.72900e+003,5.72900e+003

*******************************
* *
* STEERING SYSTEM COMPLIANCE *
* *
*******************************
STEERING KT CT KT
SYSTEM (N-mm/rad) (N-mm-s/rad) (Nm/deg)
COMPONENT (- for SPLINE) (- for SPLINE) Metric
208 Sample Datasets

--------- -------------- -------------- -----------
Rag Joint 515700 2714 9.0
*******************************
* *
* STEERING WHEEL MOTION *
* *
*******************************
**** NOTE: STEP INPUTS SHOULD BE SET FOR FOR 515 Degrees/sec
STEER RATE
MOTION/740,JOINT=740,ROT MOTION FOR AUXILLARY JOINT

, FUNC=0.0
! Used for oncenter

ARRAY/20735, NUMBERS=1,1,1
!VARIABLE/735
!, FUNC=0.00
***************************
* *
* POWER BOOST *
* *
***************************
The power boost function is:

FORCE = (direct +/-) (conversion factor [0.100000]) (piston area) (boost pressure)
Boost pressure comes from SPLINE/250, which is tbar windup vs. boost pressure
!VARIABLE/1708, FUNC=USER(1002,21009,09210)
!SFORCE/10020, I= 0791, J= 0891 , TRANSLATION, ACTIONONLY

!, FUNCTION = -0.100000*0.000000
!, *AKISPL(VARVAL(1708)*57.295800,0,250)
!SFORCE/10021, I=0891, J=0891, TRANSLATION, ACTIONONLY

!, FUNCTION =+0.100000*0.000000
!, *AKISPL(VARVAL(1708)*57.295800,0,250)
!GRA/99993,FOR,ETYPE=SFORCE,EID=10020,EMARKER=0791
!REQ/99993,FOR,I=0791,RM=0891,C=BOOST FORCE
***************************
* *
* T-BAR COMPLIANCE *
* *
***************************
STEERING TORSION BAR COMPLIANCE

Non-linear Formulation
Sample Datasets 209

SFORCE/ 2109, ROTATION,I=21009,J=09210
, FUNCTION=111201.328373 * 0.139626*
, CUBSPL(7.161972 * AZ( 21009, 09210), 0, 270)
STEERING TORSION BAR DAMPING

SPRING/ 2109, ROTATION,I=21009,J=09210, CT=100.000000
!REQ/2109,FOR,I=21009,J=09210,RM=09210
!, C=TORSION BAR WINDUP FORCE (N & Nmm)
!REQ/2108,DIS,I=21009,J=09210,RM=09210
!, C=TORSION BAR WINDUP ANGLE (mm & deg)
TORSION BAR COMPLIANCE SPLINE

TORQUE vs WIND-UP
X : Torsion Bar Wind-Up (deg)
Y : Torque (dimensionless)
(The spline output is scaled-up in the SFORCE statement)
(This is linear from -8.0 to +8.0 deg)
SPLINE/270
, X=-3, -2, -1.125, -1.025, -1.0125, -1.0,
, -0.875, -0.75, -0.625, -0.5, -0.375, -0.25, -0.125,
, 0.0,
, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 0.75, 0.875,
, 1.0, 1.0125, 1.025, 1.125, 2, 3
, Y=17, 11, 2.25, 1.025, 1.0125, 1.0,
, 0.875, 0.75, 0.625, 0.5, 0.375, 0.25, 0.125,
, 0.0,
, -0.125, -0.25,-0.375, -0.5, -0.625, -0.75, -0.875,
, -1.0, -1.0125, -1.025, -2.25, -11,-17
STEERING FORCE REQUESTS

!REQ/91,FORCE,I=1015,J=5115,RM=5115, C= WHEEL/BODY FORCE
!REQ/92,FORCE,I=1080,J=8010,RM=8010, C= WHEEL/AUX FORCE
!REQ/93,FORCE,I=11230,J=23011,RM=23011, C= FORCE AT LASH POINT
!REQ/94,FORCE,I=22011,J=11220,RM=11220, C= FORCE AT RAG JOINT
!REQ/95,FORCE,I=09210,J=21009,RM=09210, C=TORSION BAR FORCE
STEERING DISPLACEMENT REQUEST

!REQ/11,DIS,I=22011,J=11220,RM=11220, C= RAG JOINT DISPLACEMENT
REQ/12 CALCULATE SWA,LOWER INTER SHAFT ANGLE, GEAR INPUT SHAFT

