International J.Math. Combin. Vol.

2(2018), 13-23

Some Properties of Conformal β -Change

H.S.Shukla and Neelam Mishra

(Department of Mathematics and Statistics, D. D. U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur (U.P.)-273009,India)

E-mail: profhsshuklagkp@rediffmail.com, pneelammishra@gmail.com

Abstract: We have considered the conformal β-change of the Finsler metric given by

L(x, y) → L̄(x, y) = eσ(x) f (L(x, y), β(x, y)),

where σ(x) is a function of x, β(x, y) = bi (x)y i is a 1-form on the underlying manifold

M n ,and f (L(x, y), β(x, y)) is a homogeneous function of degree one in L and β.We have
studied quasi-C-reducibility, C-reducibility and semi-C-reducibility of the Finsler space with
this metric. We have also calculated V-curvature tensor and T-tensor of the space with this
changed metric in terms of v-curvature tensor and T-tensor respectively of the space with
the original metric.
Key Words: Conformal change, β-change, Finsler space, quasi-C-reducibility, C-
reducibility, semi-C-reducibility, V-curvature tensor, T-tensor.
AMS(2010): 53B40, 53C60.

§1. Introduction

Let F n = (M n , L) be an n-dimensional Finsler space on the differentialble manifold M n

equipped with the fundamental function L(x,y).B.N.Prasad and Bindu Kumari and C. Shibata
[1,2] have studied the general case of β-change,that is, L∗ (x, y) = f (L, β),where f is positively
homogeneous function of degree one in L and β, and β given by β(x, y) = bi (x)y i is a one- form
on M n . The β-change of special Finsler spaces has been studied by H.S.Shukla, O.P.Pandey
and Khageshwar Mandal [7].
The conformal theory of Finsler space was initiated by M.S. Knebelman [12] in 1929 and
has been investigated in detail by many authors (Hashiguchi [8] ,Izumi[4,5] and Kitayama [9]).
The conformal change is defined as L∗ (x, y) = eσ(x) L(x, y), where σ(x) is a function of position
only and known as conformal factor. In 2008, Abed [15,16] introduced the change L̄(x, y) =
eσ(x) L(x, y) + β(x, y), which he called a β-conformal change, and in 2009 and 2010,Nabil
L.Youssef, S.H.Abed and S.G. Elgendi [13,14] introduced the transformation L̄(x, y) = f (eσ L, β),
which is β-change of conformally changed Finsler metric L. They have not only established the
relationships between some important tensors of (M n , L) and the corresponding tensors of
(M n , L̄), but have also studied several properties of this change.
1 Received January 22, 2018, Accepted May 12, 2018.
14 H.S.Shukla and Neelam Mishra

We have changed the order of combination of the above two changes in our paper [6], where
we have applied β-change first and conformal change afterwards, i.e.,

L̄(x, y) = eσ(x) f (L(x, y), β(x, y)), (1.1)

where σ(x) is a function of x, β(x, y) = bi (x)y i is a 1-form. We have called this change as
conformal β-change of Finsler metric. In this paper we have investigated the condition under
which a conformal β-change of Finsler metric leads a Douglas space into a Douglas space.We
have also found the necessary and sufficient conditions for this change to be a projective change.
In the present paper,we investigate some properties of conformal β-change. The Finsler
space equipped with the metric L̄ given by (1.1) will be denoted by F¯n .Throughout the paper
the quantities corresponding to F¯n will be denoted by putting bar on the top of them.We
shall denote the partial derivatives with respect to xi and y i by ∂i and ∂˙i respectively. The
Fundamental quantities of F n are given by
2
L
gij = ∂˙i ∂˙j = hij + li lj , li = ∂˙i L.
2
Homogeneity of f gives
Lf1 + βf2 = f, (1.2)

where subscripts 1 and 2 denote the partial derivatives with respect to L and β respectively.
Differentiating above equations with respect to L and β respectively, we get

Lf12 + βf22 = 0 and Lf11 + βf21 = 0. (1.3)

