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Discussing the OIDA’s roadmap for solid-state lighting, Michael Lebby highlights the
advances needed to bring SSL technology to general purpose illumination.
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Improvements in white LED performance and price will greatly increase their penetration of 8VWdiBZY^VAiY
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An installation of 16 LED streetlights in Toronto’s Exhibition Place demonstrates reduced
energy usage and improved light quality. Eg^cihjWhXg^ei^dch
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The SSL industry urgently needs standards to assist its growth and to avoid hype and negative :cfj^g^Zh/hjWhXg^WZgh5aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb
reactions. The good news, says Kevin Dowling, is that standards work is proceeding rapidly.
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Colour compensation technology allows luminaire manufacturers to provide colour- lll#aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb$hjWhXg^WZ#
constant products for demanding applications, writes Thomas Schielke, ERCO Leuchten.
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LED backlight units are beginning to appear in large commercial LCD panels, says Brian
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Bae, but penetration will increase dramatically in the next few years.
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Philips has made a bid to acquire all outstanding shares of TIR
Systems Ltd, a Vancouver, Canada-based LED lighting company.
The deal is valued at approximately C$75 million (around US$64m
or €49m) in cash and, subject to the approval of TIR shareholders, is
expected to close in the second quarter of 2007.
TIR Systems has been at the forefront of developments in the area of
color-changing LED-based architectural lighting, and is now deeply
involved in technology for products that generate high-quality white
light. TIR’s Lexel technology was first announced in mid-2005 and
subsequently licensed to several leading lighting-fixture manufac-
turers, including Zumtobel and Canlyte. Lexel provides a platform
of fully integrated solid-state lighting (SSL) modules. TIR has been
struggling through successive money-losing quarters and made pub-
lic its search for a suitable partner.
Supporting TIR’s technology and products is a solid IP portfolio
that, when integrated into Philips’ substantial set of SSL patents, will
create a strong competitive advantage. TIR is currently involved in a
patent dispute with Boston-based rival Color Kinetics and the Philips
acquisition could shift the goalposts is this particular confrontation
(see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/1).
As well as its own SSL module and luminaire business, Philips
owns Lumileds, the largest manufacturer of power LEDs, and at the
other end of the supply chain Philips recently acquired PLI, a leading
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European manufacturer of luminaires for the home market (see www.
ledsmagazine.com/news/3/11/17).
Peter van Strijp, chief executive of Philips Lighting’s SSL business
unit, said that the TIR acquisition “strengthens Philips’ position in
delivering integrated lighting products to lighting fixtures manufac-
turers. Our focus will now be on making lighting products that utilize
TIR Systems’ SSL modules widely available.”
 More details at www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/13
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The plain old incandescent lamp has been added to the endangered
species list around the world. Australia’s government has announced
it will begin to phase out incandescent light bulbs by 2010, while a
proposed bill seeks to do the same in the state of California by 2012.
European Union heads of state have adopted an energy policy that
calls for the European Commission to submit proposals rapidly to
increase requirements for energy efficiency. These requirements will
affect office and street lighting by 2008, and incandescent lamps and
other forms of lighting in private households by 2009. The result
could well be an outright ban on incandescents. In the UK, the Co-
operative Group, a leading retailer, will stop selling incandescent
lamps in some of its stores later in 2007, while increasing its range of
CFL products (see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/4/7).
In Washington, DC, a coalition advocating energy efficiency pre-
sented plans for proposed legislative action to phase out inefficient
lamps through the substitution of existing (or yet-to-be-developed)
energy-efficient alternatives including compact fluorescent lamps
(CFLs) and energy-saving halogen lamps, as well as LED lamps.
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Leading the coalition, Philips agreed to become the first lighting
manufacturer in North America to seek a phase-out of inefficient
incandescent light bulbs by 2016 (see www.ledsmagazine.com/
news/4/3/18).
In the short term, such legislation will provide a huge boost to CFL
manufacturers, while the focus on energy efficiency is good news for
LEDs in the medium to long term. An Associated Press article quoted
Theo van Deursen, CEO of Philips’ lighting division, as saying that
incandescent bulbs did not have a long-term future. “We believe there
are better technologies going forward,” he said. He predicted that
halogen lights and CFLs will continue to gain market share in the
medium term, but in the long term LEDs will dominate the market.
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LED maker Cree has purchased Hong Kong-based Cotco Luminant
Device Ltd, a leading supplier of high-brightness LEDs in China, for
$200 million in stock and cash. Cree says the acquisition of Cotco will
provide access to the important and fast-growing solid-state lighting
market in China. Another benefit will be Cotco’s low-cost manufac-
turing capabilities for packaged LEDs.
Currently, most of Cree’s revenue comes from the sale of LED
chips, and its only packaged LED product line is the XLamp power
LED family. Cotco has a competitive power LED family, Dorado,
and also manufactures many other types of LED packages. Cotco
currently purchases LED chips from suppliers including Cree, and
has licensed a white LED patent from Cree. Buying Cotco will put
Cree into competition with more of its chip customers.
Cree says that its goal for the acquisition is to offer more value-
added products in key markets for high-performance LED screens,
signage and solid-state lighting. “This is the next step in our strategy
to enable the solid-state lighting revolution,” said Chuck Swoboda,
Cree chairman and CEO. “We look forward to working together
to expand our business in China and to transform Cree into a truly
global company.”
Cotco Holdings Ltd will receive $70m in cash and 7.6m Cree shares
valued at around $130m. Up to $125m will also be paid if Cotco meets
specific financial targets over the next two fiscal years.
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/12
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%,
 YOUR
DESIGN

OUR
EXPERTISE

VISION ACCOMPLISHED

Industry defining technology that has transformed

over 15,000 installations worldwide

Complete system solutions that address a broad

range of lighting applications

A worldwide service and support network

committed to real-time response

Rigorous product testing and verification ensuring

exactly what you expect, every time

When you select an LED systems provider,

select the trusted leader: COLOR KINETICS

TRANSFORM YOUR WORLDTM

WWW.COLORKINETICS.COM
1.888.FULL RGB

©2007 Color Kinetics Incorporated. All rights reserved.

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Ford Global Technologies has signed a licence agreement to access
Color Kinetics’ complete patent portfolio, enabling the car maker to
incorporate color-controllable LED-based lighting into its vehicles.
Ford was one of the first to capitalize on the digitally controllable
nature of LEDs when it introduced the MyColor color-changing
instrument panel in its Ford Mustangs. The CK licence will cover
such products as well as other intelligent color-controllable systems
that Ford may introduce in the future.
CK’s patents have also been licensed by Element Labs, a prominent
manufacturer of LED systems that merge lighting and video. CK has
also licensed certain patents owned or controlled by Element Labs.
Several of Element Labs’ intelligent LED product lines apply CK’s
proprietary control methods to generate millions of colors and video-
based lighting effects. As such, Element Labs will pay royalty fees
on the sales of these products in all markets covered by CK’s patent
portfolio. Element Labs was a member of the LED Alliance that sup-
ported Super Vision in its ultimately unsuccessful patent battle with
CK. Commenting on the CK deal, Nils Thorjussen, president and
CEO of Element Labs, said: “As we continually look to take advan-
tage of rapidly improving LED technology, we think it’s important
to work with Color Kinetics, whose pioneering R&D and resulting
IP have led the market.”
 More details (Ford): www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/4/3
(Elements Labs): www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/27
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As part of its Solid State Lighting project, the US Department of
Energy (DOE) is to conduct demonstrations of solid-state lighting
products, and is inviting participation from manufacturers. The inten-
tion is to place commercial state-of-the-art LED lighting products
into real-world applications across several sites, to demonstrate their
performance and cost-effectiveness.
The demonstration is being coordinated by Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory (PNNL) and will include several teams, each con-
sisting of an LED lighting manufacturer/consortium, an energy-effi-
ciency organization or utility, a host site, and PNNL. A list of willing
participants has already been started, including diverse organizations
such as several branches of the US military, the Smithsonian Institute,
the Federal Aviation Administration and the US Postal Service.
After product installation, PNNL will evaluate the results, includ-
ing energy and cost savings and related economic analyses, as well as
qualitative responses to the LED lighting fixtures. DOE says that it is
interested in products that will become economically justifiable and
that can impact a large segment of the lighting market. Residential
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downlighting is a preferred (but not the only) application, due to its
prevalence in US homes and because the directionality of LED light-
ing lends itself to this application.
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/21
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GE Consumer & Industrial has changed the name of its LED business
from GELcore LLC to Lumination LLC as part of a drive to develop
white LED products for general illumination. This follows last year’s
announcement by GE of an investment of $100 million and the for-
mation of a strategic alliance with LED maker Nichia (see www.
ledsmagazine.com/features/3/10/5). The company has grown more
than 30% annually since it was founded as a joint venture between
GE Lighting and Emcore. David Elien, president of Lumination, says
that the company will continue to deliver LED products for signage,
architecture, transportation signals and retail display. The company
plans to release a white LED emitter that targets high quality-of-light
general illumination.
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/5
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Konica Minolta and General Electric have signed a strategic alliance
agreement to accelerate the commercialization of organic LEDs for
lighting applications. The goal is to bring OLED lighting to mar-
ket within the next three years. Michael Idelchik, VP of Advanced
Technology Programs at GE Global Research, said that both compa-
nies have achieved significant advances in OLED technologies at the
R&D stage. “Now, we will pool our substantial resources and expertise
to accelerate the development of this transformational technology.”
In June 2006, Konica Minolta announced the successful development
of a white OLED with a world-record power efficiency of 64 lm/W at
1000 cd/m2 – a brightness which is appropriate for lighting applications.
KM has also developed long-life blue phosphorescent materials as well
as barrier films and coating technology to enable high reliability.
As far back as 2004, GE researchers demonstrated a 24×24-inch,
1200-lumen OLED panel with similar efficiency to an incandes-
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%,
Whether you are designing a new fixture or updating a classic, these new high-efficiency
Citizen LEDs offer high performance and design flexibility, to give you an edge. Efficiency is
greater than many fluorescents, and other LEDs. Lead-free and environmentally friendly.

New CL-652S offers 85lm (70lm/watt) New CL-L100 ultra-flat, 245lm LEDs (70lm/watt)

The Orion offers trend-setting brightness with unheard of efficiency.

Luminous Flux: cool white is 85lm (70lm/watt). Warm white model is The CL-L100 packs a super luminance flux of 245lm with high
57lm (47lm/watt). Draws 1.2 watts. Configure as 8 junctions in efficiency. Space-saving thin package releases flat, well dispersed
series for just 44mA or in parallel for 350mA. 14x14mm. illumination. Power consumption is 3.5 watts. 50x7mm.

For Specification　http://www.c-e.co.jp/e/ For Sample Request　inquiry@mail.c-e.co.jp

Contact Japan Tel:+81-3-3493-2081 Manabu Danjo Asia Tel:+852-2793-0613 Eric Au Yeung
North America Tel:+1-847-619-6700 Dave Lomas Singapore Tel:+65-6734-1398 Edmond Wong
Europe Tel:+49-69-2992-4810 Yuichi Iwako
A:9
A  complete,  
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modular  LED    
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luminaire   cent bulb. Since then, GE has more than doubled OLED efficiency
system using device architectures that are scalable to a large area and can be
produced cost-effectively. Other developments include plastic film
substrates, as well as fabrication processes and equipment to enable
high-speed, cost-effective “roll-to-roll” manufacturing.
GE Consumer & Industrial VP Michael Petras said that because
OLED lighting is soft and diffused, it will create some exciting appli-
cation opportunities for designers and specifiers. “The applications

Introducing
are numerous, ranging from ceiling lighting for office and residential
applications to interior automotive and aircraft lighting.”
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/29

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At the upcoming Lightfair show,
Renaissance Lighting will demon-
strate a PDA controller with Bluetooth
connectivity that allows users to select
color, intensity, and white color
temperature for downlight fixtures.
Intelligent control is built into the
back of the fixtures, which contain
multiple R,G,B LEDs. “Active color
adjustment inside the fixture means
you can control the color temperature
during dimming, for example,” says
Kevin Willmorth of Renaissance.
•    Up  to  95%  optical  efficiency “This type of approach [with R,G,B
LEDs] uses the inherent ability of
•    Integrated  micro-­optics* LEDs to do what they do best, and what can’t be done with other
•    24V  DC,  Class  II sources. We think there are sections of the lighting market that are
•    Plug-­in,  turnkey  solution ready for this type of transformation in lighting.”
•    Just  add  power  
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*patent(s)  pending
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LIGHT BARSTM
is   a   unique   concept   where   all   the   major  
design   components   related   to   LED   luninaire   manufacture   LED lighting manufacturer Super Vision International has been
are  provided  in  a  ready to run  format. renamed Nexxus Lighting and has relocated its corporate headquar-
ters to Charlotte, NC. This is part of the company’s new strategic plan
The   system   is   completely   modular   and   scalable,   available  
with  various  beam  profile  optics  including  Type  III,  IV  and  V,  
to direct its focus towards advanced technology lighting products and
meeting  IES  standards.  For  architectural  lighting  from  spot   systems, including LED and fiber-optic lighting.
to  flood  and  sizes  ranging  from  12  to  200  watts.  More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/3

We’ve  taken  all  the  hard  work  out  of  creating  an  LED  product  
line.  You  simply  incorporate  with  your  own  luminaire  housing,  
;> C6C8:
and  just add power. :cÒhhiVgihigVY^c\h]VgZh
For more infomation please call:
(949) 567-1930 x228, Bud Grandsaert Enfis, a UK-based manufacturer of intelligent high-power LED
bud@imslighting.com arrays, has commenced trading on the AIM (Alternative Investment
Market) in London. The company placed 3.2m shares at a price of 140
pence, raising a total of £4.5m (approx. $8.8m). This gives the com-
pany a market capitalization of £12.5m. Enfis’ light engines combine
a high-powered LED array with associated controlling electronics
ILLUMINATION and heat management components. The company expects to launch
Management Solutions Visit   us   at  
a 1000-lm color-changing light engine later in 2007 and a 1000-lm
18242  McDurmott  West,  Suite  J L i g h t F a i r   color-temperature-tunable white light engine in early 2008.
Irvine,  CA    92614 booth  #  982
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/32

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C:LH/9:K>8:H
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Philips Lumileds has
launched the Luxeon
Rebel, which contains
a 1×1 mm 2 chip and
has a footprint of just
3×4.5 mm, consider-
ably smaller than rival
power LEDs. The chip
is mounted on a ceramic
substrate and has a hemi-
spherical silicone lens.
After criticism of delays in launching the Luxeon K2, Lumileds has
been careful to ensure that the product can be shipped immediately,
via Future Lighting Solutions.
The Rebel operates between 350 and 1000 mA, and is the first
power LED to offer guaranteed minimum performance for each bin,
rather than typical performance. Lumileds says this approach enables
greater design and manufacturing consistency, and allows custom-
ers to purchase the appropriate light output performance for each
application.
The Rebel comes in neutral-white with a CCT range of 3500–
4500 K, as well as 2670–3500 K for warm-white and 4500–10 000 K
for cool-white. For each CCT range, there are several bins with dif-
ferent minimum performance; for example, these are 40, 50, 70 and
80 lm at 350 mA for cool- and neutral-white. With a forward voltage
of 3.15 V, the highest bin has an efficacy of around 72 lm/W. At higher
drive currents, the datasheet shows that the top bins deliver 145 lm at
700 mA in cool- and neutral-white (57 lm/W), and 110 lm for warm-
white (43 lm/W). The typical color-rendering index (CRI) is listed as
80 for warm-white, 75 for neutral-white, and 70 for cool-white.
The package’s small footprint and low profile of just 2.1 mm should
enable significantly reduced color mixing and diffusion depths. This
will allow luminaire designs that are significantly thinner than those
using alternative power LED packages. The Rebel’s small size could
prove particularly useful in LCD backlighting applications.
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/28
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A well-known problem with all high-power white LEDs is that the
device efficacy decreases significantly at high drive currents, espe-
cially at 1000 mA and higher. The result is that driving a power LED
at 1000 mA instead of 350 mA produces a much higher light output,
but at much lower efficacy. For example, the Lumileds’ Luxeon K2
has a light output of 100 lm at 700 mA, with an efficacy of 40 lm/W. At
1500 mA, the light output is 140 lm but the efficacy is 24 lm/W.
Lumileds has memorably named the problem “droop”, and has
announced a chip-level solution that will be implemented in commer-
cial Luxeon LED products during 2007. The new technology, relating
to the epitaxial growth of the LED layer structures, enables efficacy
values that remain high as the drive current increases. Lumileds says
that the new technology will enable it to deliver power LEDs that
deliver 70 lm/W or higher at drive currents of 1000 mA and higher.
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/7
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%, 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
8gZZVccdjcXZhÈa^\]i^c\"
XaVhhÉlVgb"l]^iZA:9h
Cree has announced that it is shipping warm-white XLamp LEDs that
produce up to 124 lumens at a correlated color temperature (CCT) of
3000 K when driven at 700 mA. The company claims that this repre-
sents the industry’s first demonstration of “lighting class” warm-white
LEDs, allowing lighting manufacturers to start to address the “low-
hanging fruit” among indoor lighting applications. Most warm-white
power LEDs are not qualified to operate above 350 mA, although
there are a few exceptions (see “Warm white LEDs ready for a leap
forward in 2007” – www.ledsmagazine.com/features/4/2/1).
The new XLamp warm-white LEDs show color point stability
within a four-step MacAdam ellipse when driven at 700 mA. Older-
generation XLamp devices (and many competing devices) can only
demonstrate this level of color point stability at 350 mA.
Cree’s datasheet for the high-end XR-E family shows a typical
luminous flux of 70 lm at 350 mA and 120 lm at 700 mA for a 3700 K
LED. The corresponding values are 65 lm (equivalent to 56 lm/W)
and 110 lm (around 45 lm/W) at 2600 K.
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/19
HZdjajeYViZh6Xg^X]ZhdjgXZ
Seoul Semiconductor
(SSC) has unveiled
a new version of its
Acriche AC-LED,
a semiconductor
light source that runs
directly from an AC
supply without a con-
verter. The Acriche
2 W single emitter has
one AC-LED on an
octagonal PCB with a
diameter of 25 mm. The new device has an efficacy of 48 lm/W, and
SSC says this is equivalent to a conventional power LED with an
efficacy of 57 lm/W, after conversion losses (from AC to DC) of about
20% are taken into account.
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/17
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co, Ltd, through its Panasonic brand,
is to become the first company to launch commercial power LEDs
that employ gallium nitride (GaN) substrates. Panasonic will intro-
duce three types of white LED to meet the diverse needs of power
and size. These are a 3 W lighting LED, measuring 7.7×4.2×1.5 mm,
with an output of 100 lm at 1000 mA, as well as a reflector type LED
best suited for flash applications, and a point light source for use in
ultra-compact lights.
The company says that the use of GaN substrates, which have very
high thermal and electrical conductivity, substantially improves LED
performance in the high current range. At an emission wavelength
of 460 nm, the new blue GaN-based chips on GaN substrates have a
total radiative flux of 355 mW at a forward current of 350 mA, with
an external quantum efficiency of 38%.
 More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/7

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>CI:GK>:L
D>96djia^cZhHHAgdVYbVe
Many organizations around the world are looking
at ways to facilitate the entry of solid-state lighting
(SSL) into the general illumination market. One of
these is the Optoelectronics Industry Development
Association (OIDA), a Washington DC-based
not-for-profit group whose members include the
leading providers of optoelectronic components
and systems enabled by optoelectronics, as well
as universities and research institutions.
OIDA is actively developing a solid-state light-
ing roadmap from a packages, devices and mate-
rials standpoint. “We focus mainly on packaging
downwards, although we are also roadmapping
the module/luminaire segment, i.e. packages
that include ICs and associated electronics,”
says OIDA president and CEO Michael Lebby.
“However, it’s clear that for SSL to make the leap
into mainstream lighting, several key develop-
ments still need to happen.”
Lebby recently gave a plenary talk at the
9^hXjhh^c\i]ZD>96Éh
Third Asia Pacific Workshop on Wide Bandgap gdVYbVe[dghda^Y"hiViZ
Semiconductors on 12 March in Chonju, Korea.
“We saw huge interest in the SSL field, and wide- a^\]i^c\!B^X]VZaAZWWn
spread support from local funding bodies,” he
says. “There is an incredible amount of innovation
]^\]a^\]ihi]ZiZX]c^XVa
going on to improve the performance of LEDs.” VcY^cYjhignVYkVcXZh
@ZnVgZVhd[gZhZVgX] cZZYZYidWg^c\HHA
Key areas covered at the workshop included ther-
mal issues in device design, methods to improve
iZX]cdad\nid\ZcZgVa
wavelength control, and improvements to warm- ejgedhZ^aajb^cVi^dc#
white LEDs. “For example, people are looking
at UV LEDs in combination with new phosphors, to avoid patent
issues,” says Lebby.
In presenting OIDA’s Solid State Lighting Roadmap, Lebby
detailed the evolution that OIDA sees coming in the next five to
ten years. “The efficiency needed to achieve widespread market
acceptance will be in the order of 150 lm/W in production,” he says.
“This will require significant improvements in internal and exter-
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%, 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
nal quantum efficiency, better phosphors (espe-
cially for warm light and better color rendering),
and incremental improvements in light extrac-
tion and packaging.” New technical approaches
that move towards these goals, such as thin-film
flip-chip LED designs, are likely to become
more prevalent.
Lebby suggests that the efficacy of white LEDs
could reach 220 lm/W by 2016, while recognizing
that lm/W is not an all-encompassing measure but
does provide a useful “stake in the ground”. To
get to this point, it will be necessary to push wall-
plug efficiencies to 65–70%, to increase extrac-
tion efficiencies to around 90% and to achieve
70–80% internal quantum efficiency.
Efficient use of RGB illumination (and also
RGB backlighting for LCD displays) will need
significant improvements especially in the effi-
ciency of green nitride materials.
EVX`V\^c\
Packaging is another interesting area, and one
where the roadmap might change direction in
future. As high-current LEDs progress towards
150 lm/W, more light and less heat is produced,
and this reduces the thermal load on the package.
In turn, says Lebby, this might remove the need
to use expensive ceramic packaging materials.
“I’m sticking my neck out,” says Lebby, “but I
can see a move from ceramics to transfer-molded
packaging [a type of packaging widely used in
the semiconductor industry] in the future.”
Lebby says the industry needs to think about this trend and look at
other aspects of LED manufacturing, to take advantage of the incred-
ible performance gains that are taking place at the lm/W level. 
,INKS
/)$!¬www.oida.org

B6G@:IH A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
Hda^Y"hiViZa^\]i^c\bVg`Zi
ed^hZY[dgYgVbVi^X\gdli]
>begdkZbZcih^cl]^iZA:9eZg[dgbVcXZVcYeg^XZl^aaViigVXii]ZViiZci^dcd[aVg\Zga^\]i^c\
XdbeVc^Zh!A:9"WVhZYÒmijgZYZh^\chl^aaWZXdbZbdgZZ[ÒX^Zci!VcYhda^Y"hiViZa^\]i^c\
egdYjXihl^aa\gZVian^cXgZVhZi]Z^geZcZigVi^dcd[i]ZbV^chigZVb\ZcZgVa^aajb^cVi^dc
bVg`Zi!egZY^XiGdWZgiHiZZaZVcYKg^cYV7]VcYVg`Vgd[HigViZ\^ZhJca^b^iZY#
The use of high-brightness (HB) LEDs for lighting applications is
receiving increased attention, particularly as the performance (lumen
output, efficiency) of HB LEDs has progressed dramatically in the past
year, enabling a wider variety of lighting applications to be addressed.
In recent years, the phrase “solid-state lighting” has become a gener-
ally accepted description for the use of LEDs for lighting, and this is
the definition that will be used here (rather than the broader definition
which is sometimes used to encompass all HB LED applications).
#/524%39¬/&¬0!3%&

In the late 1990s, LED technology began to penetrate limited light-

ing applications, including a few that required white light. In the period
2001–2006, a wider variety of niche lighting applications became
accessible, in part due to the development of high-power LEDs that
provide much higher lumen output than LEDs in standard (e.g. 5 mm,
SMD) packages. In the coming years, much larger lighting market
penetration, buoyed by the dramatic progress that has been made and
continues to be made in LED technology, is envisioned. LEDs will
begin to penetrate the general illumination market, including home
and retail lighting, outdoor area lighting, and off-grid lighting.
#/524%39¬/&¬0(),)03¬,)'(4).'

A:9a^\]i^c\bVg`ZidkZgk^Zl
HB LEDs have penetrated a variety of niche lighting applications and
are also beginning to be used in several white-light applications that
could be considered to be part of the general illumination market. The
market for HB LEDs in lighting amounted to $205 million in 2006, or
approximately 5% of the overall HB LED market of $4.2 billion.
In spite of its small share of the overall HB LED market, lighting &IG¬¬#URRENTLY¬THE¬LARGEST¬LIGHTING¬APPLICATION¬FOR¬("¬,%$S¬IS¬
was the fastest growing segment in 2006, and is forecast to grow to ARCHITECTURAL¬LIGHTING¬WHERE¬THE¬ABILITY¬OF¬,%$S¬TO¬PROVIDE¬COLORS¬
approximately $1 billion in 2011, corresponding to an average annual AND¬COLOR
CHANGING¬EFFECTS¬IS¬A¬MAJOR¬MARKET¬DRIVER¬4HE¬USE¬OF¬
growth rate of 37%. The largest application is architectural light- WHITE¬,%$¬LIGHTING¬AT¬PRESENT¬IS¬MAINLY¬LIMITED¬TO¬APPLICATIONS¬
ing, where the ability of LEDs to provide colors and color-changing WHERE¬LOW¬LUMEN¬OUTPUT¬IS¬REQUIRED¬AND¬WHERE¬RELIABILITY¬AND¬LOW¬
effects is a major market driver. MAINTENANCE¬ARE¬IMPORTANT¬4OP ¬,%$S¬ILLUMINATE¬BUILDINGS¬ALONG¬
The use of HB LEDs in lighting happened initially in architectural THE¬0EARL¬2IVER¬IN¬#HINA¬n¬SEE¬WWWLEDSMAGAZINECOMNEWS¬
as well as other applications that use color, such as channel letters, exit
signs and entertainment. With conventional lighting technologies the
use of color is expensive and inefficient, and color-changing applica-
tions often use moving parts that need maintenance. With RGB LEDs,
it is possible to produce a wide range of saturated colors, and with the
use of appropriate control technologies, color changing has become
readily available. However, the concept of using color and color chang-
ing is not ubiquitous; it is generally limited to high-end applications
such as first-class hotels, restaurants, casinos and retail venues.
General illumination is closely associated with white light. The
use of white LED lighting at present is mainly limited to applica-
tions where low lumen output is required, such as machine vision,
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%, 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
"OTTOM ¬7HITE¬,%$S¬IN¬A¬PEDESTRIAN¬SUBWAY¬IN¬'ATESHEAD¬5+¬
n¬SEE¬WWWLEDSMAGAZINECOMNEWS
path lighting, accent lighting, flashlights and small spot lights – and
various other applications where lighting has to be reliable and have
a long life to reduce the cost of maintenance. The total use of white
LEDs in such applications has become a significant part of the solid-
state lighting market. Thus, although the use of colored lighting was
an early focus for LEDs, white light has grown to become a large
percentage of the LED lighting market, as shown in figure 2.
The path to general illumination will depend on the improvements
in efficiency and lumen output of white LEDs. Efficiency is important

A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C : B6G@:IH
4ABLEåå-AJORå,%$åLIGHTINGåAPPLICATIONåCATEGORIES
 Channel Letter/Contour Lighting  Retail Display  Entertainment: rock concerts, TV
 Architectural: building exterior and Display case lighting studios, theaters
interior lighting to create special effects General merchandise lighting Theater step lights
(not general illumination), including color Refrigerated display case lighting Stage lighting, including permanent and
changing (e.g. hotel, restaurant, casino,  Residential rental spot lights
fountain, landmarks); landscape lighting for Recessed can lights Color-changing effects lighting in discos,
gardens, parks, pools, and spas Reading lights bars, and clubs
Wall washers Under-cabinet  Safety/Security
Floodlights Pendants Exit signs
Strip lights Decorative Emergency lighting
Accent lights  Consumer Portable (battery-powered)  Outdoor Area Lighting
Cove lighting Flashlights Parking lots
Festoon lights Headlights Street lights, highway lights, etc.
Small spots Bicycle lights  Off-Grid: primarily remote villages and
Path lights  Machine Vision: light sources for cameras dwellings in developing countries; powered
In-ground and underwater lights used in machine vision applications by solar, wind, micro-hydro, etc.

in consumer portable applications (e.g. flashlights) to reduce battery

,%$åLIGHTINGåMARKETåBYåCOLORåINå
drain, and white LEDs long ago surpassed the efficiency of incandes-
cent lamps. The best white LEDs available in the market in early 2007 total market $205 million
white 43% red–orange–yellow 22%
are competitive with compact fluorescent lamps and lower wattage
linear fluorescent lamps, i.e. in the 50–70 lm/W range.
However, fixture performance is paramount in lighting and by early
2007 there were no commercially available fixtures beyond 30–40 lm/
W, with a number of fixtures offering measured performance of less
than 20 lm/W – barely more than their incandescent counterparts.
Thus, there is a strong need for fixture designs that optimize the per-
formance of this new generation of high-efficiency LEDs.

A:9a^\]i^c\Veea^XVi^dch
A wide variety of applications, coming under the broad definition of
blue–green 35%
lighting have already been addressed by LEDs, or will soon begin to
be addressed. Some have already achieved significant market penetra- &IG¬¬7HITE¬,%$S¬REPRESENTED¬¬OF¬THE¬¬M¬MARKET¬FOR¬,%$¬LIGHTING¬
tion (e.g. exit signs, channel letters, machine vision), while others,
such as residential lighting, are still in the very early stages of market
development. The most significant applications for LED lighting,
currently or in the near future, are shown in table 1.
Each application listed in table 1 has associated with it a set of drivers
that have caused LEDs to be adopted. Clearly, for LEDs to be adopted
in lighting applications in preference to competing light sources, they
must provide some advantages over those sources, especially because
they are almost always more expensive on a first-cost basis. Some of
the beneficial attributes of LEDs for lighting applications include:
 Long lifetime
 Design flexibility
 Saturated colors
 Directional light
 Energy efficiency
 Robustness
 Dynamic color control
 Dimmability without color shift
 Absence of regulated toxic substances (e.g. mercury)
 Absence of heat or UV in emitted light
 Low-voltage DC operation.
In most LED lighting applications developed to date, a combination
of some of these attributes has been responsible for the adoption of
LEDs. However, as LEDs – particularly white LEDs – begin to move
 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
IN¬¬BUT¬ARE¬FORECAST¬TO¬BECOME¬¬OF¬A¬¬BN¬MARKET¬BY¬¬
into the mainstream of general illumination applications, high effi-
ciency in combination with long lifetime will be the primary attributes
that drive their adoption. In other aspects, such as the availability of
warm-white colors, high color rendering index etc, they must at least
be on par with other sources.
As a new and unique lighting technology, LEDs compete in the
lighting market with a variety of well-established and less-expensive
incumbent light sources. The properties of these sources are well
understood among the vast community of lighting end users, rang-
ing from consumers to lighting designers and architects, whereas the
properties of LEDs have only recently begun to be understood.
To date, LEDs have been adopted in lighting applications because
of a combination of some of the attributes noted above. For example,
lifetime considerations can be important in certain applications, such
as architectural and accent lighting installations in which light sources
are placed in hard-to-reach locations. The absence of heat in the light
emitted by LEDs can be an important factor in some high-end retail
applications. However, efficiency has generally not been a major con-
sideration, except for a few select applications such as flashlights,
where battery lifetime is a significant cost issue, and exit signs, which
are subject to government certification for energy consumption.
While the long lifetimes of LEDs are well established (although
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%,
 COOL WHITE

WARM WHITE
NEUTRAL WHITE

Warm. Neutral. Cool.

Cree XLamp® Lighting-Class LEDs.

Bright + Efficient
Luminous flux up to: Leading the lighting revolution. Cree continues to deliver the
210 lumens at 1A industry’s highest performance power LEDs. Available in production
95 lumens at 350mA
quantities, Cree’s XLamp family of LEDs provides high brightness and
Efficacy up to
85 lumens per watt efficiency for a broad range of general illumination applications – from
50,000 hours lifetime at warm white indoor to cool white outdoor.
>70% lumen maintenance

2,600K to 10,000K CCT

To discover the future of LED lighting for yourself,
visit www.cree.com/xlamp or call +1 919 313 5300.

Cree XLamp LED Visit Cree at Lightfair Booth #2721

A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C : B6G@:IH
often exaggerated with claims of 100 000 hours), the efficiencies of
white LEDs are only now reaching levels at which they are becoming
interesting relative to the highest efficiency conventional light sources
available in the market. Efficiency is of interest not only because of
its impact on lower operating costs, but also in terms of a variety of
regulatory requirements that are being established regarding energy
efficiency (e.g. Energy Star, Title 24 in California).

A:9a^\]i^c\bVg`Zidjiadd`
Over the next five years, LEDs will move beyond niche applications
and into the general lighting market, including residential, retail dis-
play outdoor, and off-grid applications. Although niche applications
will continue to be important, general lighting applications will pro-
vide much of the growth, and consequently white LEDs will become
a more important part of the market. In 2011, white LEDs are forecast
to be 61% of a $1 billion market, compared with 43% of a $205 mil-
lion market in 2006.
As noted previously, most of the growth in general illumination will
be driven by the high efficiency and long lifetimes of white LEDs, and
their ability to compete head-to-head with conventional light sources
on a life-cycle cost basis.
In order to grow the solid-state lighting market successfully, LEDs
will have to penetrate the well-established design, manufacturing,
marketing and sales infrastructure of the lighting industry. Displacing
a well-established incumbent technology is always a challenge for
any new technology and solid-state lighting is no exception. In par-
ticular, several hurdles will have to be overcome to make this market
happen. Some of the major challenges include:
 Improved price/performance for HB LEDs
 Need for high-efficiency light engine/fixture design
 Other available alternatives for energy efficiency
 Consistency of color/binning issues
 Need to provide a complete lighting solution with ease of installation
 Adapt to standard electrical interfaces and controls
 Need realistic claims of performance
 Development of standards for solid-state lighting
 Need widespread base of lighting fixture designers and engineers
who understand LEDs.
Fortunately, the first and most significant hurdle is being addressed
aggressively by the LED industry. Recent improvements in white
LED efficacy have been dramatic, with major achievements
announced in the past year by Nichia, Cree, Philips Lumileds and
Seoul Semiconductor, among others. From typical top-tier perfor-
mance of 40–50 lm/W in 2005, efficacies have increased to 70 lm/W
and above in 2006 and early 2007. While these performances refer to
cool-white LEDs (CCT > 5000 K), warm-white LEDs (CCT < 4000 K)
have shown similar improvement, although efficacies are still some-
what lower than for cool-white. Roadmaps for white LEDs indicate
continuing improvement in the next five years. Prices can be expected
to continue to decline through a combination of manufacturing effi-
ciencies and competitive pressure. Moreover, when expressed as dol-
lars per lumen, price declines will accelerate as the lumen output per
packaged device continues to improve.

A^\]i^c\ÒmijgZh
A major challenge for the solid-state lighting industry is not at the
device level but at the fixture level. As the US Department of Energy’s
LED fixture test program has indicated (see LEDs Magazine February
®
2007, p8), solid-state lighting products currently in the market are not
translating the high performance of commercially available white

 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%,
B6G@:IH
4ABLEåå%XAMPLESåOFålXTUREåDESIGNåUSINGåWHITEå,%$S
Efficient design
Start with one-watt white LEDs at 70 lm/W
(measured at 25 °C junction temperature)
Assume: 90% electrical efficiency
90% optical efficiency
Operate at 65 °C junction temperature.
Fixture efficacy = 70 × 0.9 × 0.9 × 0.85 = 48 lm/W
LEDs into efficient fixtures. Careful attention needs to be paid to fun-
damental design processes to ensure that electrical conversion (120 or
240 V AC to DC, and DC to appropriate LED drive current and volt-
age) is efficient, that LED light emission is not lost due to poor optical
design, and that good thermal management techniques are applied to
maintain acceptable LED junction temperatures. Table 2 indicates
the difference in light output from the same high-performance white
LEDs using efficient and inefficient fixture designs.
Several of the other challenges on the list above are also being
addressed by industry groups. In particular, regarding standards
development, the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
(IESNA) is working with the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) to develop standards for solid-state lighting. Representatives
from the LED industry and the lighting industry have formed com-
mittees to develop a broad set of standards which should be available
later this year. Other participants include the DOE, Energy Star and
the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).
A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
Inefficient design
Start with one-watt white LEDs at 70 lm/W
(measured at 25 °C junction temperature)
Assume: 80% electrical efficiency
80% optical efficiency
Operate at 100 °C junction temperature.
Fixture efficacy = 70 × 0.8 × 0.8 × 0.75 = 34 lm/W
8dcXajh^dch
The solid-state lighting market is still at an early stage of development
and the market is highly fragmented. Hundreds of companies are both
offering and developing LED-based lighting fixtures, but volumes are
low and so manufacturing costs are high. However, as white LED
price/performance improves and the technology attracts the attention of
the larger lighting companies, LED-based fixture designs will become
more efficient, higher fixture manufacturing volumes and efficiencies
will be achieved, and solid-state lighting products will greatly increase
their penetration of the mainstream general illumination market. 
6Wdjii]ZVji]dgh
Robert Steele is Director of Optoelectronics and Vrinda Bhandarkar is a
Senior Market Analyst at Strategies Unlimited (www.strategies-u.com),
a market research firm based in Mountain View, California. This article
was derived from the company’s recent report “The Market for High-
Brightness LEDs in Lighting: Application Analysis and Forecast”.
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An installation of 1 6 LED streetlights, the largest in Canada, has been
unveiled in Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario. The pilot project
is intended to show how LED lighting can dramatically reduce city
lighting costs. “LED street lighting is one of the options we are enthu-
siastically examining in order to bring Toronto another step closer to
becoming the greenest city in North America,” said the city’s mayor
David Miller. “This one step will reduce costs, increase safety and
improve our environment.”
The LED luminaires were manufactured by Leotek Electronics,
and were supplied by electromega, a Canadian distributor. The initial
investment needed to cover the cost (approximately $1200 per lumi-
naire) and installation of the new LED streetlights is expected to be
recouped from electricity savings as well as reduced replacement and
maintenance requirements.
A total of 12 LED streetlights have been installed at Exhibition
Place on unique, bow-style streetlight poles surrounding the perim-
eter of the Automotive Building. An additional four LED streetlights
are positioned in the parking lot south of the Direct Energy Centre.
The street-lighting poles were fitted with electricity meters to mea-
sure precisely the power draw of the lighting fixtures. The result: the
LED fixtures drew 146 W compared with 314 W for the HPS fittings.
The HPS ballast consumes a significant amount of power since the
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HPS lamps themselves are rated at 250 W. In contrast, the LED fix-
tures have a power efficiency of 90% or greater.
The LED fixtures were built by Leotek Electronics, and contain
117 one-watt LEDs from Nichia. John McKinness from Leotek said
that these LEDs provide “the highest efficacy (lm/W) among produc-
tion LEDs, and very good reliability”. Leotek’s luminaires contain
a built-in heat sink to deal with thermal issues, and have a five-year
warranty.
The LED luminaires are designed as direct replacements for con-
ventional cobra-head fittings, and provide a type-II roadway dis-
tribution. IES files for Leotek’s SL-250 luminaire, the type used in
Toronto, show a downward flux distribution of 1202 lm on the house
side and 3505 lm on the street side for a total of 4708 lm, which puts
the overall fixture efficacy at around 32 lm/W. Very significantly, the
upward flux distribution is zero, while cobra-head fittings containing
other types of lamp can typically waste as much as 30% of their light
output in the upwards direction.
McKinness says that Leotek currently uses one-watt class LEDs
since these have been around longer and there is more life-testing data
available. “Using a smaller number of LEDs driven at higher power
would change the arrangement of LEDs and require a different reflec-
tor to meet the light distribution pattern,” he says.
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The launch ceremony on 28 February provided an excellent opportu-
nity for observers to study and compare lighting from LED fixtures
on one side of a street and conventional HPS fixtures on the other.
Peter Strasser of the International Dark-Sky Association was there,
and reported a very positive response to the new lights. “All the observ-
ers said that the LED lighting appeared brighter, and enabled people
and objects to be viewed much more clearly,” said Strasser. “In fact,
I took measurements with
a simple light meter, and
the LEDs produced a little
under half the number of
foot candles that came
from the HPS lamps.”
So, while drawing less
than half the power of the
HPS fixtures, and produc-
ing half the measured light
output, the LEDs provide
improved light quality as
far as the observers were
concerned.
The reason for this
3KY¬!SSOCIATION¬www.darksky.org
relates to the spectrum of
LED light, which has sig-
nificant blue content (most
!¬CONVENTIONAL¬LUMINAIRE¬CONTAINING¬A¬ white LEDs are manufac-
HIGH
A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
and are excellent for reducing wasted light,” says Strasser. “They also
provide very good cut-off at the edge of the distribution.”
:cZg\nXdchZgkVi^dc
Toronto’s LED project was organized by greenTbiz, a program devel-
oped by the Toronto Association of Business Improvement Areas
(TABIA) to assist businesses and property owners with energy con-
servation and environmental improvement.
The City of Toronto has about 160 000 streetlights and if these were
all converted to LEDs the city could save $6 million a year in electric-
ity costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 18 000 tonnes, the
equivalent of removing more than 3600 cars from the streets. The
pilot program will continue through 2007 to test public acceptance,
durability, light performance and weather resistance. “This is the first
of several more pilots that will be introduced throughout the City of
Toronto, testing various LED product applications on the streets of
Business Improvement Areas and in parks and parking garages,” said
Brian Owen, Program Advisor to greenTbiz and TABIA. 
,INKS
,EOTEK¬%LECTRONICS¬www.leotek.com
)NTERNATIONAL¬$ARK
GREEN4BIZ¬www.greenTbiz.org
@/N¬THE¬VERGE¬,%$S¬READY¬TO¬CHALLENGE¬INCUMBENT¬LIGHT¬SOURCES¬IN¬
THE¬STREET¬LIGHTING¬MARKET¬,%$S¬-AGAZINE¬/CTOBER¬¬¬
www.ledsmagazine.com/features/3/10/4
PRESSURE¬SODIUM¬(03 ¬LAMP¬AND¬ tured by combining a blue-
,EOTEKS¬,%$¬STREETLIGHT¬ emitting LED chip with a
yellow-emitting phosphor
material). “In dim lighting conditions, the eye is more sensitive to the
blue end of the spectrum and can detect more light,” explains Strasser.
While LEDs provide a better match with mesopic vision, which is
prevalent under dim lighting conditions, the standards and codes that
determine light distribution patterns are written in terms of photopic
lumens. This favours low-pressure sodium light, which matches the
eye’s photopic response. There are suggestions that the standards
should be revisited and possibly rewritten to take mesopic vision into
account, but, of course, this will take a long time.
Strasser says that LED lighting is of considerable interest to the
Dark-Sky Association, which seeks to reduce light pollution and
preserve dark-sky heritage through good lighting design. By placing
light where it is needed, when it is needed, this approach saves light
and reduces energy expenditure. “LEDs provide very good control,

)-3å,IGHT"ARåOPTIMIZESå,%$åOUTPUT
IMS, a lighting company based in Irvine, CA, has developed a
modular LED luminaire system suitable for street lighting and
other applications. Ron Holder, IMS’s president and CEO, says
that the company’s expertise is in optical design and optimizing
the output from LED sources. Its new LightBar is a white light
engine measuring 10×2 in and containing 10 LEDs with integrated
micro-optics. This approach is cheaper than using an individual
lens for each LED, says Holder. “We’re talking pennies per LED,
rather than dollars for the lensed approach,” he says. “With our
wide-beam optic we can generate a type-III beam pattern with
95% optical efficiency.”
More details: www.imslighting.com

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professional outdoor
Opening the annual Strategies in Light event, held 12–14 February 15%
professional indoor
in San Jose, California, Bob Steele reported that the high-brightness 10%
LED market reached $4.2 billion in 2006. “The market will begin to
move away from its current low-growth-rate phase in the next one-to- 5% residential lighting
three years as new markets emerge,” he said. These market segments, 0%
including lighting, display backlights and automotive applications, 2007 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
will push the overall LED market to $9 billion in 2001, said Steele.
For full details of Steele’s presentation, see our article in the March &IG¬¬-ARKET¬PENETRATION¬OF¬SOLID STATE¬LIGHTING¬IN¬THE¬GLOBAL¬
2007 issue of LEDs Magazine. LIGHTING¬INDUSTRY¬COULD¬REACH¬¬BY¬¬WITH¬RESIDENTIAL¬LIGHTING¬
AS¬THE¬LARGEST¬CATEGORY¬
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Ruedi Hug, managing director of Ledon Lighting GmbH in Austria, 0.18 120
discussed success factors in accelerating the adoption of solid-state 6 lm(eff)/¤
0.16
lighting into professional lighting markets. Ledon is a wholly owned 100
0.14
subsidiary of the Zumtobel Group and was established to focus solely
0.12 80
on LED lighting.
¤/lm(eff)

Perhaps unsurprisingly for someone who runs an LED lighting 0.10

lm(eff)/W
60
company, Hug was positive about the prospects for SSL and esti- 0.08
mated that, by 2021, SSL could replace up to 25% of the conventional 0.06 40
lighting business (see figure 1). 0.04
With this level of penetration, the market for LED lighting fixtures 20 lm(eff)/¤ 20
0.02
could potentially reach €16 billion in 2021, compared with €585 mil-
0.00 0
lion in 2007 (note that Bob Steele’s figures are for packaged LEDs, 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2016 2021
not fixtures). Currently, professional indoor lighting dominates the year
SSL market with a 55% share. However, residential lighting will grow
rapidly in importance and will account for 45% of the market by 2021, &IG¬¬3YSTEM¬EFlCACY¬AND¬LIGHTING¬COST¬TRENDS¬FOR¬,%$¬LIGHTING¬
with professional indoor at 32% and new applications at 21%. SHOW¬THAT¬¬LM7¬lXTURES¬AND¬COSTS¬OF¬¬LMå¬CAN¬BE¬EXPECTED¬
The penetration of LED lighting implies the substitution of LEDs BY¬¬
for other lighting technologies, based on a model that looks at total
cost of ownership. Hug suggested that LEDs could replace almost LED lighting fixtures, and establish compatibility over lifetime.”
5% of halogen applications by 2008, growing to almost 25% by 2021. Because the lighting industry is very conservative, and looks at
Incandescent and fluorescent substitution will start slowly, but incan- LEDs as a disruptive technology, there is less investment by lighting
descent replacement is likely to accelerate rapidly after 2015, reach- fixture manufacturers in LED fixture development, explained Hug.
ing around 23% by 2021. Fluorescent replacement will reach about Also the industry requires more governmental initiatives like the
14%, while HID substitution will be much lower. “ban the bulb” legislation announced in Australia, and subsequently
Hug identified lm/W and lm/€ as the biggest barriers to penetration echoed around the world.
facing LEDs in the general lighting industry. Figure 2 looks at values
of system efficacy and fixture costs – the value of lm(eff) refers to ;dXjhdca^\]ifjVa^in
the number of lumens from the fixture/luminaire and not from the Unlike many other speakers, Michael Siminovitch was not too con-
LED itself. The prediction is that system efficacy will increase from cerned about efficacy but stressed that high CRI was vital for many
about 40 lm(eff)/W in 2007 to more than 100 lm(eff)/W by 2021. emerging opportunities for LEDs. “An efficacy of 30 lm/W is excel-
Conversely, fixture cost is at about 6 lm(eff)/€ in 2007 and will lent when compared with a ‘heater’ at 10 lm/W,” he said, referring
decrease to about 20 lm(eff)/€ by 2021. to the amount of heat produced by an incandescent bulb. “There are
Hug also identified several other barriers to penetration, includ- enormous opportunities even at 20 lm/W.”
ing a lack of standardization, and poor color-rendering performance. Siminovitch is a professor at UC Davis and director of the
“Also, LED lighting tends to be a project-specific business with low California Lighting Technology Center, which has the mission to
volumes,” he said. “There is a need to clarify maintenance issues of “advance the application of efficient lighting technologies in the State

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of California”. He explained that California utility companies are
desperate to save energy and have millions of dollars to invest in
energy-efficient lighting. The Title 24 regulations, requiring all new
homes in California to have energy-efficiency lighting, have been
“the single biggest sea change in lighting”, said Siminovitch.
For commercial office lighting, Title 24 in 2005 defined a light-
ing power density of 1.2 W/sq.ft. Moving down towards a level of
0.5 W/sq.ft requires the use of new technologies, rather than making a
knee-jerk reaction to reduce the overall light levels, said Siminovitch.
“Very high performance task lighting, using a combination of light-
ing technologies and occupancy sensors, is the best approach,” he
said, describing a personal lighting system with an individual power
supply, under-shelf luminaires and free-standing task lights that con-
sumes around 20 W per person. Siminovitch also stressed that the key
to good lighting design is to start with light quality, rather than starting
by focusing solely on energy efficiency.
In relation to the residential market, Siminovitch said that cost
remains a major issue for LEDs, and home builders are very cost-
driven even when trying to focus on energy efficiency. He said that,
because of the cheap cost of conventional lighting, it is difficult for
consumers to take on the cost of ownership calculation for LED fix-
tures. “In future, to benefit from energy-efficient technologies such
as LEDs, consumers will need to accept more expensive lighting fix-
tures,” he said.
9^hig^Wji^dc
Cary Eskow of Avnet LightSpeed, a global distributor, said that his
company and competitors such as Arrow and Future are vying to
provide the “last mile” link – the most difficult and expensive part of
the supply chain – between component suppliers and customers.
LightSpeed recently carried out an HB-LED market study, profiling
more than 500 customers involved in HB-LED lighting applications.
Among the questions was one concerning selection criteria for HB-
LEDs. Recognizing the name of the LED supplier was a very low
priority, while top of the list was total lumens; this rated much higher
than efficacy. As Eskow put it, “if you can’t get enough light out, then
efficacy doesn’t matter”. Product availability, cost and color binning
all rated highly.
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Companies were also asked to evaluate perceived system-level
design challenges. The design of power and control electronics were
thought to require the most significant design effort, probably reflect-
ing the lack of familiarity of lighting companies with such technolo-
gies. Eskow said that in his opinion the challenges associated with
thermal modelling and design should have been rated higher than they
were in the survey.
>;8Éhd[["\g^Ya^\]i^c\egd_ZXi
In the December 2006 issue of LEDs Magazine, we described a proj-
ect launched by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to bring
LED-based lighting to areas of the globe that lack electrical power
(see “IFC project stimulates LED market for off-grid lighting”: www.
ledsmagazine.com/magazine/toc/0612). At Strategies in Light, IFC’s
Fabio Nehme provided an update on recent progress: “We have more
than 200 organizations from more than 35 countries that expressed
interest in participating in the project. Also, we are currently setting
up some of the basic infrastructure of the project. For example, we are
preparing a comprehensive web portal that will enable participating
companies to network, promote their lighting products, and access
international and African partners that are also considering entering
the off-grid lighting market in Africa.”
Also, IFC has short-listed companies to undertake the market
research, focusing in this first round on two segments: households
and micro-businesses (night vendors, kiosks). “The short-listed
companies are leading international market research companies with
established operations in Africa and extensive experience in the seg-
ments we will be looking into. We will look into other segments as the
project advances and based on the interests of the lighting industry.
Prior to commencing the market research, we will circulate the market
research plan to participating companies to obtain feedback and sug-
gestions for improvement, in order to make it as relevant as possible
to the marketing and engineering/product development teams.”
Nehme says that IFC is also hiring an Africa-based team to sup-
port participating companies. In addition, while the project started
in Kenya and Ghana, it will now be expanded to an additional 8–10
countries in Africa, currently under selection. This will allow lighting
companies to reach a much larger market more rapidly.
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Cree’s Mark McClear described the company’s cool-white roadmap,
starting with the introduction of a new XLamp power LED, the XR-C
(see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/9). This device has the same
package footprint as the current XR-E but incorporates a smaller chip
and occupies a lower price/performance segment of the power LED
market. McClear said that the XR-C is optimized for lowest $/lumen,
while the XR-E is optimized for maximum lm/W or (when driven at
currents up to 1000 mA) for maximum lumens.
The next imperatives, said McClear, are “lighting class” warm-
white LEDs (subsequently announced by Cree – see page 9), higher
brightness and lower $/lumen, and application-specific LEDs. “There
are many different markets with separate requirements,” he said, “One
example might be an indoor lamp that lacks sufficient robustness for
outdoor operation. We see fragmentation and LED lamp specializa-