ANGLE, WORM SHAFT ANGLE AND TORSION BAR WIND UP,
VARIABLE/210, FUN=AZ(5115,1015)*57.2958 !SWA
VARIABLE/220, FUN=AZ(22011,51220)*57.2958 !LOWER INTER ANGLE
VARIABLE/260, FUN=AZ(21009,09210)*57.2958 !STABAR WIND UP
VARIABLE/230, FUN=AZ(21009,5118)*57.2958 !INPUT SHAFT ANGLE
VARIABLE/270, FUN=VARVAL(210)-VARVAL(230) !ANGULAR COMPLIANCE BW WHEEL & INPUT SHAFT
!REQ/12,F2=VARVAL(210)\F3=VARVAL(220)\F4=VARVAL(230)\
!, F6=VARVAL(260)\F7=VARVAL(270)\
!, C=ANGLAR DISPLACEMENT
!REQ/1095,F2=VARVAL(210)\F3=-(TZ(1015,5115,5115)/113.792)\
!, F4=TZ(22011,11220,11220)\
!, F6=VARVAL(220)\F7=VARVAL(230)\F8=VARVAL(270)\
!, C=STEERING COLUMN STATISTICS
*******************************
210 Sample Datasets

* *
* SPLINES AND ARRAYS *
* *
*******************************
LIST OF BOOST FORCE SPLINE ID’s
PAR(1) : Spline ID for primary area_1 vs valve angle data (ALL)

PAR(2) : Spline ID for primary area_2 vs valve angle data (ALL)
PAR(3) : Spline ID for pump outlet flow rate vs speed data (EVO)
or Spline ID for secondary area_1 vs valve angle data (VAPS)
PAR(4) : Spline ID for secondary area_2 vs valve angle data (VAPS)
PAR(5) : Spline ID for VAPS actuator area vs speed data (VAPS)
ARRAY/700, NUM = 700, 701, 702, 703, 704
SPLINE/250,
, X= -13.043,-4.348,-3.478,-2.757,-2.609,-2.348,
,-2.122,-2.087,-2.000,-1.913,-1.826,-1.739,-1.652,-1.565,-1.478,
,-1.391,-1.304,-1.217,-1.130,-1.043,-0.957,-0.87,-0.783,-0.696,
,-0.609,-0.522,-0.435,-0.348,-0.261,-0.174,-0.087,
, 0. , 0.087 , 0.174 , 0.261 , 0.348 , 0.435 , 0.522 , 0.609,
, 0.696 , 0.783 , 0.87 , 0.957 , 1.043 , 1.130 , 1.217 , 1.304 , 1.391,
, 1.478, 1.565, 1.652, 1.739, 1.826, 1.913, 2.000, 2.087, 2.122,
, 2.348, 2.609, 2.757, 3.478, 4.348, 13.043
, Y= -78.0 ,-78.0 ,-78.0,-70.0,
,-45.0,-20.0,-12.85,-12.16,-10.32,-8.52,-6.9325,
,-5.618,-4.58,-3.79,-3.194,-2.7397,-2.377,-2.068,
,-1.787,-1.524,-1.275,-1.046,-0.847,-0.683,-0.558,
,-0.42,-0.31,-0.24,-0.15,-0.1,-0.05,
, 0 , 0.05 , 0.1 , 0.15 , 0.24 , 0.31 , 0.42 ,
, 0.558 , 0.683 , 0.847 , 1.046 , 1.275 , 1.524 , 1.787 ,
, 2.068 , 2.377 , 2.7397 , 3.194 , 3.79 , 4.58 , 5.618 ,
, 6.9325 , 8.52 , 10.32 , 12.16 , 12.85 , 20.0 , 45.0 ,
, 70.0 , 78.0 , 78.0 , 78.0
!====================================================================================
S T E E R I N G S Y S T E M G R A P H I C S
!====================================================================================
Rack and Pinion Steering With Advanced II Column Compliance Model
!====================================================================================
*******************************
* *
* STEERING SYSTEM *
* *
*******************************
Sample Datasets 211

----- STEERING SYSTEM LINKAGE
GRA/3000,CYL,CM=10601,SEG=6,RAD=15,LEN= 333.6 LEFT TIE ROD

GRA/3001,CYL,CM=14601,SEG=6,RAD=15,LEN= 333.6 RIGHT TIE ROD
GRA/3200,BOX,CORN=0717,X=15,Y=25,Z= 670.0 RACK HOUSING
GRA/3201,BOX,CORN=0714,X=15,Y=25,Z= 670.0 RACK HOUSING
GRA/3210,CYL,CM=0900,SEG=6,RAD=23,LEN= 420.3 PINION HOUSING
!===============================================================================
W H E E L S & W H E E L T O R Q U E S
!===============================================================================
!===============================================================================
*******************************
* *
* FRONT WHEELS *
* *
*******************************
adams_view_name=’gel_Tire_Wheel_Brake_FRONT’
, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/2100,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 CG

