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APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS:
THE INTEGRAL METHOD
5.1 Introduction
x Seek approximate solution when:
x Exact solution is unavailable.
x Form of exact solution is not suitable or convenient.
x Solution requires numerical integration.
x The integral method gives approximate solutions.
5.2 Differential vs. Integral Formulation
x Differential formulation, Fig. 5.1a: the basic laws are formulated for a differential
element dx u dy.
x Solutions satisfy the basic laws exactly (at every point).
x Integral formulation, Fig. 5.1b: the basic laws are formulated for the element
dx u G .
x Solutions satisfy the basic laws in an average sense (for section G ).
5.4 Procedure
x Integral solutions are obtained for the velocity and temperature fields.
x The following procedure is used in obtaining integral solutions:
2
Fig. 5.3
5.6.2 Conservation of Momentum
dp
(p ) dG Vf ( x)Gme
2
G d G dM x
pG pG ( pG )dx Mx Mx dx
dx dx
dx dx
W o (1 P)dx
(a) forces (b) x momentum
Fig. 5.4
x M x = x-momentum, given by
G ( x)
Mx
³ 0
U u 2 dy (c)
NOTE:
(1) Equation (5.2) is the integral formulation of conservation of momentum.
(2) Equation (5.2) applies to laminar as well as turbulent flow.
(3) Although u is a function of x and y.
(4) Evaluating the integrals in (5.2) results in a first order ordinary differential equation with
x as the independent variable.
Special Cases:
wu wu 1 dp f w 2u
u v ǎ 2 (4.5)
wx wy U wx wy
Applying equation (4.5) at y G
dp dp f dVf
| U Vf ( x) (5.3)
dx dx dx
Substituting (5.3) into (5.2) and noting that U is constant
G ( x) G ( x)
dV wu x,0 d d
G Vf ( x) f ǎ 1 P
dx wy dx ³ 0
u 2 dy Vf x
dx ³ 0
u dy Vf x Pvo (5.4)
G t ( x) º
d ª«
dE e c p Tf
dx «
¬
³ 0
U u dy » dx c p Tf U vo Pdx
»
¼
(c)
NOTE:
v wu x,0 d d
wy
Vf
dx ³0
udy
dx ³0
u 2 dy (5.5)
(1) u ( x,0) 0
(2) u ( x, G ) | Vf
wu ( x, G )
(3) |0
wy
w 2 u ( x,0)
(4) 0
wy 2
x Note that the assumed velocity is in terms of the unknown variable G (x).
x Boundary layer thickness. Use (5.5) to determine G (x). Substituting (5.9) into (5.5)
3 39 2 dG
vVf 1 Vf (b)
2 G 280 dx
G 280 / 13 4.64
(5.10)
x Re x Re x
x Friction coefficient. (5.10) into (5.9) gives u as a function of x and y. With the
velocity distribution determined, friction coefficient C f is obtained using (4.36) and
(4.37a)
wu
P x,0
Wo wy 3v
Cf
UVf2 /2 UVf2 / 2 Vf G x
G 5.2
, Blasius solution (4.46)
x Re x
and
0.664
Cf , Blasius solution (4.48)
Re x
x Boundary conditions
(1) T ( x,0) Ts
(2) T ( x, G t ) | Tf
wT ( x, G t )
(3) |0
wy
w 2T ( x,0)
(4) 0
wy 2
8
NOTE: The fourth condition is obtained by setting y 0 in the energy equation (2.19).
x Boundary conditions give the four coefficients. Thus
ª3 y 1 y3 º
T ( x, y ) Ts (Tf Ts ) « » (5.13)
«¬ 2 G t 2 G t »¼
3
d ° ª 3 § G ·2 3 § G t · º ½°
4
3 Tf Ts t
D ®(Tf Ts ) Vf G « ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ »¾ (5.14)
2 Gt dx °̄ «¬ 20 © G ¹ 280 © G ¹ »¼ °
¿
x Simplification of (5.14). Note that
Gt
1 , for Pr ! 1 (5.15)
G
It follows that
2
3 §Gt · 3 §Gt ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
280 © G ¹ 20 © G ¹
(5.14) simplifies to
2
D d ª §Gt · º
10 Vf «G ¨ ¸ » (b)
Gt dx «¬ © G ¹ »¼
where
280 Q x
G (c)
13 Vf
Boundary condition
G t ( xo ) 0 (h)
Solution to (b)
1/ 3
Gt 4.528 °ª § x · 3 / 4 º ½°
o
®«1 ¨ ¸ » ¾ (5.17b)
x Pr 1/3 Re x 1/2 x
°̄«¬ © ¹ »¼ °¿
k 1/2
h( x) 0.331 Pr 1/3 Re x (5.24)
x
1/2
Nu x 0.331Pr 1/3 Re x (5.25)
x Examine the accuracy of the local Nusselt number. For Pr ! 10 equation (4.72c)
gives Pohlhausen’s solution
Nu x 0.339 Pr 1 / 3 Re x , for Pr ! 10 (4.72c)
Comparing this result with integral solution (5.25) shows that the error is 2.4%.
x Boundary conditions
(1) u ( x,0) 0
(2) u ( x, G ) | Vf
x Velocity solution
10
y
u Vf (c)
G
x Integral solution to G
G 12
(5.26)
x Re x
x Assumed temperature
T b0 b1 y (f)
x Boundary conditions
(1) T ( x,0) Ts
(2) T ( x, G t ) | Tf
x Temperature solution
y
T Ts (Tf Ts ) (g)
Gt
x Integral solution to G t
12 ǎ
Gt
1
Pr 1/3
Vf
>
x 1 ( xo / x) 3 / 4 @
1/ 3
(o)
Comments. Table 5.1 compares exact solutions for G / x and Nu x / Pr 1 / 3 Rex1/2 with integral
results for the case of a plate with no insulated section based on assumed linear and
polynomial profiles
x Note that the integral method gives more accurate prediction of Nusselt number than
of the boundary layer thickness G .
Table 5.1
G Nu x
Solution Re x
x Pr 1 / 3 Re1 / 2
Exact (Blasius/ Pohlhausen) 5.2 0.332
3rd degree polynomial 4.64 0.339
Linear 3.46 0.289
11
x Need surface temperature Ts (x). Use the integral form of the energy equation to
determine Ts (x)
G t ( x)
wT x,0 d
D
wy dx ³
0
u (T Tf )dy (5.7)
x Assume temperature T ( x, y )
T b0 b1 y b2 y 2 b3 y 3 (c)
x Boundary conditions
wT x,0
(1) k q csc
wy
(2) T x, G t | Tf
12
wT x, G t
(3) |0
wy
w 2T x,0
(4) 0
wy 2
x Application of boundary conditions give the coefficients in (c)
ª2 1 y 3 º q csc
T ( x, y ) Tf « G t y » (5.29)
«¬ 3 3 G t2 »¼ k
d ° 2 ª 1 G t 1 § G t · º ½°
3
D
G
® t « ¨ ¸ »¾ (e)
Vf dx °̄ «10 G 140 © G ¹ » °
¬ ¼¿
x Simplify for Prandtl numbers larger than unity, G t / G 1
D d ª G t3 º
10 « »
Vf dx ¬« G ¼»
1 / 3
ª x º
Nu x 0.417 «1 o » Pr 1/3 Re1/2
x (5.34)
¬ x¼
x Special Case: Plate with no insulated section, set xo 0 in (5.33) and (5.34)
q cc x
Ts ( x) Tf 2.396 s (5.35)
k Pr Re1/2
1/3
x