Hence we have
f11 /β 2 = (−f12 )/Lβ = f22 /L2 , (1.4)

which gives
f11 = β 2 ω, f12 = −Lβω, f22 = L2 ω, (1.5)

where Weierstrass function ω is positively homogeneous of degree -3 in L and β. Therefore

Lω1 + βω2 + 3ω = 0, (1.6)

where ω1 and ω2 are positively homogeneous of degree -4 in L and β. Throughout the paper
we frequently use the above equations without quoting them. Also we have assumed that f is
not linear function of L and β so that ω 6= 0.
The concept of concurrent vector field has been given by Matsumoto and K. Eguchi [11]
and S. Tachibana [17], which is defind as follows:

The vector field bi is said to be a concurrent vector field if

bi|j = −gij bi |j = 0, (1.7)

where small and long solidus denote the h- and v-covariant derivatives respectively. It has been
 Some Properties of Conformal β -Change 15

proved by Matsumoto that bi and its contravariant components bi are functions of coordinates
alone. Therefore from the second equation of (1.7),we have Cijk bi = 0.

The aim of this paper is to study some special Finsler spaces arising from conformal
β-change of Finsler metric,viz., quasi-C-reducible, C-reducible and semi-C-reducible Finsler
spaces. Further, we shall obtain v-curvature tensor and T-tensor of this space and connect
them with v-curvature tensor and T-tensor respectively of the original space.

§2. Metric Tensor and Angular Metric Tensor of F̄ n

Differentiating equation (1.1) with respect to y i we have

l̄i = eσ (f1 li + f2 bi ). (2.1)

Differentiating (2.1) with respect to y j , we get

 
f f1
h̄ij = e2σ hij + f L2 ωmi mj , (2.2)
L

β
where mi = bi − Li .
L
From (2.1) and (2.2) we get the following relation between metric tensors of F n and F̄ n :
 
f f1 pβ
ḡij = e2σ gij − li lj + (f L2 ω + f22 )bi bj + p(bi lj + bj li ) , (2.3)
L L

where p = f1 f2 − f βLω.

The contravariant components ḡ ij of the metric tensor of F̄ n , obtainable from ḡ ij ḡjk = δki ,
are as follows:

pL3 L4 ω i j pL2 i j
   
ij −2σ L ij fβ i j j i
ḡ = e g + 3 − ∆f2 l l − b b − 2 (l b + l b ) , (2.4)
f f1 f f1 t L 2 f f1 t f f1 t

where li = g ij lj , b2 = bi bi , bi = g ij bj , g ij is the reciprocal tensor of gij of F n , and

β2
t = f1 + L3 ω∆, ∆ = b2 − . (2.5)
L2

 
f
(a) ∂˙i f = eσ li + f2 mi , (b) ∂˙i f1 = −eσ βLωmi ,
L
(c)∂˙i f2 = e L ωmi , (d) ∂˙i p = −βqLmi ,
σ 2

3ω
(e) ∂˙i ω = − li + ω2 mi , (f )∂˙i b2 = −2C..i ,
L
2β
(g) ∂˙i ∆ = −2C..i − 2 mi , (2.6)
L
16 H.S.Shukla and Neelam Mishra

3q
(a) ∂˙i q = − li , (b) ∂˙i t = −2L3 ωC..i + [L3 ∆ω2 − 3βLω]mi ,
L
3q
(c) ∂˙i q = − li + (4f2 ω2 + 3ω 2 L2 + f ω22 )mi . (2.7)
L

§3. Cartan’s C-Tensor and C-Vectors of F̄ n

Cartan’s covariant C-tensor Cijk of F n is defined by

1˙ ˙ ˙ 2
C̄ijk = ∂i ∂j ∂k L = ∂˙k gij
4
and Cartan’s C-vectors are defined as follows:

Ci = Cijk g jk , C i = Cjk
i jk
g . (3.1)

We shall write C 2 = C i Ci . Under the conformal β-chang (1.1) we get the following relation
between Cartan’s C-tensors of F n and F̄ n :

qL2
 
2σ f f1 p
C̄ijk = e Cijk + (hij mk + hjk mi + hki mj ) + mi mj mk . (3.2)
L 2L 2

We have

(a) mi li = 0,
β2
(b) mi bi = b2 − = ∆ = b i mi ,
L2
(c) gij mi = hij mi = mj . (3.3)

From (2.1), (2.3), (2.4) and (3.2), we get

h h p qL3
C̄ij = Cij + (hij mh + hhj mi + hhi mj ) + mj mk mh
2f f1 2f f1
L pL∆ 2pL + qL4 ∆
− C.jk nh − 2 hjk nh − mj mk n h , (3.4)
ft 2f f1 t 2f 2 f1 t

where nh = f L2 ωbh + plh and hij = g il hlj , C.ij = Crij br , C..i = Crji br bj and so on.

Proposition 3.1 Let F̄ n = (M n , L̄) be an n-dimensional Finsler space obtained from the
conformal β-change of the Finsler space F n = (M n , L), then the normalized supporting element
l̄i , angular metric tensor h̄ij , fundamental metric tensor ḡij and (h)hv-torsion tensor C̄ijk of
F̄ n are given by (2.1), (2.2), (2.3) and (3.2), respectively.

From (2.4),(3.1),(3.2) and (3.4) we get the following relations between the C-vectors of of
n
F and F̄ n and their magnitudes

C̄i = Ci − L3 ωCi.. + µmi , (3.5)

 Some Properties of Conformal β -Change 17

where
p(n + 1) 3pL3 ω∆ qL3 ∆(1 − L3 ω∆)
µ= − + ;
2f f1 2f f1 2f f1
e−2σ L i
C̄ i = C + M i, (3.6)
f f1
where
µe−2σ L i L4 ω i L3 ω i
 
i L
C − Ci − e2σ L3 ωCi.. + µ∆ b + yi


M = m −
f f1 f f1 .. f f1 ft
and
e−2σ 2
C̄ 2 = C + λ, (3.7)
p
where

e−2σ L 2µe−2σ L
 
λ = − L ω∆ µ2 ∆ +
3
C.
f f1 f f1
− (1 + 2µ∆) L3 ω + 1 − 3µ + e2σ L2 ωf f1 C. L3 ωC...

+L3 ωC..r e4σ Lωf 2 f12 Ci.. − µ∆ L3 ωbr − e2σ L2 ωf f1 C..r − 2C r .

§4. Special Cases of F̄ n

In this section, following Matsumoto [10], we shall investigate special cases of F̄ n which is
conformally β-changed Finsler space obtained from F n .

Definition 4.1 A Finsler space (M n , L) with dimension n ≥ 3 is said to be quasi-C-reducible

if the Cartan tensor Cijk satisfies

Cijk = Qij Ck + Qjk Ci + Qki Cj , (4.1)

where Qij is a symmetric indicatory tensor.

The equation (3.2) can be put as

   
f f1 1 3p
C̄ijk = e2σ Cijk + π(ijk) hij + qL2 mi mj mk ,
L 6 L

where π(ijk) represents cyclic permutation and sum over the indices i, j and k.

Putting the value of mk from equation (3.5) in the above equation, we get
  
2σ f f1 1 3p
C̄ijk = e Cijk + π(ijk) hij + qL2 mi mj )(C̄k − Ck + L3 ωCk.. .
L 6µ L
18 H.S.Shukla and Neelam Mishra

Rearranging this equation, we get

   
f f1 1 3p
C̄ijk = e2σ Cijk + π(ijk) hij + qL2 mi mj C̄k
L 6µ L
  
1 3p
hij + qL2 mi mj L3 ωCk.. − Ck


+ π(ijk) .
6µ L

Further rearrangment of this equations gives

C̄ijk = π(ijk) (H̄ij C̄k ) + Uijk , (4.2)

e2σ 3p
where H̄ij = 6µ {( L hij + qL2 mi mj ), and

   
2σ f f1 1 3p
hij + qL2 mi mj 3


Uijk = e Cijk + π(ijk) L ωCk.. − Ck (4.3)
L 6µ L

Since H̄ij is a symmetric and indicatory tensor,therefore from equation (4.2) we have the fol-
lowing theorem.

Theorem 4.1 Conformally β-changed Finsler space F̄ n is quasi-C-reducible iff the tensor Uijk
of equation (4.3) vanishes identically.

We obtain a generalized form of Matsumoto’s result [10] as a corollary of the above theorem.

Corollary 4.1 If F n is Reimannian space, then the conformally β-changed Finsler space F̄ n
is always a quasi-C-reducible Finsler space.

Definition 4.2 A Finsler space (M n , L) of dimension n ≥ 3 is called C-reducible if the Cartan

tensor Cijk is written in the form

1
Cijk = (hij Ck + hki Cj + hjk Ci ). (4.4)
n+1
1
Define the tensor Gijk = Cijk − (n+1) (hij Ck + hki Cj + hjk Ci ). It is clear that Gijk is
symmetric and indicatory. Moreover, Gijk vanishes iff F n is C-reducible.

Proposition 4.1 Under the conformal β-change(1.1), the tensor Ḡijk associated with the space
F̄ n has the form
f f1
Ḡijk = e2σ Gijk + Vijk (4.5)
L
where
1
Vijk = π(ijk) {(e2σ (n + 1)(α1 hij + α2 mi mj )mk + e2σ ωL2 mi mj Ck
(n + 1)
+e2σ L2 ω(f f1 hij + L3 ωmi mj )Ck.. }, (4.6)

e2σ p µf f1 e2σ e2σ qL2 µe2σ ωL2

α1 = − , α2 = − .
2L L(n + 1) 6 (n + 1)
 Some Properties of Conformal β -Change 19

From (4.5) we have the following theorem.

Theorem 4.2 Conformally β-changed Finsler space F̄ n is C-reducible iff F n is C-reducible

and the tensor Vijk given by (4.6) vanishes identically.

Definition 4.3 A Finsler space (M n , L) of dimension n ≥ 3 is called semi-C-reducible if the

Cartan tensor Cijk is expressible in the form:
r s
Cijk = (hij Ck + hki Cj + hjk Ci ) + 2 Ci Cj Ck , (4.7)
n+1 C

where r and s are scalar functions such that r + s = 1.

Using equations (2.2), (3.5) and (3.7) in equation (3.2), we have

 
f f1 p ∆L(f1 q − 3pω)
C̄ijk = e2σ Cijk + (h̄ij C̄k + h̄ki C̄j + h̄jk C̄i ) + C̄i j k .
C̄ C̄
L 2µf f1 2f f1 µtC̄ 2

If we put
p(n + 1) ′ ∆L(f1 q − 3pω)
r′ = ,s = ,
2µf f1 2f f1 µt
we find that r′ + s′ = 1 and

r′ s′
 
f f1
C̄ijk = e2σ Cijk + (h̄ij C̄k + h̄ki C̄j + h̄jk C̄i ) + 2 C̄i C̄j C̄k . (4.8)
L n+1 C̄

From equation (4.8) we infer that F̄ n is semi-C- reducible iff Cijk = 0, i.e. iff F n is a
Reimannian space. Thus we have the following theorem.

Theorem 4.3 Conformally β-changed Finsler space F̄ n is semi-C-reducible iff F n is a Rie-

mannian space.

§5. v-Curvature Tensor of F̄ n

The v-curvature tensor [10] of Finsler space with fundamental function L is given by

r r
Shijk = Cijr Chk − Cikr Chj

Therefore the v-curvature tensor of conformally β-changed Finsler space F̄ n will be given by

r r
S̄hijk = C̄ijr C̄hk − C̄ikr C̄hj . (5.1)

From equations (3.2)and(3.4), we have


r f f1 p
C̄ijr C̄hk = e2σ r
Cijr Chk + (Cijk mh + Cijh mk + Cihk mj
L 2L
pf1 f f1 L 2 ω
+Chjk mi ) + (C.ij hhk + Chk hij ) − C.ij C.hk
2Lt t
20 H.S.Shukla and Neelam Mishra

p2 ∆ L2 (qf1 − 2pω)
+ hhk hij + (C.ij mk mh + C.hk mi mj )
4f Lt 2t
p(p + L3 q∆) p2
+ (hij mh mk + hhk mi mj ) + (hij mh mk
4Lf t 4Lf f1
+hhk mi mj + hhj mi mk + hhi mj mk + hjk mi mh + hik mh mj )
L2 (2pqt + (qf1 − 2pω)(2p + L3 q∆))