M/2115,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D,-90.502D,180D P9 - TIRE FORCE MARKER FOR DUR TIRE
M/2114,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 P9 - CONSTANT SPEED TORQUE
M/2101,QP= 1529.20, -870.52, 518.39, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 OUTSIDE OF TIRE FOR GRAPHICS
M/2102,QP= 1529.20, -615.52, 516.15, REU= 0.000D,-90.502D,0 INSIDE OF TIRE FOR GRAPHICS
M/2103,QP= 1529.20, -891.86, 518.57, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 WIDEST OUTSIDE OF TIRE FOR GRAPHICS
M/2106,QP= 1529.20, -594.18, 515.97, REU= 0.000D,-90.502D,0 WIDEST INSIDE OF TIRE FOR GRAPHICS
M/2107,QP= 1529.20, -831.92, 518.05, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 OUTSIDE OF TIRE AT WHEEL FOR GRAPHICS
M/2108,QP= 1529.20, -654.12, 516.49, REU= 0.000D,-90.502D,0 INSIDE OF TIRE AT WHEEL FOR GRAPHICS
M/2110,QP= 1529.20, -615.52, 516.15, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 TIRE SURFACE GRAPHICS
M/2199,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 WHEEL GRAPHICS
M/2190,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 P9 - WHEEL/SPINDLE JOINT - CRAT, PRAT
M/2147,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27 P9 - 4POST INPLANE JPRIM
M/2191,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 90.000D, 90.000D,0 P9 - WHEEL SPIN JPRIM FOR SSC
M/2104,PA=21,QP= 1529.20, -743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 89.498D,0 P9 - WHEEL/SPINDLE JOINT
adams_view_name=’ger_Tire_Wheel_Brake_FRONT’
PART/22,CM=2200,MASS= 34.28,IP= 1.0100e+006,1.0100e+006,1.7500e+006

, 0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000,0.0000e+000
M/2200,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 90.502D,0 CG

M/2214,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D,-89.498D,180D P9 - TIRE FORCE MARKER FOR MDI TIRE
M/2215,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 90.502D,0 P9 - CONSTANT SPEED TORQUE
M/2201,QP= 1529.20, 870.52, 518.39, REU= 0.000D,-89.498D,0 OUTSIDE OF TIRE FOR GRAPHICS
M/2202,QP= 1529.20, 615.52, 516.15, REU= 0.000D, 90.502D,0 INSIDE OF TIRE FOR GRAPHICS
M/2203,QP= 1529.20, 891.86, 518.57, REU= 0.000D,-89.498D,0 WIDEST OUTSIDE OF TIRE FOR GRAPHICS
M/2206,QP= 1529.20, 594.18, 515.97, REU= 0.000D, 90.502D,0 WIDEST INSIDE OF TIRE FOR GRAPHICS
M/2207,QP= 1529.20, 831.92, 518.05, REU= 0.000D,-89.498D,0 OUTSIDE OF TIRE AT WHEEL FOR GRAPHICS
M/2208,QP= 1529.20, 654.12, 516.49, REU= 0.000D, 90.502D,0 INSIDE OF TIRE AT WHEEL FOR GRAPHICS
M/2210,QP= 1529.20, 615.52, 516.15, REU= 0.000D,-89.498D,0 TIRE SURFACE GRAPHICS
M/2299,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D,-89.498D,0 WHEEL GRAPHICS
M/2290,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 P9 - WHEEL/SPINDLE JOINT - CRAT, PRAT
212 Sample Datasets

M/2247,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27 P9 - 4POST INPLANE JPRIM
M/2291,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 90.000D, 90.000D,0 P9 - WHEEL SPIN JPRIM FOR SSC
M/2205,PA=22,QP= 1529.20, 743.02, 517.27, REU= 0.000D, 90.502D,0 P9 - WHEEL/SPINDLE JOINT

!====================================================================================
T H E S U S P E N S I O N E X E R C I S E R
!====================================================================================
!====================================================================================
----- GROUND
PART/51,GROUND
M/0100,QP= 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 GROUND ORIGIN

