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GROUP 14
C'emical reactors are a u&i=uitous "iece o< tec'nolo#y *it'in t'e c'emical
"rocessin# industry em"loyed *'ereer a c'emical trans<ormation is
re=uired to #enerate a desired "roduct$ )any arieties o< reactor 'ae &een
deelo"ed to co"e *it' s"eci8c a""lications; CSTRs suc' as t'e one used in
t'is e!"eriment are ty"ically em"loyed in continuous li=uid "rocessin#
o"erations and are alued <or t'eir relatiely sim"le construction o"eration
and scala&ility (Kirk6Ot'mer 22$
*e+e,ant -heo&.:
−¿
−¿ → EtOH + Ac ¿
¿
EtAc + OH
Under &asic conditions t'e reaction is considered irreersi&le and may &e 8rst
or second order$ @or <eed in stoic'iometric "ro"ortions t'e rate may &e
e!"ressed as
−¿ ¿
OH
¿
r = k ¿
1
−¿ ¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
¿
r = k ¿
2
Be also 'ae t'e s"ace time ( <or a CSTR #ien 'as
V
τ =
v
%ence
−¿¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
¿
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
And
−¿¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
2
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
It <ollo*s t'at i< a "lot o< t'e #rou" on t'e le<t o< e=uation (4 a#ainst s"ace
time is a strai#'t line t'rou#' t'e ori#in t'e reaction <ollo*s 8rst order
kinetics; like*ise i< t'e same is true <or e=uation (, t'e reaction <ollo*s
second order kinetics$ In &ot' cases t'e slo"e o< t'e line is e=ual to t'e rate
constant k$
%ydro!ide ion concentration *it'in t'e CSTR cannot &e measured directly; a
conductiity meter is instead used to measure t'e conductiity o< t'e reactor
eDuent$ So lon# as t'e assum"tion t'at t'e reactor is "er<ectly mi!ed 'olds
true t'is is *ill #ie an accurate readin# o< ion concentration$
T'e reactor eDuent contains t'ree electrically conductie s"ecies: NaE O%F
and AcF$ T'e conductiity ( is #ien &y
+¿
¿
Na
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
Ac
¿
κ =¿
−¿¿
Ac
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
¿
¿
−¿ ¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
¿ ( i +i )
0 Na Ac
¿
κ ¿
¿
Or
−¿¿
OH
¿
¿
Mate&ia+ (pe$i)$ations
Sodium %ydro!ide (NaO% 2$1) Stock solution$
solution$ 2$2,) Reactor <eed solution$
5t'yl Acetate (5t Ac Solution 2$1) Stock Solution
2$2,) Reactor <eed solution$
Sodium AcetateSodium 2$2,62$1) Cali&ration solution$
%ydro!ide Solution (NaO%Ac
Solution
3istilled *ater (%O Used in t'e dilution o< Stock solutions to
"roduce cali&ration solutions$
-ab+e 2: )aterials
&o$e'!&e:
Start6u" "rocedure
1$ C'eck t'at t'ere is com"ressed air su""lied to t'e a""aratus and t'at t'e
air su""ly ale on t'e *estern *all o< t'e la&oratory is o"en$
$ Close t'e reactant tank air &leed ale$ Slo*ly o"en t'e reactant tank air
su""ly ale allo*in# t'e reactant <eed tanks to "ressurise$
-$ Turn t'e conductiity meter on at t'e *all$
Cali&ration "rocedure
1$ Produce 2$2, 2$2,2 2$20, and 2$122 )olar NaO% cali&ration solutions
<rom t'e 2$122 )olar stock solution and distilled *ater$ Cali&ration
solutions o< NaO%NaAc mi!ture *it' similar concentrations s'ould already
&e "roided$
$ 3ra* t'e 2$2, )olar standard NaO% solution into t'e conductiity Ho*
cell ia t'e as"irator ale until t'e Ho* cell is <ull$ Tra" t'e solution in t'e
cell &y closin# t'e - *ay ale to t'e o> "osition$ Record stand solution
conductiity$
-$ @lus' t'e cell *it' "ure *ater and re"eat <or eac' standard solution
measurin# conductiity eac' time$
Reactor "rocedure
1$ Close t'e CSTR drain ale and sli#'tly o"en t'e reactor eDuent control
ale$
$ Turn t'e - *ay ale to direct reactor eDuent t'rou#' t'e conductiity
Ho* cell$
-$ Turn t'e mi!er on and <ully o"en &ot' Ho* meters to 8ll t'e CSTR$
4$ Reduce &ot' reactant Ho* rates to 12 mani"ulate t'e eDuent "ur#e
ale to maintain steady Ho* t'rou#' t'e conductiity cell$
,$ A<ter e=uili&rium 'as &een reac'ed allo* t'e reactor to o"erate <or one
residence time &e<ore measurin# conductiity$
$ Re"eat ste"s 46, increasin# Ho* &y 12 eac' time$
T'e c'emicals used in t'is e!"eriment "ose a num&er o< risks care s'ould &e
e!ercised *'en 'andlin# all solutions$ C'emical s"illa#es "ose &ot' a c'emical
and sli" 'aLard and s'ould &e re"orted to t'e e!"eriment su"erisor
immediately$
Sa<ety #lasses closed toe s'oes and <ull len#t' clot'in# must &e *orn at all
times to miti#ate t'e risk "osed &y t'is and surroundin# e!"eriments$
Epe$te' *es!+ts:
Cali&ration o< t'e conductiity cell *ill yield a relations'i" &et*een 'ydro!ide ion
concentration and conductiity o<:
−¿ ¿
OH
¿
−¿
¿
OH
¿
¿ ( i +i )
0 Na Ac
¿
κ ¿
¿
As detailed in t'e releant t'eory section it is e!"ected t'at results *ill 8t eit'er
8rst or second order kinetics$ T'is *ill "resent as a linear relations'i" &et*een
−¿
−¿¿ ¿
OH
OH
¿
¿ −¿
−¿ ¿
¿ OH
OH
¿
¿ −¿
−¿ or ¿ and s"ace time "assin# t'rou#' t'e ori#in <or 8rst and
¿ OH
OH
¿
¿ ¿
¿ ¿
¿ ¿
¿ ¿
¿ ¿
Nomen$+at!&e:
*ee&en$es:
Cali&ration
One
-wo
Reaction data