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STRUCTURE
M. Cooper
APES 9
SFHS, 2018-19
C ORE C AS E S TU DY: TROPIC AL RAIN
FORES TS ARE DIS APPEARING
• Atmosphere
• Troposphere: where weather
happens
• Stratosphere: contains ozone
layer
• Hydrosphere
• Geosphere
• Biosphere
THREE FAC TORS
S U S TAIN L IFE ON SUN, E ARTH, LIFE ,
EARTH AND CLIMATE
Fig. 3-4, p. 57
ECOLOGISTS STUDY
INTERACTIONS IN NATURE
• Abiotic
• Water
• Air
• Nutrients
• Rocks
• Heat
• Solar energy
• Biotic
• Living and once living
PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS ARE THE LIVING
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS
• Producers, autotrophs
• Photosynthesis:
• CO2 + H2O + sunlight → glucose + oxygen
• Chemosynthesis
• Consumers, heterotrophs
• Primary consumers = herbivores
• Secondary consumers
• Tertiary consumers
• Carnivores, Omnivores
• Decomposers
• Consumers that release nutrients
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Detritivores
• Feed on dead bodies of other organisms
• Earthworms
• Vultures
DETRITIVORES AND DECOMPOSERS
Fig. 3-10, p. 61
AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Aerobic respiration
• Using oxygen to turn glucose back to carbon dioxide and water
Nutrient cycling of
key materials
Fig. 3-11, p. 62
ENERG Y FL OWS THROU G H
EC OS YS TEMS IN FOOD C HAINS
AND FOOD WEBS
• Food chain
• Movement of energy and nutrients from one trophic level to
the next
• Photosynthesis → feeding → decomposition
• Food web
• Network of interconnected food chains
U S ABL E ENERG Y DEC REAS ES WITH
EAC H L INK IN A FOOD C HAIN OR
WEB
• Biomass
• Dry weight of all organic matter of a given trophic level in a food chain or food web
• Decreases at each higher trophic level due to heat loss
Fig. 3-16, p. 67
Properties of water due to hydrogen bonds
between water molecules:
• Exists as a liquid over a large range of
temperature
• Changes temperature slowly
• High boiling point: 100˚C
• Adhesion and cohesion
• Expands as it freezes
• Solvent
• Filters out harmful UV
Fig. 3-17, p. 68
C ARBON C YC L E DEPENDS ON
PHOTOS YNTHES IS AND
RES PIRATION
Fig. 3-19, p. 70
INCREASE IN ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
DIOXIDE, 1960-2009
Supplement 9, Fig 14
CRASHCOURSE: HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE AND CARBON CYCLE
Fig. 3-20, p. 71
HUMAN INPUT OF NITROGEN INTO THE
ENVIRONMENT
Supplement 9, Fig 16
PHOSPHORUS CYCLES
THROUGH THE BIOSPHERE
Fig. 3-21, p. 73
SULFUR CYCLES THROUGH THE
BIOSPHERE
Fig. 3-22, p. 74
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