M/0001,QP= 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, REU=90D,90D,0
M/0002,QP= 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, REU=0,-90D,0
M/0003,QP= 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
M/5100,QP= 2763.00, -12.00, 877.00
M/5199,QP= 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
M/0020,QP= 1529.20, -746.70, 203.08 CONTACT PATCH LEFT
M/0021,QP= 1529.20, 746.70, 203.08 CONTACT PATCH RIGHT
adams_view_name=’testrig_wheel_lock_left’
MOTION/901,JOINT=1,ROT, FUNC=0.0
adams_view_name=’testrig_wheel_lock_right’
MOTION/902,JOINT=2,ROT, FUNC=0.0
adams_view_name=’testrig_gel_vertical_input_jack’
!PART/8888
!M/8888,QP= 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
!JOINT/8888,TRA,I=8888,J=0100 EXERCISER TO GND JOINT
!JPRIM/8888,INPLANE,I=10409,J=8881 KEEPS EXERCISER AT SAME Z AS WHEEL
!MOTION/8888,JOINT=8888,TRA MOTION TO THE EXERCISER PART
!, FUNC= 20.000*SIN(90.0D*TIME + 0.00000) + 0.000
!SFORCE/8888,I=8888,J=003,ACTION,TRANSLATIONAL
!,FUNC= 0.0
!VARIABLE/8888
!, FUNC = DIF(8888)
!DIF/8888, IC=0
!, FUNCTION = USER(1110, 8888, 0100, 1000.00, 0)
adams_view_name=’testrig_ger_vertical_input_jack’
!PART/9999
!M/9999,QP= 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
!JOINT/9999,TRA,I=9999,J=0100 EXERCISER TO GND JOINT
!JPRIM/9999,INPLANE,I=10509,J=9991 KEEPS EXERCISER AT SAME Z AS WHEEL
!MOTION/9999,JOINT=9999,TRA MOTION TO THE EXERCISER PART
!, FUNC= 20.000*SIN(90.0D*TIME + 0.00000) + 0.000
!SFORCE/9999,I=9999,J=003,ACTION,TRANSLATIONAL
Sample Datasets 213

!,FUNC= 0.0
!VARIABLE/9999
!, FUNC = DIF(9999)
!DIF/9999, IC=0
!, FUNCTION = USER(1110, 9999, 0100, 1000.00, 0)
!**************************************************************************************!
!********************ACAR COMPLIANCE METHOD IMPLEMENTATIONS****************************!
!**************************************************************************************!
ARRAY/199
, NUMBERS = 200, 201, 202
!
!indep = 1 - independent, = 0 - dependent
!lkmid(1) = left lower ball joint marker = 0 - use compliance method to determine kingpin axis
!lkmid(2) = left upper ball joint marker = lower spring connection marker if lkmid(1) = 0
!rkmid(1) = right lower ball joint marker = 0 - use compliance method to determine kingpin axis
!rkmid(2) = right upper ball joint marker = lower spring connection marker if rkmid(1) = 0
!front = 1 - front suspension, 0 - rear
ARRAY/200
, IC
, SIZE = 6
, NUMBERS = 1, 10406, 10407, 10506, 10507, 1
!
!Vehicle Parameters - Compliance Matrix Calculations
! vehwgt = val(1) - Vehicle weight
! scghgt = val(2) - Sprung CG height
! wbase = val(3) - Wheelbase length
! drirat = val(4) - Drive ratio
! brarat = val(5) - Brake ratio
! axlrat = val(6) - Axle ratio
! rtire = val(7) - Loaded tire radius
! ktire = val(8) - Vertical tire stiffness
ARRAY/201
, IC
, SIZE = 8
, NUMBERS = 1700.00, 644.00, 2832.39, 0.00, 0.62, 0.00, 300.00, 200.00
!
!Testrig Suspension Compliance Calculation Parameters

!
! strmid = steer marker
! roadid = road marker
! baseid = base marker
! lwmid = left spindle marker
! rwmid = right spindle marker
! steer = steerable suspension (logical true or false)
! units =
! vdebug = verbose option (1 - on, 0 - off)
! loadid = load case spline id - Not used with Apre
ARRAY/202
, IC
, SIZE = 9
, NUMBERS = 70200, 888607, 3, 10421, 10523, 1, 1, 0, 1
!**********************************************************************************************!
214 Sample Datasets

!Steering Dummy Part to UCON PAR(4)
!
!PART/701,CM=70100,MASS= 0.00,IP=0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
!, 0.0000e+00,0.0000e+00,0.0000e+00, VX=0.000000e+00
!MARKER/70100, PART = 701

!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, -50.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
!GRAPHICS/70100, BOX, CORNER = 70102

!,X=50, Y=25, Z=200
!JOINT/701, TRANS, I=70101, J=3
!Steering Dummy Part to STEERING WHEEL

!
!PART/702,CM=70200,MASS= 0.00,IP=0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
!, 0.0000e+00,0.0000e+00,0.0000e+00, VX=0.000000e+00

!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, 50.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0

!,X=50, Y=25, Z=200
!JOINT/702, TRANS, I=70201, J=3

!COUPLER/702, JOINTS = 702,10, TYPE = T:R, SCALE =1,1
!JPRIM/702, I=70103, J=70203, INPLANE
!Steering Dummy Part to UCON PAR(5)
!PART/703,CM=70300,MASS= 0.00,IP=0.0, 0.0, 0.0,

