AM Modulation and Demodulation

COMS3100/7100
Introduction to
Communication
s
Lecture 9: Amplitude Modulation
This lecture:
1. What is Modulation?
2. AM Signals and Spectra.
3. AM Modulation and Demodulation.
4. Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier.
Ref: CCR pp. 152–159, 176–177, Couch pp. 302–312.
COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications
Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation
1 / 24
Communications Course So Far
g(t
x(t) )
Tx Signal
Encoder Modulation Signal

Conditioning
(Filtering / Nois
e,
Interfere
nce
Am pli�ication) distorti
on
Decoder x(t) Demodulation S ignal Rx Signal

Conditioning
(Filtering/
Communicati
Equalization) ons
COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications Lecture
9 - Amplitude Modulation 2 / 24
What is Modulation?
Often, the message is itself a signal, e.g.,

an audio signal, and to produce a signal
that is suitable for transmission through
the channel, we effect some
transformation on the message signal.
Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 3

/ 24
Modulation
0I We call this modulation.
0I Modulation is often performed with
respect to another signal, called
the carrier.
0I We say the message modulates
the carrier to produce the
transmitted signal.
4 / 24
Modulation (2)
0I Sometimes the modulation is as simple
as multiplication with the carrier, cf. the
Fourier modulation properties.
0I In continuous-wave (CW) modulation,
the carrier is a sinusoid. (cos (2πfct)).
0I This is the traditional mode for
all-analogue communications.
0I In pulse modulation, the carrier is
a pulse train.
0I This is a mode that
allows for digital
communications.
Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 5/

24
CW Modulation
g (t) = A (t) cos (2πfct + φ (t))

The two principal subclasses of
CW modulation are:
amplitude modulation, in which the
carrier amplitude is varied with
the message signal and
angle modulation, in which the phase
angle of the carrier is varied
with the message signal.
24
Examples of CW Modulation
(1) Carrier wave. (b) Sinusoidal modulating signal.
3) Amplitude-modulated signal. (d) Angle-modulated signal.

7 / 24
Bene its of Modulation
Make message better suited to the channel
There are three practical bene its

that result from modulation:
1. Modulation can shift the spectral
content of a message signal into a band
which is better suited to the channel.
0I Antennas only ef iciently radiate and
admit signals whose wavelength is
similar to their physical aperture.
0I Hence, to transmit and receive, say,
voice, by radio we need to shift the
voice signal to a much higher
frequency band.

24
Multiplexing
2. Modulation permits the use

of multiplexing.
0I Multiplexing means allowing
simultaneous communication by
multiple users on the same
channel.
0I For instance, the radio frequency
spectrum must be shared and
modulation allows users to separate
themselves into bands.


24
Some immunity to noise/interference
3. Modulation can provide some
control over noise/interference.

0I As we will see, frequency modulation
(FM) permits a tradeoff between
bandwidth and noise.

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 10 /

24
AM Modulation
This lecture focuses on AM Modulation
Next lecture will be on phase modulation (of which FM is a subset of)

11 / 24
AM Signals and Spectra
(Double-sideband) amplitude
modulation (AM) is a technique from the
very beginning of CW radio transmission
at the dawn of the 20th century.
0I It is still in use today because of
its simplicity.

12 / 24
Modulating AM Signals
A message signal x (t) is
amplitude modulated as follows:
1. An envelope signal g (t) is obtain
by amplifying and biasing the
message signal, so that
g (t) = gI (t) = Ac [1 + μx (t)] :
0I The modulation index μ > 0 is chosen to
ensure that g (t) > 0, and to conserve power.

