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Unlike preceding networks, the EPC has no circuit-switched element. It has been designed to
support both real- and non-real-time packet-based services, hence is IP from end to end.
Across the whole of the SAE, the architecture is said to have been ‘flattened’ – that is, fewer nodes
are defined in the standards, which as was noted above means fewer ‘hops’. In practice, however,
operators may find that this 3GPP vision of a simplified architecture may be difficult to achieve – at
least initially.
Whereas in UMTS the Node B was supported by an RNC (Radio Network Controller), in LTE there
is just one RAN element: the eNB (evolved Node B). All the functionality that belonged to the RNC
has been brought into the eNB itself, which means it has a multitude of tasks to perform.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA
CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Capacitación de Telecomunicaciones
Evolved Packet Core
Other network elements may be required for specific service provision, and may vary depending on
operator implementation, but these elements are integral to any EPC configuration.
The desirability of separating signalling from data has been carried through into LTE, such that the user plane and
control plane are separated, enabling operators to adapt and dimension their networks more easily. This split is
reflected in the network architecture. The SGW and PDN-GW, which are logically connected together, are
responsible for user plane functionality, transporting data between the UEs and external networks. The SGW is
the entry and exit point between the EPC and the RAN; the PDN-GW is the entry and exit point between the EPC
and other PDNs (Packet Data Networks) and is responsible for IP address allocation to the UE.
The MME performs control-plane functions such as signalling and user mobility and is the termination point for
the NAS (Non-Access Stratum).
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA
CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Capacitación de Telecomunicaciones
This network composition, and the functional split between the user and control planes, is illustrated in the
simplified figure below. These elements will all be considered in greater detail later in the module.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA
Evolved Packet Core CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Capacitación de Telecomunicaciones
LTE Radio Interface, protocols and the X2 Interface
LTE-Uu interface
• Air interface of LTE
• Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
• FDD and TDD duplex methods
• Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently 20 MHz
X2 interface
• Inter eNB interface
• X2AP: special signalling protocol
• Functionalities:
– In inter- eNB HO to facilitate handover and
provide data forwarding.
– In RRM to provide e.g. load information to
neighbouring eNBs to facilitate interference
management
– Logical interface: It does not need direct site-
to-site connection
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA
CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Capacitación de Telecomunicaciones
S1-MME interface
• Control interface between eNB and MME
• S1AP:S1 Application Protocol
• MME and UE will exchange non-access
stratum signaling via eNB through this
interface (i.e. authentication, tracking area
updates)
S1-U interface
• User plane interface between eNB and serving
gateway
• Pure user data interface (U=User plane)
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA
CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Capacitación de Telecomunicaciones
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
The IMS is an all-IP architectural framework for delivering a range of multimedia services over IP networks. These
include services, such as speech, that traditionally transit CS networks.
The first iteration of IMS appeared in Release 5 of the 3GPP specifications, when it was represented as a possible
means of evolving core networks from circuit switching to packet switching, enabling the development of Internet-style
packet-based services to subscribers over UMTS networks. The IMS specifications were further developed in
Releases 6 and 7. At Release 8, 3GPP integrated IMS into the LTE/SAE specifications, as a solution for offering
voice and content-rich multimedia services over the IP network.
The signalling protocol chosen for controlling real-time multimedia sessions via IMS in LTE networks is SIP (Session
Initiation Protocol), defined by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Voice data is tunnelled through the IP core
network inside IP packets. The advantage of such an architecture is that all services are handled through a common
control architecture, by means of SIP sessions.
The implementation of an IMS is extremely dependent on sufficient IP QoS mechanisms. It is also possible for
operators to deploy an IMS in parallel with retained MSC functionality. Indeed, it seems highly likely that, given the
considerable investment operators have made in their existing networks, operators’ legacy networks will stay in place
for some time to come.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA
CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Capacitación de Telecomunicaciones
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
The figure below shows the differences in service delivery over IMS when a UE is in LTE coverage and when it
falls back to UTRAN or GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network) coverage.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA
CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Capacitación de Telecomunicaciones
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