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tion, going forward.” &IG¬¬/SRAM¬
With continued investment Cree is confident of meeting DOE /PTO¬AIMS¬TO¬GET¬
targets for 50 000 hours lifetime at 70% lumen maintenance and ¬LUMENS¬FROM¬
150 lm/W in a 1 W power LED, as well as hitting the required $/lumen ITS¬LATEST¬/STAR
goals. However, asked McClear, are we (as an industry) missing
important opportunities in the rush to the future? “There are applica-
tions that can be realized and real economic value that can be created
– now,” he said, citing the example of Raleigh, NC, which has made
a broad commitment to deploying LED lighting throughout the city
infrastructure (see figure 4).

E]^a^ehAjb^aZYh
Frank Steranka gave a rare, but very welcome, overview of some of
Philips Lumileds’ recent technology developments. Looking at the
DOE roadmap for high-power LEDs, he said that production units
of Luxeon LEDs will shortly surpass the 2007 roadmap numbers.
“Production devices will achieve the 2012 numbers by 2010,” he
said. These numbers are 1000 lumens from a device driven at 6.7 W,
equivalent to 150 lm/W, with a lifetime of 100 000 hours.
Among the technologies that Lumileds will push into production in
2007 are its new thin-film flip-chip (TFFC) device; an improved epi-
taxial structure for increased efficacy at high current (see “Lumileds
reduces high-current ‘droop’ ”, p9); small format, high-power LED
packaging (see “Luxeon Rebel redefines dimensions of power
LEDs”, p9); and phosphor advances that expand the offerings in
white to include “neutral” white as an intermediate between warm and
cool. Steranka said that Lumileds has received input on real lighting
requirements from Philips and is targeting CCT variations of +/–50 at
3000 K (higher variations are acceptable at higher CCT).
achieve a figure of 90% for both internal quantum efficiency (IQE)
and light extraction efficiency. In turn, this sets a limit to the output of
a white LED in a Dragon package with lens to 135–250 lm at 350 mA.
To move further, the possible approaches are higher current density
in the same chip, or a larger chip size. At high current density, the
key issue is that efficiency drops sharply. Osram’s preferred route
is to increase the chip area by combining multiple chips in the same
Ostar package.
A new six-chip version of Ostar Lighting is expected to launch in
summer 2007 (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/10). Osram Opto
Semiconductors told LEDs Magazine that with a drive current of
around 1000 mA, the new device (with lens) has produced around
1100 lm with an input power of around 22 W, equating to efficacy of
around 50 lm/W. At 700 mA and 350 mA, the efficacy was 65 lm/W
and 75 lm/W, respectively.

C^X]^V
Nichia America’s Dan Doxsee started by revealing that the 100 lm/W
barrier will shortly be broken for commercial products: Nichia will
begin mass production in Q3 2007 of 5 mm LED lamps with efficacy
of 100 lm/W (20 mA drive current).
In the lab, Nichia has already demonstrated 150 lm/W from a Raiko
package that delivered 9.4 lm at 20 mA. At this efficacy level, Doxsee
estimated that 46% of the input power is converted into visible light,
while 54% is lost as heat.
In Q2, Doxsee said that Nichia plans to launch a high CRI power
LED (at a color temperature of 5000 K) with a color rendering index
of 90. In fact, an Ra value as high as 97 has been demonstrated for the
new phosphor blend, compared with 75 for standard YAG phosphor
blends. However, the very high CRI comes at the price of approxi-
mately 20% reduction in light output.
For power LEDs, Nichia plans to increase the output of its NS6x083
power LED from the current level of 60 lm and 53 lm/W (at 6500 K)
to 85 lm and 80 lm/W by the third quarter. A similar increase is
expected in warm white (3500 K) from 52 lm and 46 lm/W to 74 lm
and 70 lm/W. Doxsee admitted that at current levels, luminaires con-
taining warm-white LEDs may struggle to exceed Title 24 minimum
requirements for efficacy. “However, with the improved devices,
even a poor system design will hit Title 24,” said Doxsee.

DhgVbDeidHZb^XdcYjXidgh
For Osram Opto Semiconductors, Volker Härle described how the
company is moving towards developing a 1000-lumen LED. In fact,
since the show, Osram announced that its latest Ostar multi-chip LED
would indeed reach that barrier.
By optimizing a 1 mm2 chip, said Härle, it should be possible to

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The keynote speaker at Strategies
in Light did not hold back in his
view that the LED industry needs
to address urgently the inaccurate
representation of LED performance
in the industry. Neal Hunter, CEO
of LED Lighting Fixtures (LLF),
entitled his talk “Truth in lighting”
and proceeded to discuss ways in
which LED component and fixture
manufacturers have provided
misleading performance data.
“There’s a gap between data and
reality,” he said. “Bad data causes
confusion in the marketplace, and can
result in a loss of credibility for LED
technology.”
As the DOE commercial product
testing program has demonstrated
(see LEDs Magazine February 2007,
p8), many commercial LED fixtures
fall far short of their stated values
of efficacy and lumen output. One
very obvious error is that a fixture
datasheet may quote the efficacy
value for an individual LED. Within
the fixture itself, depending on the 7ARM
WHITE¬DOWNLIGHTS¬FROM¬,%$¬,IGHTING¬&IXTURES has a 6-foot diameter integrating
quality of its design, optical and
electrical losses can easily reduce the efficacy by 30%. The new
Energy Star ratings for LED fixtures are all based on luminaire
(rather than LED or LED system) efficacy.
Hunter criticized companies (both LED and fixture makers) for
producing figures that are driven by marketing, and also criticized
the press for being willing participants/victims of the hype. “A
result [for LED performance] might be reported in lumens/watt,
but the price, package type, chip size or measurement technique is
not disclosed,” he said. “Such results set up false expectations, and 350 mA have a typical luminous flux of 65 lm, equivalent to 56 lm/
have made some traditional light-fixture manufacturers sceptical
of stated performance. As a result, the industry suffers.”
Invariably, LED measurements are made by rapid testing,
effectively instantaneously, before the device has reached thermal
equilibrium. As a result, datasheet values are quoted at an LED
junction temperature of 25 °C, but of course this can never be
achieved in a real-life fixture. LED performance reduces as the
junction temperature increases. Unfortunately there is no easy
answer here – if LEDs were measured at thermal equilibrium then
the measured value would be strongly dependent on the thermal
characteristics of the heat sink and other factors, just as it is in a 2.5× that of an equivalent incandescent fixture, and less than 2× the
real-life fixture.
Another problem is that many properties of LEDs are
intrinsically dependent on one another. As an example, it is
possible to make warm-white LEDs with a very high CRI, but this
typically requires additional or less efficient phosphors, resulting
in lower efficacy. Hence, Hunter suggested a set of data that should warns that there is no long-term benefit from releasing “tricked”
always be provided for LED performance: lumens per watt, input
power (or both voltage and current); lumens; chip size; correlated
color temperature (CCT); color rendering index (CRI); whether
 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
8DC;:G:C8:
the test was at thermal equilibrium,
and whether third-party testing was
used. Chip size is relevant because,
said Hunter, “it is possible to make
a large chip and operate it at a low
drive current – the results look good
on paper, but this is not a viable
approach based on cost”.
At the fixture level, Hunter
advocated an industry-standard
Fixture Performance Certification
that would be verified by third-party
testing or by a standard testing
procedure. Data should, he said,
include performance measured after
two hours operation or at thermal
equilibrium, as well as wall-plug
power input, color temperature/
coordinates, CRI and projected
lifetime and cost.
As one might guess, this is
the approach taken by LLF for
measuring the performance of its
6-inch downlight products that were
unveiled in early February and will
ship in the second quarter. LLF
sphere that it uses to measure the
lumen output of its fixtures at thermal equilibrium. The results
are impressive; the downlight produces 650 lm at 11 W wall-
plug power, corresponding to an efficacy of almost 60 lm/W (see
www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/4). These are warm fixtures
with a color temperature of either 2700 K or 3500 K, and a color
rendering index of 92. (Interestingly, LLF’s press release stated
they were using Cree’s XR-E warm-white LEDs. According to
Cree’s datasheet, XR-E LEDs in the CCT range of 2600–3700 K at
W. And the typical CRI is listed as 80.)
Since the conference, LLF has announced its first order for 6-inch
recessed down lights, received from Loyd Builders, a custom home
builder located in North Carolina. “The LLF LR6 product not only
has a clean concealed look, but greatly reduces the energy required
to produce a better light,” said the company’s owner, Tripp Loyd.
“The minimal payback time versus the added expense is an easy sell
for our homeowners.” As Hunter puts it, “green” builders looking
for energy and maintenance savings “won’t blink at the extra cost
of these fixtures”. Typically the cost of an LED downlight is about
cost of a fluorescent fixture. Hunter says that the payback is less
than two years, without even considering maintenance.
Custom home builders are an interesting specialist market,
but LEDs are aiming for the mainstream. Hunter says that LED
lighting is ready for many general illumination applications, but
numbers or unreliable products. “LED lighting isn’t guaranteed,”
he concluded. “We can either become mainstream, or we can be
regulated to niche status.” You have been warned.
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%,
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A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C : HI6C96G9H

HiVcYVgYhgZfj^gZY[dg[jgi]Zg
eZcZigVi^dcd[hda^Y"hiViZa^\]i^c\
I]Zhda^Y"hiViZa^\]i^c\^cYjhignjg\ZciancZZYh 520
500

flux (lumens)
hiVcYVgYhidVhh^hi^ih\gdli]VcYidVkd^Y 480

]neZVcYcZ\Vi^kZgZVXi^dch#I]Z\ddYcZlh! 460
440
hVnh@Zk^c9dla^c\!^hi]VihiVcYVgYhldg`^h 420
15 30 45 60 75 90 120
egdXZZY^c\gVe^Yan^cVcjbWZgd[Y^gZXi^dch# operating times (minutes)