13 / 24
Modulating AM Signals (2)
2. The signal is then mixed with the

carrier, a sinusoid of frequency fc,
to produce the AM signal
xc (t) = g (t) = gI (t) cos 2πfct:

14 / 24
Modulating AM Signals (3)
3. The AM signal can then be

radiated through the antenna.
AM radio typically uses
0I 148.5 kHz – 283.6 kHz (9 kHz channel
spacing) navigational aids + radio in
other countries. (shortwave)
0I 520 kHz – 1610 kHz (9 kHz spacing)
(typical commercial radio) (medium wave)

15 / 24
Frequency-Domain Analysis
... of an AM Signal
F
T FT
Suppose x (t) ! X (f) and g (t) ! G (f).
ThenGf A 1
f f f f
()= [δ ( ) + δ ( + )]
c c c
A [X f ) + X (f + f
2 + (f )] :
12μ c c c
16 / 24
Frequency Domain Analysis (2)
x (t)
O 0g (t)
0O g (t)
/t
Message signal in the time domain.
A M s ig n a l in
G
X (f)
th e
O ( f) time domain.
O1
2
2
2 A c O
2 /f _ O
2
? ?
•? •?
W W /
• ? • ?
Message signal in the frequency domain. • •
f f
c c ω
AM signal in the frequency

domain.
COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications Lecture 9
- Amplitude Modulation 17 / 24
AM Modulation and
Demodulation
A System for Amplitude Modulation
Basic AM requires only an ampli ier, a
sum m erand
M e s sa ge
x (t)
s ig n a l a mixer. A M S ig n a l
g (t)
Oscillator
f signal
cost 2 c
18 / 24
A System for Amplitude
Demodulation
To demodulate the received signal, i.e.,
to recover the original message signal,
we can use an envelope detector circuit.

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 19
/ 24
System for AM Demodulation (2)
0I A diode is used to half-wave rectify

the received signal.
0I The R1C1 ilter then smooths to
recover an approximation of
the original envelope.
0I R2C2 removes the bias.
COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications Lecture 9 -

Amplitude Modulation 20 / 24
DSB AM
Is power inef icient
A problem with AM is that it is inef icient
with power.
0I With jx (t)j 1, at least half the power
is used in the carrier.


24
DSB-SC AM
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
0I Instead, in double-sideband
suppressed carrier (DSB-SC), the
natural envelope is just an ampli
ication of the message, i.e.,
g (t) = Acx (t):

24
Demodulation of DSB-SC AM
0I A simple envelope detector cannot
be used: a product detector is
needed instead.
23 / 24
Demodulation of DSB-SC AM (2)
0I The receiver needs accurate phase
information to recover the message )
a carrier recovery circuit is needed.


24
Costas Loop
Shown below is a Costas Loop for carrier recovery in DSB-SC.
0I It is assumed that the phase error θe is small.
0I The input to the VCO is roughly proportional to θe.

25 / 24

AM Modulation and Demodulation

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COMS3100/7100

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation

Encoder Modulation Signal

Decoder x(t) Demodulation S ignal Rx Signal

Often, the message is itself a signal, e.g.,

transformation on the message signal.

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 3

the carrier to produce the

allows for digital

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 5/

g (t) = A (t) cos (2πfct + φ (t))

(1) Carrier wave. (b) Sinusoidal modulating signal.

3) Amplitude-modulated signal. (d) Angle-modulated signal.

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications

There are three practical bene its

voice, by radio we need to shift the

voice signal to a much higher

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 8/

2. Modulation permits the use

spectrum must be shared and

modulation allows users to separate

themselves into bands.

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 9/

3. Modulation can provide some

control over noise/interference.

(FM) permits a tradeoff between

bandwidth and noise.

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 10 /

Next lecture will be on phase modulation (of which FM is a subset of)

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation

ensure that g (t) > 0, and to conserve power.

2. The signal is then mixed with the

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications

3. The AM signal can then be

(typical commercial radio) (medium wave)

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation

AM signal in the frequency

Basic AM requires only an ampli ier, a

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation

to recover the original message signal,

we can use an envelope detector circuit.

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications

0I A diode is used to half-wave rectify

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications Lecture 9 -

A problem with AM is that it is inef icient

0I With jx (t)j 1, at least half the power

is used in the carrier.

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 21 /

g (t) = Acx (t):

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications

0I A simple envelope detector cannot

be used: a product detector is

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation

0I The receiver needs accurate phase

information to recover the message )

a carrier recovery circuit is needed.

Lecture 9 - Amplitude Modulation 24 /

0I It is assumed that the phase error θe is small.

0I The input to the VCO is roughly proportional to θe.

COMS3100/COMS7100 Intro to Communications