!, 0.0000e+00,0.0000e+00,0.0000e+00, VX=0.000000e+00

!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
!, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0

!,X=50, Y=25, Z=200
!JOINT/703, TRANS, I=70301, J=3
!MOTION/735, JOINT=703, TRANS

!, FUNC = 0
Sample Datasets 215

!UCON/3 !Steering Part Inplane UCON
!, FUNCTION = USER(-1, 3, 701, 703, 0, -1)
!--- Dummy part connected through ucon (Vertical slider)
!PART/8887,CM=888700
!M/888700,PART = 8887
!, QP = 1529.20,-743.02,517.27
!M/8881,PART = 8887
!, QP = 1529.20,-743.02,517.27
!M/888800,PART = 8888
!, QP = 1529.20,-743.02,517.27
!JOINT/8887,TRA,I=888700,J=888800
!--- Dummy part connected through ucon (Vertical slider)
!PART/9997,CM=999700
!M/999700,PART = 9997
!, QP = 1529.20,743.02,517.27
!M/9991,PART = 9997
!, QP = 1529.20,743.02,517.27
!M/999900,PART = 9999
!, QP = 1529.20,743.02,517.27
!JOINT/9997,TRA,I=999700,J=999900
!Wheel Ucon parameter list

! PAR(1) - Branch ID
! PAR(2) - Direction of User contraint
! PAR(3) - Vertical slider part
! PAR(4) - Wheel exerciser part
! PAR(5) - Vertical distance between Vertical slider part and Wheel exerciser part
! PAR(6) - Side (0 - left, 1 - right)
!UCON/1 !Left Wheel Vertical Inplane UCON

!, FUNCTION = USER(-1, 3, 8887, 8888, -517.27, 0)
!
!UCON/2 !Right Wheel Vertical Inplane UCON
!, FUNCTION = USER(-1, 3, 9997, 9999, -517.27, 1)
!
!Steering Ucon parameter list

! PAR(1) - Branch ID
! PAR(2) - Direction of User contraint
! PAR(3) - Part connected to steering motion part through UCON
! PAR(4) - Part to which steering motion is applied
! PAR(5) - Vertical distance between Vertical slider part and Wheel exerciser part
! PAR(6) - Side (0 - left, 1 - right)
!Road Part
216 Sample Datasets

PART/8886, CM = 888600, MASS=1, IP=1,1,1
JOINT/8886, I = 888600, J = 0100, TRANS

MOTION/8886, JOINT = 8886, TRANS,
, FUNCTION = 40.000*SIN(180.0D*TIME + 0.00000)
MARKER/888600, PART = 8886 ! CM marker

, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
MARKER/888601, PART = 8886 ! Graphics marker
, QP = 1029.20,-1000.00, 116.17
MARKER/888602, PART = 8886 ! Perp constraining yaw DOF
, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 , REU = 0d, 90d, 0d
MARKER/888603, PART = 8886 ! Perp constraining pitch DOF
, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, REU = 90d, 90d, 0d
MARKER/888604, PART = 8886 ! Inline constraining trans DOF
, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
MARKER/888605, PART = 8886 ! Inplane to left spindle
, QP = 1529.20,-743.02,517.27
MARKER/888606, PART = 8886 ! Inplane to right spindle
, QP = 1529.20,743.02,517.27
MARKER/888607, PART = 8886 ! Road marker passed for compliance calculations
,QP= 0.0, 0.0, 203.08
MARKER/102, PART=51
, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 , REU = 90d, 90d, 0d
MARKER/103, PART=51
, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
MARKER/104, PART=51
, QP = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
MARKER/2192,PART = 21
, QP= 1529.20,-743.02,517.27
MARKER/2292,PART = 22
, QP= 1529.20,743.02,517.27
GRAPHICS/888601
, BOX
, CORNER = 888601
, X = 1000.000000
, Y = 2000.000000
, Z = 20.000000
!JPRIM/888602, PERP, I=888602, J=102

!JPRIM/888603, PERP, I=888603, J=103
!JPRIM/888604, INLINE, I=888604, J=104
JPRIM/888605, INPLANE, I=888605, J=2192
JPRIM/888606, INPLANE, I=888606, J=2292
!**************************************************************************************!
!********************ACAR COMPLIANCE METHOD REQUESTS***********************************!
!**************************************************************************************!
REQUEST/10029, COMMENT = Front Toe Angle

, F8 = ATAN(DX(220029,220129)/DY(220029,220129))
MARKER/220029, PART=22, QP=1529.2, 715, 517 ! Center Marker for Toe Angles Req
MARKER/220129, PART=22, QP=1529.2, 718, 517 ! Reference Marker for Toe Angles Req
REQUEST/10030, COMMENT = Front Wheel Vertical(Z) Travel

