LAPORAN

PRAKTIKUM BIOLOGY

OLEH :

NAME :YENNI PAGIU

REG NUMBER : 121 444 1033

CLASS : ICP A

PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI KELAS INTERNASIONAL

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR 2012/2013

 RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology with title “INTRODUCTION AND USING OF

MICROSCOPE” which made by :

Name : YENNI PAGIU

Reg Number : 1214 4410 33

Class : ICP A

Group :

Has been checked by Assistant and Assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, Oct 24th 2012

Co. Assistant Assistant

( ) (ASMAYANI )

Known,

The Lecturer of Lab.

( )
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
We know in our infironment there are many things and there are we can see with direct
eye,but there are also we can’t see it with direct eye. Se But know with microscope we
can know and observe many things with the microscope.but microscope is so vital tools
so we must so be carefull when we use it.

B. PURPOSE
Students skillfully using biological microscope to quickly and safely to see a simple
preparation.

C. BENEFIT

in our oserve we can know how to use the microscope we can know the structure as
example epidermis structure of onion .
CHAPTER II PREVIEW OF LITERARTURE

1.BUKU PANDUAN

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND USING OF MICROSCOPE
A. Basic theory
For student just learning to use microscope, is expected to follow the following steps
to be easy to implement, fast and skilled at quickly finding objects shadow/preparation
werre observed.
Optical microscope consist of 2, there are biological microscopes and biological
microscope used stereo fer seeing transparent. Shining given the observation of a thin
object under the natural light or lights. Biological microscopes generally have eyepiece
and objective lens with a magnification power as follow:
1. Objective 4x to 10x eyepiece, 40x magification
2. 10x objective with 10x eyepiece, magnification 100x
3. 40x objective with 10x eyepiece, magnification 400x
4. Objective 100x with 10 eyepiece, magnification 1000x
Objectively the most powerful optical microscope objective 1000X called
emertion oil adn how to use it with special using .

Stereo microscope is use for observation of objects that are not too large,transparant or
not. It shining can be set from above or from below with natural light or lamp. Have two
ojective and two eyepiece,so the shadow of three dimention with obtained observation of
both eyes. The power is not too strong magnification generally as following:

Objective 1x or 2x to 10x to15x eyepiece.

The microscope has a glass component that are easily damaged,such as lenses and
mirrors. Avoid treatments that may conflict with those components. Do not degrade your
macrometer when telescoped .to prevent a posssible collision with the objective lens glass
objects.
 2.

Microscope is one of tools which more important in biology laboratory practice. We know
without microscope, there’s no practice laboratory for us because almost for all biology lecture
need microscope in laboratory practice. With may kind’s microscopeso practice in biologi
laboratory more interested. In this chapter 1 we will reseach about microscope, kind of
microscope to used and watch over

 The kind of microscope

Microscope have two parts are optic and non-optice. Part optic comprise of lens.
Microscope lens is compound lenses which componned become one unit. Non-optic part
comprise of based object table. Part of microscope and function of microscope.
1. Base: to support the microscope. In foot part there is arm with hinge in simple microscope(
model student).
2. Arm: because there is hinge berween foot and arm so arm can raise and down. Arms also use to
hold microscope when we moving the microscope
3. Mirror: the functioning to reflectioning the light from original light
4. Kondensor: the functioning to gathering light and comprise compound lens.
5. Diaphragm: the function to manage there are minimum light and the diaphragm located
in under part.
6. Microscope table: is jecplace to set up object which we will at observe.the object in the
table with nip by niper
7. Tube on part tube have ocular lens with enlarge special as(5X,10X and 15X) In under
tube there are tool called revolver have functions to manage objectif lens magnification
by turns around it
8. Macrometer and micrometer the functions to manage located objective lens to object
which we observe.
 The kind of microscope is.
Binocular microscope with 2 ocular lens
Monocular microscope with 3 ocular lens
 Microscope stereo we use the microscope to observe things 3 dimention and have two
ocular lens. In this microscope the natural light raflectioning from mirror to object.

3 .Mikroskop

The human had found some lens and we can observe many things which we can’t see it
with direct eye. The simple tools to do it is loupe.

 Optical microscope

This microscope use lens from glass and sulight or lamp as resources light. The light
from out place which gather and reflection by the mirror and touch the spesiment
which will will magnification by lens and than accept by eye.
The optical microscope which we use now comprise by two lens ,and they are ocular
lens and objective lens

 Electron microscope
Wee use the microscope to observe the part of cell which so sensitif.

1. The optical part comprise are :

 Kondesor
 Objective lens
 Ocular lens
 mirror

2. Mechanical part
 Base microscope
 Makrometer
 Micrometer
 Object table
Step to use microscope are:
 Put the microscope on the table which good and straigt
 Clean the microscope body with flannel cloth
 Turning the objective brings so objective which magnification so weak
located exact on kondencor
 Turning the macrometer so the tube go up from object table and down up
object table if macrometeron object table
 Open the diafragm until maximum
CHAPTER III PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Time & Place

Oct 24th 2012 in the laboratory biology.

B. Tools & Materials

1) Tools provided by the laboratory
a. Biological Microscope
b. Toolbox contain :
 Petri dish
 Pipette hand
 Silet
2) Materials supplied by student
a. Leaf hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliceus)
b. Leaves of pumpkin (Cucurbitamoeschata)
c. Onion (Allium cepa)
d. Leaf adamhawa (Rhoeo discolor)

C. Work procedure
1. Preparing Microscope
a) Put the microscope on the desk right in front of you.
b) Clean the microscope body with a flannel cloth. Never rub the lens with the cloth than
flannel cloth.
c) Open the toolbox, remove the cup containing the stained glass objects and glass cover.
Clean the glass body with cotton cloth or filter paper.
d) At the top of your desk there is a microscope, toolbox with contents, guide books and
records, materials for practicum. Removed other than at the other places that have
been provided.
2. Log set its light into TUBE
a) Consider the state of you practice space, where the direction of the brighter light (from
the front, left, or right). Navigate mirror microscope to the light source. Open the
diaphragm or rotary plate being positioned holes. Microscope with condenser be
positioned close to the preparation table and use a flat mirror. For microscope without
condensers use a concave mirror.
b) Adjust the position of the objective lens revolver that most short-facing until a click
counter preparations.
c) Lower TUBE to distance objective by the end of the preparation table or TUBE down
5 – 10 mm maximum.
d) Observe through the eyepiece with the left eye without squining (it takes practice) will
appear white sircular field. If the brightness is uneven; moving slightly flat mirror until
the explained. If glare, narrow aperture or hole n the place. If the field of view is still
obscure means less incoming light, open the aperture and use larger holes on the plate.
e) The microscope is used to observe the preparation ready.

3. How to set distance lens with preparations

a) Round the setting of rough hands or fingers macrometer toward masters, tube down,
distance objective with a smaller dosage table, do the opposite. What happened?
Microscope tubes other models can not be titled up or down, then the dosage table
moves up and down when macrometer and micrometer rotated.
b) Replace glass objects containing dosage over the counter preparations preserved in
such a way that the material observed in the middle of the hole table, glass objects
sengkeling flops so as not to shake.
c) Note the distance objective with glass objects not exceeding 10 mm. If the distance is
large, turn macrometer remedy down tube while viewed from the side glass objects
approaching the end objective to a maximum of 5 – 10 mm.
d) Observed through the eyepiece with a hand cranked macrometer by raising TUBE
slowly. Observe the field of view until the shadows. If TUBE been lifted, half round
macrometer shadow appeared yet, meaning missed. Repeat again starting at 3.3;
shadow but if there are still vague, then continue turning the micrometer telescope up
or down until the clear shadow lines or boundaries.
e) Check the eyepiece (magnification how?) And objective (magnification how?),
calculate the magnification you can see the shadow.
f) If it is observed, the preparations were excluded.

4. Creating Simple Mixture

Observing cotton fibers / cotton
a) Take the glass objects that have been cleaned, hold serat possible.
b) Used as drops of clear water or water-tengasulingsatu drops in the middle.
 c) With tweezers, remove the crate material and place it in the middle of the water
droplets.
d) Hold your hand next to the cover glass between the master index finger on the
opposite side or edge.
e) Side of the cover glass on glass objects touched near the water droplets with a slope of
450 and then release so that appropriate cover water droplets. Excess water seeping
absorbed by the glass filter paper.
f) Install the preparation you made preparations at the table and watch as step 32, 3.3, 3.4
and 3.5

5. Viewing Magnification
a) 4.6 if the observations are successful, the shadow that appears will be raised again.
Position preparations or TUBE not touched.
b) Rotate the objective lens in such a way that the longer (stronger) perpendicular to the
preparation table until you hear a click.
c) Observed turning the micrometer until the shadow of larger ones. Observe shadow
there!
d) If it fails to find a bigger shadow. Raise tube by turning the master finger
macrometeroppsite direction. Turn back the revolver to get objective lens position is
weak (short) to its original position. Without changing the position of preaparations,
did re-treatment 3.3., 3.4., 3.5., go to 5.1., 5.2., 5.3., until it works.
e) If you will observe the other ingredients, then raise TUBE. Remove the preparations
that have been observed and clear glass objects and glass cover.
f) Create a new dosage corresponding new step 4.1., up to 4.6.
g) At the end of the activity that use a microscope, note the following:
 Mixture should not be stored on the counter preparations, must be removed.
 Mixture should be cleaned with a wet filter paper or cotton cloth (glass cover slip +
objects). Store in a petri dish and put in the gear box.
 Clean the microscope body with a flannel cloth. TUBE down as low as possible.
 Keep the box microscope.
 All the equipment has been cleaned with a cotton cloth used and stored in a box.
 Your own equipment, kept themselves to be used for the next activity.
 The remaining materials are not used again thrown in the trash avaible.
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. RESULT
B. DISCUSSION

1. Write the name of the optical parts of the microscope?

2. Write the name of the mechanical parts of the microscope?
3. If the image in the field of view is shifted to the left front, towards which the glass
objects / stocks to be shifted? Why it can be?
4. Write a negative effect on the microscope when the lens is rubbed with a cloth or plain
paper / rude!
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. CONCLUSION
After this practicum, we can conclude that students skillfully using biological microscope to
quickly and safely to see a simple preparation.

B. SUGGESTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY