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Embryo Lec Quiz #1 Reviewer

 Embryology – branch of biology that deals with the development of organism


from origin to death/ juvenile to adult organism
 Old names names of embryology:
o Developmental Anatomy – looks at the processes by which the embryo
develops in anatomy, genetics, and molecular bio
o Ontogeny – life history from origin to time of death
 Before, man used superstition to describe how embryo developed

History of Embryology
 Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)
o Shifted from superstition & conjecture toward observation
o Systematic observations of embryo
o Multiple ways of reproduction
 Oviparous – egg layers (birds, reptiles, fishes); egg formed inside
the body
 When fertilized egg passes through the reproductive tract,
those with yolk glands will cover it with a shell
 The shell hardens when it moves out of the body in contact
with air
 Viviparous – life bearers (mammals); embryo develops in the uterus
with different coverings, nourished by female
 Ovoviviparous – egg layer + life bearer
 Animals that produce eggs but retain them inside the female
body until hatching
 Fertilized eggs retained within the mother to complete their
development
 Embryos obtain nourishment from the egg yolk
 Young are fully developed when they hatch and are released
from mother
 Galen (130-200 AD)
o Learned the structure of relatively advanced fetus
o Wrote that the body makes new blood as the supplies are used up
o Minute dimensions resisted serious analysis
o Development of microscope allowed study of early stages
 William Harvey
o Studied reproduction in chicks & deer
o First to explain how the heart pumps blood through blood vessels
 Marcello Maligphi
o Gave details of chick development
o Father of microsurgical anatomy, histology, physiology, and embryology
o Observed the formation of the chick’s heart & blood vessels
o First to describe capillaries
o Scientists later used his descriptions as a basis for the Theory of
Preformation
 Miniature organism is present in the sperm/ egg
 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
o “animalcules” in the semen, tiny preformed human
o Homunculus – very small human, miniature individual, “animalcules”,
found in the semen
o This “homunculus” (miniature individual) – led to theory of preformation
o Theory of preformation – form of living things exist prior to development
found in either
 Sperm
 Egg
o Led to 2 camps
 Spermists
 Ovists
o Note that Hamm and Leeuwenhoek saw the first human sperm\
o Spermists vs Ovists
 Spermists : sperm contained the new individual in miniature and
was nourished in the ovum
 Ovists : Ovum contained the minute body, stimulated to grow by
seminal fluid
 Charles Bonnet (ovist)
o Discovered parthenogenesis – reproduction from an ovum without
fertilization, usually found in invertebrates & lower plants
 Pathenogenetically developed insect eggs
 Parthenogenesis in aphids, which proved that asexual reproduction
of offspring was possible
o Suggested that the eggs of all females possessed germs of subsequent
generations of an infinite series of preformed organism
(why he is an ovist)
 Kaspar Friedrich Wolff
o Concept of morphogenesis; concept of epigenesis, which contradicted
theory of preformation
 Epigenesis – embryonic development occurs through progressive
remodeling and growth
 Morphogenesis – development of structure out of structure
o Wolffian body – embryonic organ on each side of the vertebral column
o Wolffian cyst – in one of the broad ligaments of the uterus near the ovary
and uterine tube
o Wolffian duct – immature (rudimentary) organ in female, the duct system
leaving the testis in male which include ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle
etc.
 Karl von Baer
o Von Baer’s Law – the more general basic features of any animal group
appear earlier in development than do the special features that are
peculiar to different members of the group
 As the embryo of an animal develops, its features become farther
from others
 Germ layer theory: demonstrated the existence of germ layers in
embryos
 Significance couldn’t be grasped until cellular basis of animal
structure was known
o Baer’s law of embryology
 General characteristics of the group to which an embryo belongs
develop before special characteristics.
 General structural relations are likewise formed before the
most specific appear.
 The form of any given embryo does not converge upon other definite
forms, but separates itself from them.
 The embryo of a higher animal form never resembles the adult of
another animal form, such as one less evolved, but only its embryo.

o Seen in gastrulation – single layered blastula is reorganized to a


multilayered structure known as gastrula
 Similar embryos for animals
 Only become different as specialized features become evident as
development proceeds
 Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
o Cell theory
 Cell is the basic structural unit of life
 All living things are made up of cells
 All cells arise from pre-existing cells
o Zygote came from two gametes
 Spermatozoon (male)
 Ovum (female)
o Ontogeny – life history of individual from time of fertilization to death
 Lazaro Spallanzani
o Male and female are necessary to initiate development
o First artificial insemination
o Disproved theory of spontaneous generation
o Pangenesis theory
 Every inherited structure will pass its characteristics by contributing
a small amount of semen
 Christian Pander
o Discovered the primary germ layers
 Ectoderm
 Mesoderm
 Endoderm
o Characterized animals into triploblastic, diploblastic
o Germ layer movement – cells in each germ layer will always act as a unit
 If one migrates, the rest will migrate
 Spallanzani & Wolf
o Both laid the spermist vs ovist view to rest (preformation)
o Spallanzani – both male and female sex products are necessary for
initiation of development
o Wolff – Epigenesis, embryonic development occurs through progressive
remodeling and growth
 De Graff
o Described ovarian follicles
 Made up of
 Oocyte
 Thecal cells
 Follicle cells - cover the oocyte, support by transfer of yolk
o Graafian follicle – mature follicle, most advanced ovarian follicle
 August Weismann
o Distinction between soma and gametes
o Gametes are found in the endoderm
 Perpetuation of species
o Germ plasm theory – heritable info is transmitted by germ cells in the
gonads only!
 Chromosomes – self reproducing determinant agent in
morphogenesis
o Cell differentiation is due to cells acquiring different chromosomes due to
duplication
 Alleles – mutations in chromosomes

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