, F4 = DZ(220029,220030)
MARKER/220030, PART=51, QP=1529.2, 715, 517 ! Reference Marker for Wheel Travel Req
Sample Datasets 217

!===============================================================================
S V C A N D A L I G N E R A R R A Y S
!===============================================================================
!===============================================================================
----- FRONT SUSPENSION GEOMETRY
ARRAY/9907,NUM=104041,105041,10405,10505,118959,105158,1190059,1051058
, 110256,105155,1103056,1051055
, 70003,70005,70004,70006
, 0713,0.0, 42.7272
----- OVERALL VEHICLE GEOMETRY
ARRAY/9909,NUM=5100,5309,5409,5023,5024, 0.00, 0.62,51511
----- GROUND PLANE
ARRAY/9910,NUM=0003,0.0
----- TIRE STIFFNESSES (FOR HALF VEHICLE SIMULATIONS)

ARRAY/9911,NUM=0.0,0.0, 200.00,0.0,0.0,0.0,
,1.0,0.0, 200.00,0.0,0.0,0.0
,2.0,0.0, 200.00,0.0,0.0,0.0
,3.0,0.0, 200.00,0.0,0.0,0.0
----- CG HEIGHT, WHEEL BASE, FRONT & REAR WHEEL ROLLING RADIUS
FOR HALF VEHICLE SIMULATIONS
ARRAY/9913,NUM=-99.000, -99.00, -99.000, -99.000
----- CONVERSION FACTORS
ARRAY/9912,NUM=0.224809,2.204586,0.039370,0.002237,0.73709E-06
----- CHARACTER STRINGS
STRING/1,s=N
STRING/2,s=Kg
STRING/3,s=mm
STRING/4,S=INDEPENDENT
STRING/5,S=DEPENDENT
STRING/6,s=Short_Long_Arm
STRING/7,s=
STRING/11,S=Lbs
STRING/12,S=Lbs
STRING/13,S=In
STRING/14,S=MPH
STRING/15,S=Ft*Lb*S**2
**********************************
218 Sample Datasets

* *
* RIDE HEIGHT AND ALIGNER ARRAYS *
* *
**********************************
ARRAY/670,NUM=10,0,10405,10421,0,10505,10523,5199
!===============================================================================
A D A M S G R A P H I C S S T A T E M E N T S
!===============================================================================
!===============================================================================
*******************************
* *
* TIRES *
* *
*******************************
----- FRONT TIRES
GRA/7010,CYL,CM=2110,SEG=60,RAD= 381.1,LEN= 255.0 TOP OF LEFT TIRE

, SIDES=60
GRA/7011,FRUSTUM,CM=2101,LEN= 21.3,SIDES=60,TOP= 336.6 OUTSIDE OF LEFT TIRE 1
, BOTTOM= 381.1,SEG=60
GRA/7012,FRUSTUM,CM=2103,LEN= 0.00,SIDES=60,TOP= 247.7 OUTSIDE OF LEFT TIRE 2
GRA/7013,FRUSTUM,CM=2107,LEN= 59.9,SIDES=60,TOP= -247.7 OUTSIDE OF LEFT TIRE 3
, BOTTOM= -203.2,SEG=60
GRA/7014,FRUSTUM,CM=2102,LEN= 21.3,SIDES=60,TOP= 336.6 INSIDE OF LEFT TIRE 1
GRA/7015,FRUSTUM,CM=2106,LEN= 0.00,SIDES=60,TOP= 247.7 INSIDE OF LEFT TIRE 2
GRA/7016,FRUSTUM,CM=2108,LEN= 59.9,SIDES=60,TOP= -247.7 INSIDE OF LEFT TIRE 3
, BOTTOM= -203.2,SEG=60
GRA/7021,CYL,CM=2210,SEG=60,RAD= 381.1,LEN= 255.0 TOP OF RIGHT TIRE