+ mi mj mh mk . (5.2)
4f f1 t

We get the following relation between v-curvature tensors of (M n , L) and (M n , L̄):

 
f f1
S̄hijk = e2σ Shijk + dhj dik − dhk dij + Ehk Eij − Ehj Eik , (5.3)
L

where
dij = P C.ij − Qhij + Rmi mj , (5.4)

Eij = Shij + T mi mj , (5.5)

 s 1/2 pg L (2ωp − f1 q) p L (qf1 − ωp)

P =L , Q= √ ,R = √ ,S = √ , T = √ .
t 2L2 st 2 st 2L2 f ω 2f1 f ω

Proposition 5.1 The relation between v-curvature tensors of F n and F̄ n is given by (5.3).

When bi in β is a concurrent vector field,then C.ij = 0. Therefore the value of v-curvature

tensor of F̄ n as given by (5.3) is reduced to the extent that dij = Rmi mj − Qhij .

§6. The T-Tensor Thijk

The T-tensor of F n is defined in [3] by

Thijk = LChij |k +Chij lk + Chik lj + Chjk li + Cijk lh , (6.1)

where
Chij |k = ∂˙k Chij − Crij Chk
r r
− Chrj Cik r
− Chir Cjk . (6.2)

In this section we compute the T-tensor of F̄ n , which is given by

T̄hijk = L̄C̄hij¯|k + C̄hij l̄k + C̄hik ¯lj + C̄hjk l̄i + C̄ijk l̄h , (6.3)

where
C̄hij¯|k = ∂˙k C̄hij − C̄rij C̄hk
r r
− C̄hrj C̄ik r
− C̄hir C̄jk . (6.4)

The derivatives of mi and hij with respect to y k are given by

β 1 1
∂˙k mi = − 2 hik − (li mk ), ∂˙k hij = 2Cijk − (li hjk + lj hki ) (6.5)
L L L
 Some Properties of Conformal β -Change 21

From equations (3.2)and (6.5), we have


f f1 p
∂˙k C̄hij = e2σ ∂k Chij + (Cijk mh + Cijh mk + Cihk mj + Chjk mi )
L L
pβ p
− 3 (hij hhk + hhj hik + hih hjk ) + (hjk lh mi + hhk lj mi
2L 2L2
+hhk li mj + hik lh mj + hjk li mh + hjk lh mi + hij lh mk + hhj li mk
βq
+hik lj mk + hij lk mh + hjh lk mi + hhi lk mj ) − (hij mh mk
2
+hhk mi mj + hhj mi mk + hhi mj mk + hjk mi mh + hik mh mj )
qL
− (li mj mh mk + lj mi mh mk + lh mi mj mk + hk mi mj mh )
2
L2

+ (4f2 ω2 + 3L2 ω 2 + f ω22 )mh mi mj mk . (6.6)
2

Using equations (6.5) and (5.2) in equation(6.4), we get

f f1 e2σ p
C̄hij¯|k = e2σ Chij |k − (Cijk mh + Cijh mk + Cihk mj + Chjk mi )
L 2L
L2 p∆
 
2σ 2f βt 2σ βq
−pe 3
+ 3
(hij hhk + hhj hik + hih hjk ) − e
4f L t 4f L t 2
p2 f1 + pqf1 L3 ∆ + 3p2

+ (hij mh mk + hhk mi mj + hhj mi mk + hhi mj mk
4Lf f1t
e2σ p
+hjk mi mh + hik mh mj ) − [lh (hjk mi + hij mk
2L2
+hik mj ) + lj (hhk mi + hik mkh + hih mk ) + li (hhk mj + hjk mh
e2σ qL
+hhj mk ) + lk (hij mh + hjh mi + hhi mj )] − (li mj mh mk
2
pf1 e2σ
+lj mi mh mk + lh mi mj mk + hk mi mj mh ) − (C.ij hhk
2Lt
e2σ f f1 L2 ω
+C.hj hik + C.hk hij + C.ik hh + C.hi hjk + C.jk hhi ) + (C.ij C.hk
t
2σ 2
e L (qf1 − 2pω)
+C.hj C.ik + C.hi C.jk ) − (C.ij mk mh
2t
+C.hk mi mj + C.hj mi mk + C.ik mj mh
 2 2 2
2σ L (4f2 ω2 + 3L ω + f ω22 )
+C.hi mj mk + C.jk mh mi ) + e
2
2 3

3L (2pqt + (qf1 − 2pω)(2p + L q∆)
− mi mj mh mk . (6.7)
4f f1 t

Using equations (2.1), (3.2) and (6.6) in equation (6.3), we get the following relation
22 H.S.Shukla and Neelam Mishra

between T-tensors of Finsler spaces F n and F̄ n :

f 2 f1

f (f1 f2 + f βLω)
T̄hijk = e3σ Thijk + (Cijk mh + Cijh mk + Cihk mj
L2 2L
f 2 f1 L 2 ω
+Chjk mi ) + (C.ij C.hk + C.hj C.ik + C.hi C.jk )
t
pf1
− (C.ij hhk + C.hj hik + C.hk hij + C.ik hh + C.hi hjk + C.jk hhi )
2Lt
f L2 (qf1 − 2pω)
− (C.ij mk mh + C.hk mi mj + C.hj mi mk
2t
p(2f βt + L2 p∆)
+C.ik mj mh + C.hi mj mk + C.jk mh mi ) − (hij hhk
 2 4L3 t
p f1 + pqf1 L3 ∆ + 3p2

βqf pf2
+hhj hik + hih hjk ) − + −
4Lf1t 2 L
(hij mh mk + hhk mi mj + hhj mi mk + hhi mj mk + hjk mi mh
 2
L (4f2 ω2 + 3L2 ω 2 + f ω22 )
+hik mh mj ) + + 2L2 f2 q
2
3L2 (2pqt + (qf1 − 2pω)(2p + L3 q∆)
 
− mi mj mh mk . (6.8)
4f1 t

Proposition 6.1 The relation between T-tensors of F n and F̄ n is given by (6.7).

If bi is a concurrent vector field in F n , then C.ij = 0. Therefore from(6.8), we have

f 2 f1 p(2f βt + L2 p∆)

3σ
T̄hijk = e T hijk − (hij hhk + hhj hik + hih hjk )
L2 4L3 t
 2
p f1 + pqf1 L3 ∆ + 3p2 t βqf

pf2
− + − (hij mh mk + hhk mi mj
4Lf1 t 2 L
+hhj mi mk + hhi mj mk + hjk mi mh + hik mh mj )
L2 (4f2 ω2 + 3L2 ω 2 + f ω22 ) 3L2 (qf1 − 2pω)(2p + L3 q∆)

+ 2L2 f2 q + +
2 4Lf f1t
2
 
3L 2pqt
− mi mj mh mk . (6.9)
4Lf f1 t

If bi is a concurrent vector field in F n , with vanishing T-tensor then T-tensor of F n is

given by

p(2f βt + L2 p∆)

3σ
T̄hijk = e − (hij hhk + hhj hik + hih hjk )
4L3 t
 2
p f1 + pqf1 L3 ∆ + 3p2 t βqf

pf2
− + − (hij mh mk
4Lf1 t 2 L
+hhk mi mj + hhj mi mk + hhi mj mk + hjk mi mh + hik mh mj )
 2
L (4f2 ω2 + 3L2 ω 2 + f ω22 ) 3L2 2pqt
+ −
2 4Lf f1t
2 3
 
3L (qf1 − 2pω)(2p + L q∆) 2
+ + 2L f2 q mi mj mh mk . (6.10)
4Lf f1t
 Some Properties of Conformal β -Change 23

Acknowledgement

The work contained in this research paper is part of Major Research Project “Certain Investi-
gations in Finsler Geometry” financed by the U.G.C., New Delhi.

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