&IG¬¬,IGHT¬OUTPUT¬OF¬AN¬,%$¬SYSTEM¬SHOWING¬A¬SIGNIlCANT¬DECREASE¬
Without standards, nothing would fit, things wouldn’t connect; it APPROXIMATELY¬¬IN¬LIGHT¬OUTPUT¬OVER¬TIME¬BEFORE¬THE¬,%$S¬
would be a miserable state of affairs. Lack of standards in any field or REACH¬THE¬STEADY
STATE¬TEMPERATURE¬,%$S¬ARE¬TYPICALLY¬MEASURED¬
industry can slow adoption, growth and innovation. A lack of stan-
dards in a fast growing industry such as LED illumination has already
resulted in confusion, hype and frustration. While lighting, as a whole,
already has many standards for mechanical forms, electrical connec-
tions and measurement, LED lighting has many different character-
istics from lighting predecessors, making it different and requiring
new standards development.
The wonderful trends in LED lighting include increasing growth
and adoption in the marketplace. One negative aspect, causing confu-
sion to customers and manufacturers alike, relates to the specifica-
tions of LEDs, LED sub-assemblies and LED lighting systems. In
many cases, these specifications are misleading.
A specific bewildering aspect is that of light output specifications.
The light output, or luminous flux, of LED devices is typically evalu-
ated using a pulse measurement at room temperature, whereas LED fix-
tures should use steady-state measurements. Thus, the announcements
by LED manufacturers regarding efficacy values in excess of 100 lm/W
(up to 150 lm/W) over the past months, while very encouraging, are
unrealistic levels for LED lighting systems with these same devices.
Figure 1 shows the decrease in light output of an LED fixture in
the 400–500 lumen range over time. Steady-state light output is not
reached until approximately two hours of operation. This is approxi-
mately 85% of initial light output. This test was performance under
the auspices of the Lamp Testing Engineers Conference (LTEC), an
industry metrology group. This asymptotic decrease is due to thermal
considerations; as LEDs heat up, light extraction diminishes. This is
why realistic testing methods are required.
The recent US Department of Energy (DOE) product tests (see
www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/comm_testing.htm) highlighted the sizeable
gap between manufacturers’ published measurements and measure-
ments under more realistic conditions. Fixture manufacturers are
using nominal LED values for lumen output and simply summing
those values over the number of LEDs used in their system. This type
of specification game is disingenuous. The whole does not equal the
sum of its parts, especially when it comes to light output.
Some measurements can be made with existing equipment and
standards. But we need numbers, we need methods and we need them
soon. The bad news in the world of solid-state lighting is that there
are few, if any, standards specifically applying to LEDs and LED
systems. Conversely, there are examples of existing performance
standards being applied to LED systems where the result is not quite
 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
INSTANTANEOUSLY¬AT¬ROOM¬TEMPERATURE¬GIVING¬RESULTS¬THAT¬DO¬NOT¬
RELATE¬TO¬ACTUAL¬lXTURE¬PERFORMANCE¬
what people expected.
The good news is that many LED applications continue to grow
in spite of a lack of standards because the performance is considered
perceptible – one doesn’t necessarily need a measuring instrument to
tell whether light output is useful or not. But standards are necessary
to ensure consistency, to ensure we have metrics for fair comparison,
and to keep the dimensions and condition of measurement equivalent
so that we’re not comparing apples and rocks.
I]ZeVi]idhiVcYVgYh
Efforts to emplace standards began several years ago. The National
Electrical Manufacturing Association’s (NEMA) Solid State Lighting
Section was founded with standards in mind and there are now many
organizations working with each other to create a new family of stan-
dards. The network of standards organizations is an alphabet soup of
acronyms: IESNA, ANSI, UL, CIE and more (see “Links” box). The
DOE is also pressing for standards since energy efficiency criteria are
needed for the Energy Star program to set thresholds for LED lighting
systems (see “DOE accelerates Energy Star program for SSL” box).
More recently ANSI Working Group C78-09 was formed in
December 2005, and the IESNA Testing Procedures Committee (TPC)
solid-state lighting subcommittee was formed in April 2006. These two
organizations have worked closely together to create LED standards.
<ZcZgVahiVcYVgYhegdXZhh
Each standards development organization (SDO) has a detailed pro-
cess for creating and administering standards. The process is methodi-
cal, which for many is a euphemism for slow. However, the LED
standards process is proceeding quite rapidly. Additionally, these
developments are not happening in a vacuum and we are able to build
upon existing lighting standards by adapting structure and format
from existing standards.
The process for such standards development is generally an open
one. People and companies can join these organizations and partici-
pate in the process. Each organization has its own policy but they are
similar. When complete drafts are voted on by the respective commit-
tees, then the standards are released for public review. There are many
conference calls and meetings resulting in a document submitted to the
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%,
HI6C96G9H A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
0.46 full committee and, at some point, voted
$RAFT¬SUBJECT¬TO¬CHANGE upon by the members of the committee
2700 K and later, submitted to the board of the
0.44 3000 K
respective organization.
3500 K
0.42
CT 4000 K HiVcYVgYh^cYZkZadebZci
alC
0.40 min There are several standards under
no 4500 K development, as listed below, and
5000 K many are in committee review right
0.38 seven-step
5700 K now:
y MacAdam ellipses

K
 Chromaticity (color): ANSI WG-
(CFL)

00
K
0.36
C78 (C78.377A) – see figure 2

00

25
6500 K

30
 Luminous flux (light output):

K
0.34
4000 IESNA LM-79
5000 K

illuminant A  Lumen depreciation (lifetime):

0.32 IESNA LM-80
6000 K

D65
 SSL definitions
K

Planckian locus
0.30  Photobiological safety: CIE S009
7000

 Color quality
0.28  Electrical safety: ANSI C82.XX
0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52
x
Ajb^cdjhÓjmAB",.
&IG¬¬$RAFT¬VERSION¬OF¬THE¬!.3)¬CHROMATICITY¬SPECIlCATION¬#! ¬SHOWING¬EIGHT¬NOMINAL¬ Determining light output would seem
##4¬QUADRANGLES¬FOR¬,%$S¬4HE¬SPECS¬ARE¬AS¬CONSISTENT¬AS¬POSSIBLE¬WITH¬EXISTING¬mUORESCENT¬ straightforward. Simply put the device
LAMP¬STANDARDS¬THE¬OVALS¬SHOW¬THE¬SEVEN STEP¬-AC!DAM¬ELLIPSES¬FOR¬#&,S¬3IX¬OF¬THE¬EIGHT¬,%$¬ in an integrating sphere and measure it
QUADRANGLES¬HAVE¬THE¬SAME¬NOMINAL¬##4¬AS¬%NERGY¬3TAR¬#&,S¬AND¬TWO¬##4S¬¬AND¬¬+ ¬ or use a goniometer and integrate the
HAVE¬BEEN¬ADDED¬4HE¬,%$¬SPECS¬ARE¬QUADRANGLES¬AND¬ARE¬CONTIGUOUS¬TO¬REmECT¬THE¬CURRENT¬

measurements.

But placement, mea-
BINNING¬CAPABILITIES¬OF¬,%$¬MAKERS surement techniques and stabilization

 


   
  

  

 
   
 
  

 

      
 

 
     
      

  



  
 

  





 
 
 

aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%, 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY 
A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
$/%åACCELERATESå%NERGYå3TARåPROGRAMåFORå33,
7nI^bL]^iV`Zg
The DOE has made further progress with its draft requirements for
SSL luminaires to be incorporated into its Energy Star program,
which identifies and promotes energy-efficient products (see LEDs
Magazine February 2007, p9).
After releasing version 1 in December 2006, DOE received a
great deal of constructive feedback from industry stakeholders
and from its workshop in February, according to Richard Karney
of the Energy Star program. Version 2 has now been released (see
www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/energy_star.html). “Feedback is required by
4 May, before the final specifications are released,” says Karney.
“The criteria will come into force in nine months’ time, which
allows manufacturers to gear up for production.”
There are two categories of SSL luminaires considered by
Energy Star. Category A covers near-term niche applications,
while Category B looks further ahead and sets high targets for SSL
luminaires that are linked with the expected LED performance
gains in the next two to three years.
Category A focuses on currently available products such as
recessed cans, task lighting, under-cabinet task lighting and more.
“The purpose is to guide consumers to buy products that are more
energy-efficient,” says Karney. “There are a lot of SSL products
on the market that are really not very good, as the DOE testing
program has highlighted.”
In version 2, the luminaire efficacy requirements for products
qualifying under Category B have been increased to 70 lm/W,
of measurements are all very important and much care is required in
measuring any lighting system. Many of the factors covered in existing
IES LMs do not apply to LEDs. Thus a new standard, IES LM-79, is in
process and under committee review at this time.
A^[Zi^bZÄajbZcYZegZX^Vi^dcAB"-% Illuminating Engineers”, which will now be updated on a regular
“Lasts forever!” was how an enthusiastic LED lamp sales person
greeted me at one trade show. While LEDs do last a long time, any
LED is unlikely to live up to the “forever” label. One complicating
issue regarding lifetime is that the definition of lifetime is not the same
for traditional lighting sources and LEDs. The primary reason for this
is that traditional filament-based sources usually fail completely; fila-
ment breach results in no light. Since LEDs do not have filaments they
do not fail in the same manner, but they do slowly fade over time. This
fading is termed lumen depreciation. The end-of-life criterion is then
determined by a percentage of initial light output. Today two num-
bers are used in this upcoming standard, L70 or 70% of initial light
output and L50 or 50% of initial light output. Selection of L50 or L70
depends on the application. Methods of modeling and providing early
measurements in the range of several thousand hours are required to
determine lumen depreciation to L70 or L50 levels. IESNA LM-80
is under process and in committee review at this time.
HHAYZÒc^i^dch
This standards activity may appear to be the simplest to put in place
but this topic has resulted in many long discussions. This activity has
focused on about two dozen definitions of terms related to solid-state
lighting and LEDs. It includes such terms as module, assembly and
so forth. In cooperation with the IEC, the IES, ANSI and NEMA, this
smaller but important effort is aimed at clarifying the use of terms
 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
HI6C96G9H
regardless of correlated color temperature (CCT). In version 1,
lower efficacy targets were set for lower CCT values. Also, color
rendering index (CRI) requirements are 75 or above for indoor
luminaires, with no CRI requirements for outdoor products.
Some lighting manufacturers have criticized the Energy Star
program for setting the bar too low for SSL. However, says
Karney, “we cannot set levels that only one company would meet”.
The purpose of the category B criteria is to acknowledge the rapid
predicted increase in SSL performance during the coming years.
“LED technology is improving every moment, and we will need
to be more flexible [with criteria for SSL luminaires] than we have
been with CFL technology,” says Karney. This will mean regular
reviews of the SSL criteria, possibly as often as every year.
The fact that the criteria refer to luminaire efficacy is crucially
important. Luminaire efficacy relates to the effective light
output from the SSL fixture, i.e. the usable light delivered to the
point of use. It is measured as the luminaire light output (from
photometric measurements) divided by the driver input power. An
IESNA procedure (LM-79) is being developed for photometric
measurements. Lighting manufacturers have been known to quote
efficacy values provided by the LED makers, but the luminaire
efficacy will always be lower by a significant percentage due to
fixture losses and other factors. In contrast, product qualification
for CFLs relates to CFL system performance (i.e. the performance
of the lamp and ballast), and does not take into account typical
fixture losses that can often amount to around 50%.
around solid-state lighting.
It’s important to delineate such terms so that when safety stan-
dards and listing standards are applied to such systems, it is clear
where those subsequent standards apply. These definitions will be
adopted into IESNA RP-16, “Nomenclature and Definitions for
basis. Harmonization between ANSI/IESNA and the IEC definition
lists are also in process.
E]didW^dad\^XVahV[Zin
Are LEDs considered eye-safe? They are narrow band sources but
LEDs used for general illumination are entirely within the visible
spectrum and do not emit UV or IR, which would seem even safer than
traditional sources. There have been active discussions over safety and
LEDs. Until recently LEDs were treated similarly to lasers in IEC 60825
but this standard now refers to CIE S009, now under development to
address the general issues of eye safety and LEDs. ANSI/IESNA RP
27.1-3 will be referenced; this addresses many of these issues as well.
:aZXig^XVahV[Zin
Although at an early stage compared to other standards work, ANSI
C82.XX is focused on drivers and electrical safety issues regarding
LEDs. A draft is in development.
8dadgfjVa^in
Color rendering index (CRI) has several known limitations. It uses an
obsolete non-linear color space, color samples used in the calculation
are of low saturation (unlike most LEDs), and CRI uses an outdated
adaptation formula. It’s very non-linear in the red region and also
unfairly penalizes LED sources in the way it is calculated.
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%,
HI6C96G9H A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
While many efforts have been made to improve CRI, noth-
ing has persevered but a new color quality metric is needed.
This issue has come to the forefront and color quality was
the focus of a 2006 Color & Light Symposium, led by the
Lighting Research Office (LRO). One outcome of that gath-
ering was the formation of a new technical committee, TC
1-69, within the CIE and headed by Wendy Davis of NIST
to address a new color quality metric. While new color qual-
ity metrics have already been formulated and proposed to &IG¬¬#OMMUNICATION¬OF¬COLOR¬TEMPERATURES¬COULD¬USE¬LETTERS¬AS¬FOR¬OTHER¬
address CRI issues, this standards development will require CONSUMER¬GOODS ¬AS¬SHOWN¬IN¬THIS¬PROTOTYPE¬MERCHANDISING¬DISPLAY
additional substantial human factors testing.
Committee and the IES sub-committee on Solid-State Lighting, and
8dadgXdbbjc^XVi^dc past Chairman of the NGLIA. In his spare time he works in the areas
Color temperature of lighting sources is not well understood outside of new product development, IP, technology developments and leads
part of the lighting community and the notion of colors of white light government programs at Color Kinetics.
is not well addressed by lighting companies either. An ad-hoc group
within the lighting industry has also examined means to communicate ,INKS
the color of white light sources to end-users and consumers. This
!.3)¬n¬!MERICAN¬.ATIONAL¬3TANDARDS¬)NSTITUTE¬www.ansi.org
group, working with the environmental protection agency (EPA) and
the Lighting Research Center at RPI has done market research and #)%¬n¬)NTERNATIONAL¬#OUNCIL¬ON¬)LLUMINATION¬www.cie.co.at¬
focus group studies that show communicating color can be a useful $/%¬n¬$EPARTMENT¬OF¬%NERGY¬www.netl.doe.gov/ssl
and productive measure. While this is not currently a proposed stan- )%#¬n¬)NTERNATIONAL¬%LECTROTECHNICAL¬#OMMISSION¬std.iec.ch
dard, it is likely to be a widely accepted means of communicating )%3.!¬n¬)LLUMINATING¬%NGINEERING¬3OCIETY¬OF¬.ORTH¬!MERICA¬¬
www.iesna.org
color to users (see figure 3).
.%-!¬n¬.ATIONAL¬%LECTRICAL¬-ANUFACTURERS¬!SSOCIATION¬¬
www.nema.org
Dci]Z]dg^odc
.',)!¬n¬.EXT¬'ENERATION¬,IGHTING¬)NDUSTRY¬!LLIANCE¬www.nglia.org
There are other standards that are on the list but not active at this time
5,¬n¬5NDERWRITERS¬,ABORATORY¬www.ul.com
until some of those under development are completed. These include
Photometric Testing of Indoor SSL Luminaires, Photometric Testing of
Outdoor SSL Luminaires and finally, an ANSI document, Specifications
for Performance of SSL devices, which will be a consolidated text.