, SIDES=60
GRA/7022,FRUSTUM,CM=2201,LEN= 21.3,SIDES=60,TOP= 336.6 OUTSIDE OF RIGHT TIRE 1
GRA/7023,FRUSTUM,CM=2203,LEN= 0.00,SIDES=60,TOP= 247.7 OUTSIDE OF RIGHT TIRE 2
GRA/7024,FRUSTUM,CM=2207,LEN= 59.9,SIDES=60,TOP= -247.7 OUTSIDE OF RIGHT TIRE 3
, BOTTOM= -203.2,SEG=60
GRA/7025,FRUSTUM,CM=2202,LEN= 21.3,SIDES=60,TOP= 336.6 INSIDE OF RIGHT TIRE 1
GRA/7026,FRUSTUM,CM=2206,LEN= 0.00,SIDES=60,TOP= 247.7 INSIDE OF RIGHT TIRE 2
GRA/7027,FRUSTUM,CM=2208,LEN= 59.9,SIDES=60,TOP= -247.7 INSIDE OF RIGHT TIRE 3
, BOTTOM= -203.2,SEG=60
END
! -----------------------------------
! Size Mod_date Time File_specification
!
! 18129 2000-03-15 17:43 D:\C\ADAMS Training\BSO\workshops\bso_ex\mod_10_suspension\apre_gs.btt
! 20383 2000-03-15 17:43 D:\C\ADAMS Training\BSO\workshops\bso_ex\mod_10_suspension\apre_gs.fst
! 12426 2000-03-15 17:43 D:\C\ADAMS Training\BSO\workshops\bso_ex\mod_10_suspension\apre_gs.sst
! -----------------------------------
Sample Datasets 219

! Access Size Mod_date Time Nest File_specification
! t (00) D:\C\ADAMS Training\BSO\workshops\bso_ex\mod_10_suspension/apgui.aft
! e 14422 2000-03-15 17:42 (01) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\acfdir/acf_defaults.aft
! e 16590 2000-03-15 17:42 (01) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre/sys.aft
! e 54733 2000-07-19 08:25 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/globals.aft
! e 13258 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\update/check_version.aft
! e 7550 2000-03-15 17:42 (04) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\update/check_version_levels.aft
! e 1771 2000-03-15 17:43 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/unit_conversion.aft
! e 10047 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\race/globals_race.aft
! e 5236 2000-03-15 17:42 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\acfdir/half_bld_control.aft
! e 5006 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\acfdir\bldacf_half/bld_ride.aft
! e 14408 2000-03-15 17:42 (04) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\acfdir/acf_align.aft
! e 18923 2000-07-19 14:45 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\body/body_setup.aft
! e 8599 2000-03-15 17:43 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/header.aft
! e 18446 2000-06-28 15:20 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\front/f_setup.aft
! e 63137 2000-03-15 17:42 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\front/sla.aft
! e 6686 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/attach_check.aft
! e 36599 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\front/f_options.aft
! e 35895 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/bush.aft
! e 4573 2000-03-15 17:43 (04) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/new_bush_gra.aft
! e 5004 2000-03-15 17:42 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\front/f_opt_bld.aft
! e 35006 2000-06-28 15:20 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/lca.aft
! e 6445 2000-03-15 17:43 (05) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/sphere_gra.aft
! e 3556 2000-03-15 17:43 (05) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/fixed_gra.aft
! e 3556 2000-03-15 17:43 (05) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/fixed_gra.aft
! e 20864 2000-06-28 15:20 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/uca.aft
! e 4945 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/coil_spring.aft
! e 18251 2000-06-28 15:20 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/shock.aft
! e 13849 2000-03-15 17:43 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/jbumper.aft
! e 8141 2000-03-15 17:43 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/rbumper.aft
! e 37181 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/beam_bar.aft
220 Sample Datasets

! e 3677 2000-03-15 17:42 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\steer/s_setup.aft
! e 28923 2000-06-28 15:20 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\steer/rack_adv2.aft
! e 11368 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\steer/str_col_align.aft
! e 2393 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\steer/adv2_flex_check.aft
! e 17638 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\steer/str_col.aft
! e 9259 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\steer/steer_mot.aft
! e 8689 2000-06-28 15:20 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\steer/str_boost.aft
! e 4573 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\steer/str_tbar.aft
! e 25295 2000-03-15 17:42 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\tire/tire.aft
! e 38959 2000-07-25 17:09 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\options/front_exer.aft
! e 15935 2000-07-25 17:09 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\options/sdm.aft
! e 12722 2000-03-15 17:43 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/requests.aft
! e 7651 2000-03-15 17:43 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/svc.aft
! e 2810 2000-03-15 17:42 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\graphics/graphics.aft
! e 6512 2000-03-15 17:42 (03) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\graphics/tire_graf.aft
! e 1409 2000-03-15 17:43 (02) D:\PROGRA~1\ADAMS1~1.1\apre\pre\utility/footer.aft
! -----------------------------------
! included file count = 97 pwd = D:\C\ADAMS Training\BSO\workshops\bso_ex\mod_10_suspension
! -----------------------------------
Sample Datasets 221

222 Sample Datasets
,QGH[
$%
Acceleration functions, about 85
Accessing help 10
acf file
creating 131 $%
sample dataset 162
&'
ADAMS/PostProcessor
about 31 ()
interface 26
*+
saving 39
simulation results 128 ,-
starting 31
./
ADAMS/Solver
about 7 01
dataset file 15
starting 21 23
AKISPL function 109 45
Analysis files 17
67
Animation
89
enhancing 115
playing 33 :=
viewing 33
ASK group 10
ball.adm file 163
Batch mode 19
brake.adm file 164
Bushing
defined 126
using 133
Index 223
,QGH[
&'
Command file 16
Constraints
and DOF 62
removing redundant 102 $%
table of 154, 156
Consulting services 10 &'
Contact, adding 149 ()
Coordinate system marker 45 *+

Coordinate systems 43 ,-
Creating model (dataset)
./
falling stone 52
pendulum 64 01
spring damper 1 77
23
Dataset file 15
45
Deactivating revolute joints 131
Displacement functions 84 67
DOF 89
constraints and DOF 62
determining number of 62 :=
()
File types 14
Flexible bodies 48
Forces
approximating 100
defined 73
finding 79
multi-component 106
spring-dampers 74, 75
table of 155, 157
vector 106, 126
224 Index
,QGH[
Functions
acceleration 85
AKISPL 109
defined 83
displacement 84
IMPACT 144, 145
STEP 93 $%
velocity 85
&'
*+ ()
Getting help at your job site 10
*+
Graphics
defined 46 ,-
file 17
./
modifying 34
properties of 50 01
Ground part 48
23
Gruebler’s count 62
45
Help, getting 29
67
,-
89
IMPACT functions 144, 145
Importing :=
files 32
test data 108
Initial conditions, locations and orientations 70
Interactive mode 19
Joint motion 92
./
Knowledge base 10
Index 225
,QGH[
01
Marker 45
Mass moments of inertia 158
Message file 18
$%
Model
comparing 136 &'
editing 87
simulating 19 ()
testing 78
*+
Motion
applying 92 ,-
joint motion 92
./
Movement
01
checking for 98
requesting 99 23
Multi-component forces, defined 106 45
23
67
Output file 17
89
Part coordinate system, about 44
:=
Parts
about 46
properties of 49
types of 48
Plots 17
Plotting
about 17
simulation results 128
226 Index
,QGH[
45
Request file 17
REQUEST, defined 94
Results
file 17 $%
play animation 33
viewing 33 &'
Revolute joints, deactivating 131 ()
Rigid bodies 48 *+
67 ,-
Simulating a model 19 ./
Simulations
01
dynamic 71
hierarchy 72 23
kinematic 71
plotting results 128 45
static 71
67
Spring dampers 74, 75
89
Starting ADAMS/Solver 21
STEP function 93 :=
susp1.adm file 165
Technical support 10
Test data 108
Toe angle, finding maximum difference 138
89
Vector force 106, 126
Velocity functions 85
Virtual prototyping process 12
Index 227

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Basic ADAMS/Solver

Visit us at: www.adams.com

ADAMS ® is a registered United States trademark of Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated.

ADAMS is a powerful modeling and simulating environment that lets you

■ Getting Help at Your Job Site, 10

8 Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training

Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training 9

■ Cover the section Organization of Guide in detail,

■ Help tool on the Documentation Road Map

To read the Service Level Agreement, go to http://support.adams.com/services/support/

10 Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training

MDI Technical Support:

■ Basic ADAMS/Solver Course, 13

■ Four File Types in ADAMS/Solver, 14

■ ADAMS/Solver Dataset File, 15

■ ADAMS/Solver Command File, 16

■ ADAMS/Solver Analysis Files, 17

■ ADAMS/Solver Message File, 18

■ Simulating a Model in ADAMS/Solver, 19

■ Workshop 1—Process Overview, 20

Cut time ...your design using

...your design using

12 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS

...your design using

■ Build (design) a virtual prototype of a mechanical system using an ADAMS dataset

Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 13

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1 - Build (Input) 2 - Test (ADAMS/Solver) 3 - Validate (Output)

ADAMS dataset Analysis files

Command file ■ .gra

14 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS

Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 15

16 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS

Explain that ADAMS/Solver command files must:

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Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 17

Excerpts from a .msg file

---- WARNING ----

---- ERROR ----

18 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS

UNIX shell (what you might type to simulate)

NT DOS shell (what you might type to simulate)

Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 19

20 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS

Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 21

1 Do one of the following:

22 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS

1 Enter the name of the ADAMS command file sla.acf.

Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 23

24 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS

1. Statements, functions, and commands 5. Some of the reasons are:

In this module you will use ADAMS/PostProcessor to manipulate, review, and

■ Workshop 2—Viewing Results, 30

The elements shown above are common to both modes.

Treeview Main toolbar Viewport

Dashboard Slider bar

Treeview Main toolbar Viewport

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■ Make sure that how to use the Help is very clear