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MODULE-11A
Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem
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Complex number: A number of the form x+iy, where x and y are real numbers and i =√
is called a complex number.
Every complex number x+iy can be expressed in the from r(cosѲ+isinѲ) where
r=√ = .
Complex plane: The complex number x+iy can be represented in x-y plane on a point (x,y).
The x-coordinate is called real axis and y-coordinate is called imaginary axis. This is called
complex plane.
Roots:
If Z=wⁿ (n=1,2,3,4,-------) then to each value of w there corresponds one value of Z. Each of
these values is called root of Z andwe write
w= √
√ = √ ( )
Where k=0,1,2,-------n-1.
Complex function: If for each value of the complex variable Z=x+iy in a given region R, we
have one or more values of w=u+iv, then w is said to be a complex function of Z and we
write w=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)=f(Z)
If to each value of r , there corresponds one and only one value of w, then w is said to
be a single valued function of Z otherwise a multivalued function.
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=1+ + +
=1+ - – + +
=( )+i( )
=cosθ + isinθ
z =x + iy = r(cosθ + i sinθ) = r.
= - =
sin z= cos z=
sinh x = sinhx=
sinh(z+2πi)=
= = = sinh z
Sin ix= = = ( )
=i. =isinhx
Similarly
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A function w=f(z) is said to tend to limit l as z approaches a point , if for every real ε,we
can find a positive real δ such that
This definition of limit though similar to that in ordinary calculus, is quite different for in real
calculus. x approaches only along the line where as here z approaches from any
direction in the Z-plane .
Further f(z) is said to be continuous in any region R of the z-plane, if it is continuous of every
point of that region.
Derivative of f(z).
Let w=f(z) be a single valued function of the variable z=x+iy. Then the derivative of w=f(z)
is defined as =
Provided the limit exists and has the same value for all the different ways in which δz
approaches zero.
C-R Equations:
Since δz can approach zero any manner, we first assume δz to be real and then imaginary.
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Thus the necessary conditions for the existence of the derivative of is that the C-R
equation should be satisfied and it is sufficient also
Analytic function: A function which is single valued and possesses a unique derivative
with respect to z at all points a reason R, is called as Analytic function of z in that region.
A point at which Analytic function cases to a possesses a derivative is called a single point of
the function
∮ ∫
This is sufficient condition rather than necessary because ∮ is not analytic at z=0
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∮ ∮ ∮ ∮
Let be analytic in a single connected domain D .Then for any point in D and single
closed path c in D that enclose
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