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Introduction
1. Use the forward and backward-difference formulas to approximate the derivatives in the
following tables. Knowing the functions from which the tables were generated, calculate
the actual errors and find error bounds using the error formulas.
(I) Table:
x f (x) f 0 (x)
0.5 0.4794
0.6 0.5646
0.7 0.6642
(II) Table:
x f (x) f 0 (x)
0.0 0.00000
0.2 0.74140
0.4 1.3718
(III) Table:
x f (x) f 0 (x)
-0.3 1.9507
-0.2 2.0421
-0.1 2.0601
(IV) Table:
x f (x) f 0 (x)
1.0 1.0000
1.2 1.2625
1.4 1.6595
2. Use the most appropriate three-point formula to approximate the derivatives in the fol-
lowing tables. Knowing the functions from which the tables were generated, calculate
the actual errors and find error bounds using the error formulas.
1
(I) Table:
x f (x) f 0 (x)
1.1 9.025013
1.2 11.02318
1.3 13.46374
1.4 16.44465
(II) Table:
x f (x) f 0 (x)
-0.3 -0.27652
-0.2 -0.25074
-0.1 -0.16134
0 0
(III) Table:
x f (x) f 0 (x)
2.0 3.6887983
2.1 3.6905701
2.2 3.6688192
2.3 3.6245909
Richardson’s extrapolation
2
4. Suppose that N (h) is an approximation to M for h > 0 and that the error is given by
M = N (h) + K1 h + K2 h2 + K3 h3 + · · ·
for some constants Ki i = 1, 2, . . .. Use the values N (h), N (h/3) and N (h/9) to produce
an O(h3 ) approximation for M .
5. Suppose that N (h) is an approximation to M for h > 0 and that the error is given by
M = N (h) + K1 h2 + K2 h4 + K3 h6 + · · ·
for some constants Ki i = 1, 2, . . .. Use the values N (h), N (h/3) and N (h/9) to produce
an O(h6 ) approximation for M .
IPC—30 September 2010