6XXgZY^iVi^dc
An oft-forgotten aspect of standards and measurement criteria is the
means to accredit those who measure to such standards. Accredited
laboratories are critical to the adoption and use of such standards.
Equipment must be traceable to national laboratories such as NIST in
the US, or NPL in the UK, and the laboratory personnel must be well
versed in the actual measurement procedures. Laboratory accredita-
tion procedures must be in place before standards can be used.
The National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Procedure
(NVLAP) led by NIST does exactly this. It provides third-party
The best choice for Osram
accreditation to testing and calibration laboratories. NVLAP is in Opto Semiconductors
full conformance with the standards of the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), including ISO/IEC 17025 and ISO/IEC 17011
(see ts.nist.gov/Standards/214.cfm for more details). This NVLAP
accreditation process is underway as well.

EVgi^X^eVi^dc
If you have experience in standards development or in various areas
such as photometry, you are welcome to join these organizations and O Displays and Lasers O SMT LEDs
participate in the standards development process. If you are interested
in actively participating, please contact me at Kevin@ colorkinetics. O IR Emitters and Detectors O OLEDs
com and I will put you in touch with the right folks (do not contact O LEDs and accessories O Solid State Lighting
me to simply get copies of the latest drafts, most are available on the
appropriate websites). 
08457 201201
6Wdjii]ZVji]dg rswww.com/electronics
Kevin Dowling is Chairman of the NEMA Solid-State Lighting

aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%, 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY 
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8DADGB>M>C< A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
8dadjgXdbeZchVi^dc[dgA:9
iZX]cdad\nZcVWaZhXdadg"
XdchiVciG<7ajb^cV^gZh
9Zk^Vi^dch^cajb^cdjhÓjmVcY]jZdXXjgYjg^c\A:9egdYjXi^dc!WjiXdadgXdbeZchVi^dc
iZX]cdad\nVaadlhajb^cV^gZbVcj[VXijgZghidegdk^YZXdadg"XdchiVciegdYjXih[dg
YZbVcY^c\Veea^XVi^dch!lg^iZhI]dbVhHX]^Za`Zd[:G8DAZjX]iZc#
Lighting designers have always used colored light to add emphasis or
provide atmospheric effects. This was done using colored lamps or
luminaires with color filters, but thanks to electronically controlled
RGB color mixing luminaires it is now possible to produce any color
of light with LEDs. Using color compensation, the luminaire manu-
facturer is able to compensate for the deviations in luminous flux and
hue due to the manufacturing tolerances of LEDs, and thus to satisfy
the highest demands of designers for uniformity, e.g. for colored wall-
washing (see figure 1).

BVcj[VXijg^c\YZk^Vi^dch
High color saturation is one of the characteristic properties of LEDs.
However, the actual color of the individual LEDs is determined by
two factors that are subject to certain manufacturing fluctuations: the
luminous flux and the dominant wavelength. In practice this means
that the colors of light from two identical LED luminaires can in fact &IG¬!CHIEVING¬COLOUR¬CONSTANCY¬BETWEEN¬SEVERAL¬LUMINAIRES¬WHEN¬
deviate from one other. Semiconductor manufacturers classify every WASH
LIGHTING¬A¬WHITE¬WALL¬n¬ESPECIALLY¬WITH¬AN¬AMBER¬OR¬CYAN¬HUE¬n¬
LED according to these two criteria, sorting them into different cat- IS¬ONE¬OF¬THE¬MOST¬DEMANDING¬CHALLENGES¬FACING¬LIGHTING¬ENGINEERS
egories called “bins”.
Some luminaire manufacturers demand that their suppliers pro- 527
0.8 530
vide bins that are particularly stringently selected with respect to the
510
dominant wavelength. There is a good reason for this: the greater the 80
accuracy with which an individual light source emits a certain wave- 555
60
length from the outset, the more exact the match between light colors 0.6
of several luminaires. But even with the most stringent selection, 500 40 575
deviations in both the luminous flux and the dominant wavelength
between individual LEDs of one color still have to be accepted. 20
0.4 600
W
EZgXZei^dcd[XdadgY^[[ZgZcXZh 490 20 40 60 80 622
20 780
The problem of the manufacturing deviations of LEDs is aggravated 40
when mixed colors of light are used. In RGB color mixing, the toler- 0.2 60
ances of two of three LEDs are compounded together. On the one 480
80
hand, the dominant wavelength can deviate by 5 nm or more within 465
380
one bin, depending on the manufacturer; on the other, fluctuations of
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
20 to 30% can arise for one luminous flux bin. This means that the
mixed color of two LED luminaires can differ by more than 10 nm in &IG¬¬#OLOR¬MIXING¬#)%¬COLOR¬DIAGRAM¬SHOWS¬LIGHT¬COLORS¬WITH¬HUE¬
a worst-case scenario.
The eye, however, can detect differences starting from 1–3 nm,
MIXING¬LUMINAIRES¬GIVES¬A¬TRIANGLE¬THAT¬
depending on the wavelength and the background. Therefore, high-
quality color mixing for architectural lighting with several luminaires
cannot be implemented reliably on this basis. Achieving color con-
stancy between several luminaires when washlighting a white wall
– especially with an amber or cyan hue – is one of the most demanding
AND¬SATURATION¬#ONNECTING¬THE¬COLOR¬LOCI¬OF¬THE¬RED¬GREEN¬AND¬BLUE¬
LIGHT¬SOURCES¬OF¬2'"¬COLOR
CONTAINS¬ALL¬THE¬COLORS¬THAT¬CAN¬BE¬PRODUCED¬#OLORED¬,%$S¬HAVE¬
HIGH¬SATURATION¬AND¬THEREFORE¬ALLOW¬A¬LARGE¬NUMBER¬OF¬MIXED¬COLORS¬
TO¬BE¬PRODUCED¬4HE¬LINE¬FROM¬THE¬CENTRAL¬WHITE¬POINT¬TO¬THE¬2'"¬
POINTS¬SERVES¬AS¬A¬SCALE¬FOR¬SATURATION¬4HE¬NUMERIC¬VALUES¬ON¬THE¬
OUTER¬EDGE¬OF¬THE¬CURVE¬INDICATE¬THE¬WAVELENGTH

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COMPENSATED¬1UADRA¬VARYCHROME¬,%$¬LUMINAIRE
dominant
wavelength
measuring
device
luminous
flux
PC with interface
to measuring
device and
Light Server for
control gear coding DALI control
&IG¬¬#OLOR¬COMPENSATION¬PROCESS¬DIAGRAM
challenges that lighting engineers have to face. The eye has a very
high sensitivity for these wavelengths and therefore detects even fine
differences in color.
On the technical side, fluctuations in luminous flux are more seri-
ous than fluctuations in dominant wavelength for the perception of
the color differences. Without color compensation technology, this
could cause the light colors produced by RGB color mixing to devi-
ate visibly from one luminaire to the next for the same DALI (Digital
Addressable Lighting Interface) control values.
Conversely, lighting users require lighting products that will
always reproduce exactly the same light color from a given DALI
control value – even in difficult applications such as strip lighting
or a row of LED luminaires acting as wallwashers (see figure 3). To
ensure reliable color precision, ERCO has introduced color compen-
sation technology, whereby LED luminaires with RGB color mixing
capability (also known as varychrome luminaires) are individually
measured and calibrated at the factory.
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Color compensation is performed in four steps: (i) the luminaires are
operated for a certain time period; (ii) their actual values are recorded;
(iii) compensation values are entered; and (iv) the compensation is
checked. To achieve a reliable and constant value for the measure-
ment, the luminaires are operated continuously for about two hours
under reproducible temperature conditions until the luminaire reaches
thermal saturation. Following this, a computer-aided measuring
instrument records the luminous flux and the dominant wavelength
for each of the luminaire’s RGB channels.
In the third step, the measured values are compared with the set
values. The software then calculates the compensation factors from
these figures and permanently stores the result in the control gear (see
 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
figure 4). The set values are adjusted at certain production cycles to
keep them up to date with technological progress. This will enable
adjustment to suit the increasing luminous flux of future LEDs.
The resulting product versions are identified on the label of the
luminaire to ensure that it can be reordered or reproduced as and
when required. Color compensation technology comes into play on
luminaires featuring their own control gear where the compensation
factors can be stored individually. Color compensation, control gear
and LED module are seen here as a single unit and can be replaced as a
single unit in a luminaire as and when necessary. Color compensation
is used, for instance, for spotlights or wallwashers in the indoor area
or for outdoor luminaires such as projectors, in-ground luminaires or
facade luminaires.
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The Light System DALI uses encoded DALI control gear, which
enables the central DALI controller to identify automatically the
luminaires and their properties and enable user-friendly functions.
Various data (including the article number, a unique luminaire ID
and an index for identifying the lamp type and lamp color) is saved
in the 16-byte memory of the DALI control gear to provide unique
identification within the system.
The advantage of the encoded DALI control gear is particularly
apparent when implementing colored lighting installations with lumi-
naires featuring RGB color mixing technology. These luminaires
have three addresses with which the light colors red, green and blue
are already assigned to the respective control gear. Compared with
conventional DALI systems, this does away with the time-consuming
task, performed on-site, of assigning the addresses to the luminaires
with their respective color channels and control gear. A light color can
now be selected and assigned to several luminaires via the software.
The LED compensation factors stored in the control gear are used to
compensate for the deviations in the LEDs, due to their manufacturing
process, so that the user always receives a uniform color of light.
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The prerequisite for color mixing luminaires is to have lighting tools
with individually dimmable light sources in the primary colors of
red, green and blue as components of additive color mixing. Colored
fluorescent lamps, as well as LEDs in particular, are suitable for this
task. The saturation of the individual primary colors will determine
the usable color space.
Due to their operating principle, LEDs have one advantage over
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color mixing luminaires with fluorescent lamps: their very high color &'( )(((&(( *((
saturation produces a large color space, which also includes highly
saturated mixed colors. A quantitative output comparison of LED 

 
 % )+  
 
color mixing luminaires should therefore not be based on the maxi- % (+
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mum luminous flux for white mixed light, but on the entire spectrum 



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and the saturation. Color compensation allows the luminaire manu-
facturer to ensure that the user obtains the same hue on several adja- % " 
 

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cent luminaires; however, the trade off for this is that, in practice, the 





luminous flux can be slightly below the LED module’s maximum
possible level.
  
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Color compensation technology for color mixing luminaires with 

LEDs makes it possible to compensate for the luminaire’s manufac- 

 

turing tolerances and to achieve optimum lighting quality for the user.
Even when LED bins of the highest grade are sourced, the variation
of both the maximum luminous flux and the dominant wavelength
still represents a real problem for discerning architectural lighting
solutions. Compensation factors stored in each luminaire’s own con-
trol gear ensure a uniform color of light for luminaires of the same

 
   
type during operation. In addition, the version control also takes the
technical progress of the increasing luminous flux into account and
improves the reordering process for subsequent deliveries. 

6Wdjii]ZVji]dg
Thomas Schielke is an architect and lighting designer with ERCO





Leuchten (www.erco.com). ERCO is headquartered in Lüdenscheid,

 
Germany, and specializes in engineering hardware and software for
architectural lighting.

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d[9^heaVnWVc`!Wjii]ZeZcZigVi^dcgViZl^aa^cXgZVhZYgVbVi^XVaan^ci]ZcZmi[ZlnZVgh#
LCD modules are not self-emissive but require an independent light 500 100
source in the form of a backlight unit (BLU). Among the available or large-size BLU market (units)
emerging BLU technologies, LEDs offer numerous advantages based 450 LED BLUs (units) 90
on their light-source characteristics, suggesting that LEDs will achieve
LED BLUs (%)

3/52#%¬$)30,!9"!.+3¬,%$¬",5¬).$53429¬42%.$3¬!.$¬&/2%#!343¬2%0/24
widespread adoption in medium and large display segments. However, 400 80
price wars in the display market and resultant cost reductions have
emerged as the crucial problem for LED-based BLUs. Despite numer- 350 70

shipments (million units)

LED BLU % penetration

ous advantages, LED-based BLUs have not been widely adopted in
larger LCD panels, and need to reach attractive cost levels. 300 60
Figure 1 shows the overall BLU market for large LCDs (10-inch
diagonal and larger) including applications such as LCD TVs, LCD 250 50
monitors and notebook PCs. The total BLU market in these applica-
200 40
tions will increase from 337 million units in 2007 to 481 million units
in 2010. Penetration of LEDs in the BLU market will increase rapidly
150 30
from 1.5% in 2007, equivalent to 5.1 million units, to 14% in 2010,
equivalent to 67.8 million units. 100 20
Considering that only about 1% of large products (10-inch and
bigger) have LED-based BLUs as of March 2007, we foresee a tre- 50 10
mendous growth through 2010. Even on the assumption that OLED
displays become available with larger designs, LED BLU technology 0 0
is predicted to continue to take the lead before this happens. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
&IG¬¬-ARKET¬PENETRATION¬OF¬,%$¬BACKLIGHT¬UNITS¬",5S ¬INTO¬LARGE
A89IKh SIZE¬,#$¬SCREENS¬ INCH¬DIAGONAL¬AND¬LARGER 
The first LED-based BLUs for LCD TV appeared in the second half
of 2004, as 40- and 46-inch models from Sony. Due to problems product launches. Although there have been few commercial products
with cost and various manufacturing processes, only a small number (some of which failed to sell), monitor-sized displays are often manu-
of commercial TV models have been developed, including products factured as prototypes in the review stage of TV BLU development.
from Samsung, Sharp and LG.Philips. NEC, Sony, Mitsubishi and Samsung have all introduced LED-back-
All major TV manufacturers as well as LCD panel makers and sup- lit monitors in the past two-to-three years.
pliers of BLUs and LEDs are working on development of LED BLUs Prices for conventional (CCFL-backlit) 17- and 19-inch monitors are
for televisions. In addition, there are joint studies between manufac- between $200 and $300, meaning that the adoption of LED BLUs in
turers, academia and research firms. monitors will not happen in the near future unless LED prices plunge.
RGB LEDs are the most popular choice for development of TV Recent attention has been focused on premium-range monitors for spe-
BLUs, and are also leading the market in technology advances. Sharp cial applications such as graphic design and industrial use (see Box).
has developed a hybrid (CCFL+LED) light source, and white LEDs
are also being evaluated for large panels. CdiZWdd`E8h
Displaybank estimates that BLU module demand for LCD TVs LED BLUs first appeared in notebook PCs in 2005 and have enjoyed
should grow from 80 million units in 2007 to 140 million units in rapid growth, mainly due to the feasibility of building slimmer products.
2010, when the penetration of LEDs into this application should In addition, because color gamut is not usually a strong consideration
exceed 6%. Specifically for TVs with screen sizes of 40-inch and for purchasing a notebook PC, the BLUs are able to use white LEDs,
larger, LED penetration will reach around 15% in a market of about which are more attractively priced than RGB LEDs. Commercial prod-
53 million units. As a consequence, Displaybank has estimated that ucts are now being rolled out, and true mass production of such prod-
the LCD TV market will require 19.5 billion low-power LED chips ucts is projected to commence from the second half of 2007.
and 1.15 billion high-power LEDs in 2010. Sony has already launched 12 LED-backlit notebook PCs, while
Toshiba has launched one and Fujitsu two models. Toshiba has also
Bdc^idgA89h introduced a large number of LCD panels (see Box). Sony’s monop-
LED BLUs for monitors have similar characteristics to those for TVs, oly is likely to continue into the first half of 2007, but from the second
but far more severe pricing pressure in this market has hindered actual half, products made in Korea and Taiwan may enter the market.

 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%,
 768@A><=I>C< A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
3AMSUNGå4OSHIBAåPROMOTEå,%$åBACKLIGHTSåFORå,#$S
7nI^bL]^iV`Zg at all, since the color reproduction was not
Both Samsung and Toshiba are helping as accurate as conventional CRT displays.
to drive the growing popularity of LED With LED backlighting, the XL-30 provides
backlighting for LCD panels with a new a massive leap ahead in performance.
30-inch professional monitor and new LCD The monitor expresses Adobe RGB color
panels for laptops, respectively. ranges, which allows pictures taken with
At CeBit in Hanover, Germany, Samsung DSLR cameras to transmit emerald green,
Electronics introduced a professional-grade dark red, and other natural colors onto the
30-inch LCD monitor (SyncMaster XL30) monitor in their true form. Users will be able
that incorporates an LED backlight unit. to view detailed, in-depth colors that were
The monitor’s key feature is its ability to previously only available through computer
reproduce 123% of the NTSC standard imaging and printed copies. Also, consumers
color gamut. Ha Yoon-ho, Senior VP of will be able to print photo colors exactly the
Samsung’s Visual Display Division, said: way they see them on the monitors.
“I predict that new Samsung LED BLU Meanwhile, Toshiba Matsushita Display
monitors will create a color revolution Technology has developed new 10.4- and 10.6-inch LCD
leading to a popularization of the products not only panels for notebook PC applications, each incorporating
for experts such as designers and photographers an LED backlighting system to provide low-profile,
but for the desktop publishing field.” lightweight, and low-power consumption features.
Until recently, graphic designers and those TMD now sells seven LCD panels with LED backlights
working in the printing and publishing industries didn’t use LCDs in the 8.9- to 13.3-inch range, and sees strong growth in this area.

8dcXajh^dc
In the future, products with LED BLUs will continue to gain ground,
providing rich advantages and high added value. However, there
remain challenges to be solved for rapid penetration of LED BLUs,
including price, heat dissipation, uniformity and efficiency of LED
chips. We believe that the market expansion of LED BLUs will be
dependent on the time when solutions to these issues are offered. 
6Wdjii]ZVji]dg
Brian Bae (brian@displaybank.com) is a researcher with Displaybank.
Contact Sue Chung (sue@displaybank.com) for information on
Displaybank’s LED BLU reports and display-related events.

Join over 500 LED industry leaders October 24 – 26, 2007

at this 8th annual international Sheraton San Diego Hotel & Marina
business conference and exhibition San Diego, California, US
aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%, 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY
www.intertechusa.com 
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>CI:GC6I>DC6AA><=II:8=CDAD<>:H
IB
>AAJB6A:9 Ä]^\]"eZg[dgbVcXZ
A:9jcYZg"XVW^cZia^\]i^c\hnhiZb
This ultra-thin (less than 1⁄2 inch), high-efficiency, 12-inch long,
low-voltage light source has been designed, with dimming
capabilities, specifically for under-cabinet, under-shelf, or
display-case lighting. The design uses state-of-the-art thermal
management techniques to produces over 250 lumens using only
7 watts of power with a 50,000-hour lifetime. The low-voltage
wiring makes installation extremely easy. Available in white,
A milestone black, brushed aluminum, and custom colors.
ISO 9001:2000 certified

Contact: Pete Couture

Tel. +1 978-818-6180 x 130
Web: www.intl-lighttech.com

PLD-C is a Global Lighting Design Convention for
lighting professionals worldwide, organised by
VIA Publishing for the international magazine
Professional Lighting Design in cooperation with
the European Lighting DesignersÕ Association
e.V., ELDA.
Other associations and Universities and manu-
facturers have shown interest
in becoming a strong partner involved in the glo-
bal convention, such as are Lighting Urban
Community International, LUCI, and the
Association des Concepteurs Lumire et
Eclairagistes, ACE, The Sociaty of Light and
Lighting, SLL, Lyskultur/N and many more.
Save the dates:
26. to the 28. October 2007 in London/UK
:C;>H
:cÒhEaj\EaVnA:9A^\]i:c\^cZh
The Enfis QUATTRO (pictured) and Enfis UNO ranges of Solid-
State LED Light Engines provide a complete solution, including
electronic and thermal management plus a simple user interface
– just plug DC power in and you can use some of the brightest and
highest power LEDs on the market! They are available in a range
of wavelengths: UV, visible, white, RGBA, NIR and from 18 W
to 200 W.
Tel: +44 (0)1792 485660
Fax:+44 (0)1792 485537
Email: info@enfis.com
Web: www.enfis.com
Lightfair Booth #2380
69K:GI>H:NDJGEGD9J8I=:G:
EgdbdiZndjgegdYjXi^ci]ZEgdYjXi
;dXjhhZXi^dcd[A:9hBV\Vo^cZ
The Product Focus section is a low-cost way to gain high
visibility for your products. The package consists of 75 words of
text, a photo and full company contact details. All you have to do
is send us the text and photo and we will create the advert for you.
For further information:

Contact: Joanna Hook

Tel. +44 (0)117 941 5378

A:9H
Email: joanna@ledsmagazine.com

B6<6O>C:
www.pld-c.com
#ONTACTåJOANNA LEDSMAGAZINECOM

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A><=I;6>GEGD9J8I;D8JH A:9HB 6 < 6 O > C :
A N C @  A 6 7 H  > C 8 # 8DDAEDANB:GH!>C8#
68"A:9iZX]cdad\nVcYI]ZgbVAnc` 8ddaEdanœi]ZgbVaanXdcYjXi^kZ!
eVX`V\^c\hdaji^dch bdaYVWaZedanbZgbViZg^Vah
Lynk Labs Inc is the LED industry’s leading provider of AC-LED CoolPoly® is the LED thermal management SOLUTION!
technology, a patented infrastructure solution that includes AC Cool Polymers is the world’s only dedicated manufacturer of thermally
LED devices, assemblies and drive technology. Lynk Labs’ most conductive plastics. CoolPoly® is the only LED industry standard for an
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packaging solutions from die level to luminaire by integrating
for: die, light engine, PCB substrate for SMT/reflow, Chip on Board,
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Contact: Gary Arnold, Sales Manager
Tel. +1 847-783-0123 Tel. +1 401-450-2496
Fax: +1 847-783-1230 Fax: +1 401-732-6119
Email: stewarth@lynklabs.com Email: gary@coolpolymers.com
Web: www.lynklabs.com Web: www.coolpolymers.com

D8:6CDEI>8H
H^beaZA:9bZVhjgZbZci
Measure relative irradiance – including color temperature and
color rendering index – of radiant sources and absolute irradiance
of LEDs with modular optical-sensing tools from Ocean Optics.
Our miniature fiber-optic spectrometers and accessories can
be configured to measure absolute or relative irradiance of
LEDs, flat-panel displays and other radiant sources; for LEDs in
particular, we offer special optical fixtures, calibrated sources and
other tools for convenient measurement.
86G8AD
;gdhiZYiZX]cdad\nÒc^h][dgGZWZah
A new range of optics with frosted technology finish complete
with holders are available for LUXEON® Rebel LEDs. These
produce beam widths of between 9 and 22 degrees (FWHM),
also an elliptical beam of 10 × 40. All have efficiency of 85%+,
allowing users to make the most of the Rebel’s already good
optical efficiency. Particularly impressive for architectural
applications are the two frosted variants that feature integrated
diffusers. Other LED manufacturers supported as well.

Tel. +1 727-733-2447 Email: ian.bryant@carclo-plc.com

Fax: +1 727-733-3962 jim.oconnor@carclo-usa.com
Email: Info@OceanOptics.com Tel: +44 (0)1753 575011 (UK)
Web: www.oceanoptics.com/applications/ Tel: +1 724-539-6982 (USA)
samplesetups_ledanalysis.asp Web: www.carclo-optics.com

KDHHAD=ÄH8=L67: EDL:GK:8IDG
A:9hÄA^\]i^cVcZlY^bZch^dc >G>H("^c"&9g^kZg9^bbZg
Conceived in a user-friendly manner, efficiently realized – our ISO 9001:2000 Designers and Manufacturers of LED Driver
LED competence center offers LED system solutions which are Dimmer Power Supplies, for power applications in the Solid State
ready to be assembled at the highest technological level. Lighting industry. Power Vector’s IRIS product is designed for
powering and controlling high-brightness LEDs incorporating
More about the light of the DMX512A control, power isolation and
future can be found at: programmable constant current drivers.
www.vs-optoelectronic.com Power Vector’s products incorporate
Vossloh–Schwabe: our unique dimming method and
A New Lighting Experience are intended for any High Brightness
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Visit us at the Lightfair in New
York, 8th to 10th May, 2007 – Tel. +1 888-LED-3IN1 (533-3461)
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4OåPROMOTEåYOURåPRODUCTåHEREåPLEASEåCONTACTå*OANNAå(OOKåATåJOANNA LEDSMAGAZINECOM

aZYhbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb6eg^a'%%, 8deng^\]i'%%,8VWdiBZY^VAiY#6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY