Reliability

 The extent to which a test is dependable (Merriam, 2005). In other words, the test agrees with itself. It is
concerned with the consistency of responses from moment to moment. Even if a person takes the same
test twice, the test yields the same results. However, a reliable test may not always be valid.

Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Science and Mathematics Mentors Level SUC’s instructional Materials
Qualified Mentors/Nonqualified mentors Level of SUC’s instructional Materials
Salmon Style/ Spanish Style/ French Style/ Japanese Acceptability of Canned Milk Fish
Style

Statistical tools For Research Designs

 Statistical tools for descriptive design-chi-square, Friedman’s two way analysis of variance, Kruskal-
Wallis is one way analysis of variance by ranks, correlation
 Chi Square is used to compare the differences of two or more variables with data that can be readily
transformed into frequencies.

Chapter 1

 Statement of the Problem

 Theoretical Framework
 Conceptual Framework
 Assumptions
 Hypotheses
 Significance of the study
 Scope and limitations
 Definition of key terms

Chapter 2

 Related readings
 Related literature
 Related studies
 Justification of the present study

Chapter 3

 Research design
 Determination of sample size
 Sampling design and technique
 The subjects
 The research instrument
 Validation of the Research Instrument
 Data gathering procedure
 Data processing method
  Statistical treatment

Chapter 4 – Presentation of Research Findings

Chapter 5 – Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendices

Curriculum Vitae

Sample Research Instrument

(Questionnaire)

INFORMATION DATA

(Please fill out the requested information)

Objective: To ascertain the problems encountered by teachers in the province of Bulacan

I. PERSONAL DATA
Name (Optional): _______
Designation: _______
Name of School Employed with: _____
Degrees Earned/Completed Major
_____________________ _________
Department connected with
____ B.E.D _____ SHS _____ College

II. PROBLEMS
Directions: Below are the problems that are possible met by teachers. Indicate the extent of
seriousness of each problem by encircling your option on the numbers at the right side of each item.
The options, 4, 3, 2, and 1 represent the seriousness of each problem, thus:
4 – of very much concern
3 – of much concern
2 – of little concern
1 – of no concern at all
A. Administration and Supervision
1. Lack of encouragement on the part of teachers
To attend in service training, seminars, workshops …………………………… 4 3 2 1
B. Methods and Techniques
I have found difficulty in teaching with the use of:
1. Project Method ……………………………………………… 4 3 2 1
2. Problem Method …………………………………………….. 4 3 2 1
3. Lecture-discussion ………………………………………… 4 3 2 1
4. PowerPoint Presentation …………………………………....... 4 3 2 1
5. Others (Specify) ………………………………………………. 4 3 2 1
Appendix

 An appendix is second to the last section of a research paper, thesis or dissertation. Appendix materials
include the questionnaire, letter of transmittal, verbatim comments of the respondents, original data,
summary, tabulations and computations of data, computer print outs, tables that contain data of lesser
importance, supporting legal documents such as department orders, circulars, memoranda and others.
 The Appendix is listed by letter and may be subdivided according to certain logical classification. For
examples Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.

Letters

 Letter to conduct the study

- Adviser
- Team leader
- Vice Principal/Principal
 Letter to the respondent – ensure confidentiality
 Letter to the parent (if respondent is 17 years old and below
 Letter to the administrator
 Letter to the barangay official (Chairman)

Curriculum Vitae

 The Last section of a research paper, thesis or dissertation

I. Personal Information
1.1 Name
1.2 Birthdate
1.3 Birthplace
1.4 Parents
2. Educational Qualifications
2.1 Year and Section
2.2 School
3. Honors/Awards received
4. Scholarships/ Grants received
5. Seminars/ Training attended

Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 presents the results, analysis, and interpretation of data. All specific questions in Chapter 1
under the statement of the problem may be answered in this chapter, supported with tables.

Chapter 5 (Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations)

 General summary of the study includes the summary of the problem, hypotheses, research design,
determination of the sample size (if sample survey) sampling design and technique (if sample survey),
the subjects, the research instruments, validation of the research instrument, data gathering procedure,
data processing method and statistical treatment.

Summary of Findings
  This section summarizes the results based on chapter 4. If there are only 3 specific questions started in
chapter 1 and answered in chapter 4, there are only three results summarized in this section and NO
PRESENTATION OF TABLES.

Conclusions

 If there are only three summarized results therefore, there should be three conclusions, likewise,
conclusions are arranged as it appears in the findings, moreover, rejection and acceptance of hypotheses
are explained in this section

Recommendations

 Are based on the conclusions, it may include further research of the study.
Bibliography
- Is defined as the concluding section of a research paper, thesis or dissertation where listings of
source materials are alphabetically arranged. This follows after recommendation.

The subjects

 The researcher has to explain how and where the subjects are taken
ILLUSTRATION:
Sample survey will be used/was used in this study; hence unrestricted random sampling will be
applied/was applied.

The Research Instrument

 The research instruments such as questionnaire, test, interview, observation, checklist or rating scale
may be described by the researcher
ILLUSTRATION:
The investigator will be use/used the questionnaire for the gathering of data needed in
determining the __________ (title of the research study)

Validation of the Instruments

 Suggestions, corrections and refinement of the draft may be explained thoroughly. The different persons
involved in the correction and refinement of the research instrument may be mentioned
ILLUSTRATION:
The first draft of the questionnaire was submitted to the investigator’s adviser for corrections and
suggestions. Several changes were made. Some items not considered relevant to the study will be/was
discarded. The revised form was then pretested by ____________

Data Gathering Procedure

  Having found the research instrument valid and reliable, the researcher proceeds to ask permission and
approval from the heads of the agency where the subjects are employed. Once permitted, the researcher
administers the research instrument to the subjects of the study. The date of the administrations of the
questionnaires and percentage retrieval of the research instrument may be stated.
ILLUSTRATION:
Having found the questionnaire valid and reliable, the investigator then sought the approval of
the President and Deans ________, to allow him/them to conduct the study. After the approval of these
officials, the investigator administered the questionnaires. The questionnaires will be/were administered
in the first week of September (example only) and 100 or 50 percent of the respondents returned the
questionnaires (artificial data).

Data Processing Method

 After the retrieval of the questionnaire, the investigator tabulates and processes the data either manually
or by machine. Quantitative and qualitative data processing may be determined to arrive at scientific
analysis and interpretation of results. Categorization of the subjects may be stated. Data matrix based on
dummy tables may be used to organize, summarize, and analyze the data on how the variables differ
with each other.

Statistical Treatment

 The statistical tools used to answer the research questions of the study stated in chapter 1 under the
statement of the problem may be described and the formula may be explained. The level of profitability,
either 1 or 5%, may be stated to determine the degree of significance of the findings.
ILLUSTRATION:
The statistical used in the interpretation of data and the testing of null hypothesis included the
frequency counts, weighted arithmetic mean, etc. Weighted arithmetic mean will be used/was used to
determine the average responses of the four options in each item, namely, 4 (of very much concern)
………. Etc.
The formula used is:
______________________

Statement of the Problem

Example:

The main problem of this study/of this research study is to determine ____________________.
Specifically, it attempts to answer the following questions:

1. What are the _________

2. Is there a significant difference on the ______

Assumptions – are presumed true statements of facts related to the research problem

 They are clearly stated to provide the reader foundation in analyzing the conclusions that result from the
assumptions.
EXAMPLE:
 The researcher came up with the following assumptions as bases for his study
1. Clinical instructors from top twenty College of Nursing Institutions produce globally competitive
graduates if their problems are identified, minimized, and acted upon by the top and middle school
managers.
2. Identification of the problems met by clinical instructors is essential to discover the strength and
weaknesses of the school.

Experimental

Example:

The following assumptions serve as bases for the present study:

1. Kroepoek is palatable, nutritious, cheap, and easy to prepare

2. Kroepoek encourages the individuals to become protein-eaters rather than fat-eaters

Scope and Limitations of the Study

Example:

This study was limited to only the __________ it will involve/involved ____________ (sample
size of the respondents) taken from ____ total population of_____.

Responses of these _________

Data gathering employed the questionnaire which the researcher/researchers admits the
limitation of bias.

The study focuses attention only at the ______