Slab Design

CHAPTER 3
SLAB
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete slabs are one of the most widely used structural elements. In many
structures, in addition to providing a versatile and economical method of supporting gravity
loads, the slab also forms an integral portion of the structural frame to resist lateral forces.
Usually a slab is a broad, flat plate, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be
supported by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural
steel members, directly by columns, or continuously by the ground.
3.2 TYPES OF SLAB
 One-way slab : Independent of support condition. (Figure 3.1a 3.1b)

l1
> 2;
l2
 Two-way slab : Depends on support condition. (Figure 3.1c)

l1
≤2
l2
l2
l1
l1 >2
l1 l2
l2
>2
(a) One- way slab
Figure 3.1: Types of slab

SLAB
Two-way slabs are classified as:
 Two-way edge supported slab or slab with beams. ( Figure 3.1d )

 Two-way column supported slab or slab without beams. ( Figure 3.1e,3.1f, 3.1g )
l2
l2 l1
l1
(b) One- way slab (c) Two- way slab
(e) Flat plate

(d) Slab with beams (Column supported slab)
(Edge supported slab)
(f) Flat slab

(Column supported slab) (g) Grid slab
(Column supported slab)
Figure 3.1: Types of slab (continued)
15
SLAB
3.3 DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLAB
Step 1: Estimation of Slab Thickness (h)
Slab thickness is determined according to ACI Code 9.5.2 as given in Table 3.1
Table 3.1: Minimum thickness of non-prestressed one- way slab
Members wc = 145 pcf wc =90120 pcf fy <60.000 psi Rounding up

or,fy>60.000 psi the thickness
fy = 60.000 psi
Simply supported l/20 Multiply by Multiply by (1) h≤6 in next

(1.65-0.005wc) higher ¼ in
but > 1.09 fy
One end continuous l/24 0.4 + (2) h > 6 in next
100,000
higher ½ in
Both end continuous l/28
Cantilever l/10
# Span length l is in inches, as defined by ACI Code 8.7 given in Fig. 3.2(a), (b), & (c)
Step 2 : Calculation of Factored Load (wu)
wu = 1.4 D+ 1.7 L psf

h
Dead load, D = wc x psf
12
wc = Unit weight of concrete (145 ~ 150 pcf for normal weight concrete )
16
SLAB
Step 3: Determination of Design Moment
Design moment is determined by using ACI Moment Coefficient (ACI Code 8.3.3) as given in
Table 3.4.
Step 4 : Checking the Design Thickness
d= Mu putting  = max = 0.75b.

f
f yb(1  0.59 y )
f c
f c/ 87000
Where, ρ b = 0.85*β 1 *
f y 87000  f y
Values of β 1 is given in Table 3.2
Table3.2 : Values of β 1 (ACI Code 10.2.7.3)
/
fc ≤ 4000 psi β 1 = 0.85
/
fc > 4000 psi β 1 shall be reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi of strength
in excess of 4000 psi.
0.65 ≤ β 1 ≤ 0.85
Table 3.3: Clear cover for slab ( ACI Code 7.7.1)
No 14 & No 18 bars .................................... .... 1 1/2 in

No 11 bar & smaller .................................... ¾ in
17
SLAB
If (d + clear cover) < h; Design is ok.
Otherwise redesign the thickness.
la
t l= la + h  la + t
(a) Slabs not built integrally with the support (ACI Code 8.7.1)
la
t l= la + t
(b) Slabs are continuous (ACI Code 8.7.2)
la
t
(c) Slabs built integrally with support
Figure 3.2 : Span length
18
SLAB
Table 3.4 : ACI moment coefficient
Support Condition Moment Coefficent

For two span:
1 1
1 1
1 1
1. Discontinuous ends are

unrestrained
0 1 1 0
9 9

built integrally with support 1
1
1
1
4 4
(spandrel beam or girder)
1 1 1 1
2 9 9 2
4 4

1 1
built integrally with support 1 1
4 4
(when support is a column only)
1 1 1 1
1 9 9 1
6 6
For continuous Span: 1 1

1 1
1
1. Discontinuous ends are 6
unrestrained.
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1

built integrally with support 1
1
1
1
4 6
(spandrel beam or girder)
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1
4 0 1 1 1

1 1
built integrally with support 1 1
4 6
(when support is a column only)
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
6 0 1 1 1
1. Shear in end members at first interior support 1.15 w2
2. Shear at all other supports w

2
w = Total factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab
l = Clear span for positive moment and the average of two adjacent clear spans
for negative moment.
19
SLAB
Step 5 : Determination of Steal Area (As)

Reinforcement for 1 ft. strip towards shorter distance is calculated by Iteration. Details shown in
Figure 3.3 (here b = 12 in)
Assume a (hints: a =
0.3d)
Mu
 
(As) trial =
f y d  a 2
As yf
(a) =
0.85 f cb
corrected
Calculate a for next trial

(As) corrected with
(As) corrected
A s,corr  No
As, trial
Yes
OK
Figure 3.3: Iteration process to determine the steel area
20
SLAB
Generally # 3 or # 4 bars are used for slab main reinforcement.
Spacing: ACI Code 7.6.5 specifies that
Spacing ≤ 3h or 18 in, whichever is smaller
but > 1.5 h
Finding out bar spacing: Let us chose # 3 bar (0.11 in 2 )
0.11*12
Spacing = in c/c
As
Step 6 : Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement
Reinforcement is provided normal to main reinforcements. ACI Code 7.12.2.1 provides required
area of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement as given in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 : Minimum ratio of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement in slabs.
Slabs where grade 40 or 50 deformed bars are used
0.0020
Slabs where grade 60 deformed bars or welded wire

But should be:
fabric are used
0.0018
 > 0.0014
Slabs where reinforcement with yield strength
exceeding 60,000 psi measured at a yield strain of 0.35
percent is used 0.0018  60,000
fy
Required steel area, As = bh in 2 per 1 ft. strip
21
SLAB
Spacing: ACI Code 7.12.2.2 specifies that
Spacing ≤ 5h
or ≤ 18 in , whichever is smaller
Using # 3 or # 4 bar required spacing can be obtained.
Step 7 : Shear Check
According to ACI shear coefficient given in Table 3.2

wuln
Shear at end members at first interior support is 1.15
2
Wuln Wu d
Critical shear at a distance d from support, Vu = (1.15  )
2 12

Design strength for shear,  Vc =  2 fc bd ;  = 0.85
If Vc > Vu, slab design for shear is OK
Otherwise slab thickness should be revised.
Step 8 : Reinforcement Detailing

Shown in Figure 3.4
22
SLAB
Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement Main positive reinforcement

A
l2/ 4
'_zoom
l2/ 4
A
(a) Plan of bottom reinforcement
l2/ 4 '_zoo
m
negative reinforcement at discontinuous edge
negative reinforcement at continuous edge
l2/ 4
(b) Plan of Top reinforcement
Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement
l2/ 4 l2/ 3 l2/ 3 l 2/ 3
6" 6"
l2
(c) Cross section (A- A)
23
SLAB
Main positive Temperature Negative Negative

reinforcement & shrinkage reinforcement at reinforcement at
reinforcement discontinuous edge continuous edge
Figure 3.4: Reinforcement detailing in one-way slab (continued)
24
SLAB
3.4 TWO WAY SLAB
ACI Code 13.5.1 states that “a slab system shall be designed by any procedure satisfying
conditions of equilibrium and geometric compatibility, if it is shown that the design strength at
every section is at least equal to required strength, and that all serviceability conditions,
including limits on deflections, are met.”
According to ACI Code 13. 5.1. 1, all Two-way slab system are to be analyzed and designed
either by the Direct Design Method or the Equivalent Frame Method for gravity loads only.
For lateral loads, separate elastic analysis should be worked out. ACI Code 13. 5.1.3 permits the
combining to the gravity load analysis with the result of lateral load analysis.
Adaptation of any one of the two methods demands fulfillment of certain requirements.
However, when the requirements are not met, an old procedure is still followed by the Engineers
as specified in 1963 ACI Code, named as Coefficient Method.
3.4.1 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD (DDM)

3.4.1.1 General
The design is based on equivalent rigid frame system as shown in Figure 3.5.
ACI Code13. 2.1 specifies:
Width of equivalent frame = l2

1 1
Width of column strip = whichever is less
2 l1or l2
2
The equivalent frames are considered in both longitudinal and transverse directions.
3.4.1.2 Limitations For DDM

ACI Code 13.6.1 specifies that the design of Two-way slab system by DDM shall be permitted
within the following limitations:
 There shall be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.

 The panels shall be rectangular, with the ratio of the longer to the shorter spans
within a panel not greater than 2.
25
SLAB
 The successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one
third of the longer span.
 Column may be offset a maximum of 10% of the span in the direction of
successive column.
 Loads shall be due to gravity only and live load shall not exceed 2 times the dead
load.
l2
H.M.S
Interior
Equivalent C.S l2
Frame
H.M.S
l2
Exterior l2
H.M.S
Equivalent l2
Frame
C.S
2
l1 l1 l1
H.M.S = Half Middle Strip; C.S= ColumnStrip
Figure 3.5 : Equivalent frame system for DDM

26
SLAB
 If beams are used on the column lines, the relative stiffness of the beams in the
two perpendicular direction shall be:
1 l 2 2
0.2< < 5.0

 2l 2
1
1 = in direction of ℓ1
2 = in direction of ℓ2
EcbIb
 
Ecs I s
ACI Code 13.6.1.8 allows the deviation from above limitations, if it can be shown that the
requirements of ACI Code 13.5.1 (as stated in section 3.4) are satisfied.
3.4.1.3 DESIGN METHOD BY DDM
Step 1 : Determination of Slab Thickness
ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies the minimum thickness for two- way slab system
Table 3.6: Minimum thickness for slab without beams (ACI Table 9.5.c)
Without drops panels With drop panels

Yield Exterior panels Interior Exterior panels Interior
strength panels panels
fy psi Without Without Without Without
edge edge edge edge
beams beams * beams beams a
40,000 ln ln ln ln ln ln
33 36 36 36 40 40
30 33 33 33 36 36
28 31 31 31 34 34
h > 5 in ( ACI Code 9.5.3.2.a) h > 4 in (ACI code 9.5.3.2.b)
27
SLAB
 For slabs with beams along exterior edges, the value of α for edge beam shall not
be less than 0.80.
 For f y between given values the minimum thickness should be obtained by linear
interpolation.
Table 3.7 : Minimum thickness for slab with beams (ACI Code 9.5.3.3)
(1) m < 0.2 (2) 0.2 < m < 0.2* (3) m > 0.2*
fy fy
ln(0.8  ) ln(0.8  )
200,000 200,000
The provisions of h= h=
Table 3.4 shall 36  5 ( m  0.2) 36  9
apply
h > 5 in h > 3.5 in
For edge beam  > 0.80 , otherwise h min as provided by column (2),
(3) must be increased by 10% in the panel with edge beam (3) (ACI
Code 9.5.3.3. d)
Step 2: Determination of Total Factored Static Moment (Mo)
According to ACI Code 13.6.2.2
Wll2
u2n
Mo =
8
1
Mo, of an exterior equivalent frame = Mo, of an interior equivalent frame.
2
ln = face to face of columns or capitals or walls.
ln ≥ 0.65l1 and in determining ln, circular and polygon shaped supports shall be treated as square
supports with the same area , shown in Fig 3.6. (ACI Code 13.6.2.5)
28
SLAB
Figure 3. 6 : Example of equivalent square section for supporting members
Step 3 : Longitudinal Distribution of Moments.
The total factored static moment, Mo is distributed to the negative and positive zone of a
‘equivalent frame’ according to ACI Code 13.6.3.2 and 13.6.3.3 as given in Table 3.8.
29
SLAB
Table 3.8 : Distribution of total factored static moment
1. Interior Span (ACI Code 13.6.3.2)

0.35 M o
Mo
0.65 M o 0.6 5 M o
Completely fixed at both ends

Case -1: 0.63Mo
Mo
Exterior edge unrestrained 0.75Mo
Case – 2 0.57 M o
Mo
0 .16 M o
0.70 M o
Beams on all Column lines
Case – 3 0.52Mo
Mo
0.26 Mo
No beams ( Flat slab , Flat plate) 0.70Mo
Case – 4
Mo
0.30 Mo
0.70Mo
Edge beam only
Case - 5: 0.35 Mo
Exterior edge fully restrained by 0.65Mo 0.65Mo

monolithic concrete wall
30
SLAB
Step 4 : Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment
The longitudinal negative and positive moments are for the entire width of equivalent frame.
Each of these moments is to be distributed proportionately among column strip and two half
middle strips following ACI Code 13.6.4. Before distribution of moment the following 3
parameters are to be obtained:
l2
 Aspect ratio =
l1
Ecb Ib
 Stiffness ratio,  =
Ecs I s
EcbC
 Ratio t =
2Ecs I s
E cb = modulus of elasticity of beam concrete, psi
E cs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete, psi
I b = moment of inertia of beam
I s = moment of inertia of slab
C = torsion constant
Evaluating the three parameters, distribute the percentage of longitudinal moment into column
strip and the remainder into two half middle strips according to Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 : Percentage of longitudinal moment in column strip (ACI code 13.6.4.2.1, 13.6.4.2,
13.6.4.4)
Aspect ratio = l2/l1 0.5 1.0 2.0
l 1 2 /l1 t = o 100 100 100
31
SLAB
Calculation of Three Parameters
l2
 Calculation of Aspect Ratio =
l1
 Calculation of Stiffness Ratio (α)
Ratio of flexural stiffness is related to slab with beams either on all sides or on edge only. For
slab without beams e.g. flat plate or flat slab,  = 0.
Ecb I b
=
Ecs I s
Determination of Moment of Inertia of the Beam

bw h 3
Ib = k
12
32
SLAB
Definition of be is shown in Figure 3.7 ( ACI code 13.2.4)
h w  4hf b w +2h w  bw  8hf
Figure 3.7 : Example of portion of slab to be included with beam or definition of b e
The Moment of Inertia of Slab Section

bh3
Is =
12
h = slab thickness
b = l2 for interior equivalent frame, or
= l2/2 for exterior equivalent frame
It should be determined in both directions.
 Calculation of Ratio  t
EcbC
t =
2Ecs I s
33
SLAB
Torsion Constant
ACI Code 13.7.5.1 specifies that torsional members shall be assumed to have a constant cross
section throughout their length consisting of the largest of (a), (b) and (c) as shown in Figure 3.8.
ACI Code 13.0 defines torsion constant as:-

 x  x 3 y 
C = 1  0.63  
y 3
  

x = shorter dimension of a component rectangle
y = longer dimension of a component rectangle
The component rectangle should be taken in such a way that the largest value of C is obtained.
Example for slab with beam & flat plate shown in Figure 3.9.
Step 5 : Determination of Effective Depth (d)
Where two steel layers (along two directions, perpendicular with each other) are in contact, the
larger d is assigned to the steel of greater moment ( i.e. steel for greater moment shall be placed
near to either top or bottom face ).
Large d = h – clear cover (min ¾ in) - d b + ½ d b in
Short d = h – clear cover - ½ d b in
34
SLAB
direction
hf
of
Flat plate moment t
t Torsional member
(a) Torsional member (ACI Code 13.7.5.1a)
Slab
beam
Slab with beam Column t
(b) Torsional member (ACI Code 13.7.5.1b)
be=(bw+hw)  bw+4hf) be=(bw+2hw)  bw+8hf)
hf
h wh f hwh f hwh f

h
hw
bw bw
Edge beam Interior beam
(c) Torsional member ( ACI Code 13.7.5.1c)
Figure 3.8 : Torsional member
35
SLAB
y1 y1
1 X1 1 X1
y2
y2 2 2
C1 C2
X2 X2
C=Larger of C1 and C2
(a) Slab with beam (Edge section)
y1 y1
X1 1 x1 1 1
y2
2
Y2
2 C1 C2
X2
X2
C=Larger of C1 and C2
(b) Slab with beam (Interior section)
t1
t2
Imaginary beam
t1
t2
x hf x
Y Y
Short direction Long direction
(c) Flat plate
Figure 3.9 : Determination of C
36
SLAB
Step 6 : Determination of Steel Area (A s )
Total steel area for the strip is obtained by iteration process as shown in Figure 3.3.
b = width of strip or,
b= width of drop panel in the direction of moment (For slab with drop panel in negative moment
zone)
Step 7 : Check for Minimum Steel
A s,min = ρbh
ρ = minimum steel ratio for temperature and shrinkage as shown in Table 3.5
A s , provided > A s ,min (OK)
Otherwise provide A s,min
Step 8 : Total Number of Bar
As
N  , A = cross section area of bar used
b
Ab
b
Spacing = ≤ 2h; b = width of strip
N
Step 9 : Check for Deflection Control
According to ACI Code 9.5.3 control of deflection is achieved by providing the slab thickness in
accordance to Table 3.6 and Table 3.7. For details see section 3.5.
37
SLAB
Step 10 : Reinforcement Detailing
 Placing: Flexural reinforcement in two- way slab system is placed in an

orthogonal grid, with bars parallel to the sides of the panels.
 Straight Bars: Straight bars are generally used throughout, although in some
cases positive moment steel is bent up where no longer needed, in order to provide for
part or the entire negative moment requirements.
 Spacing: Maximum spacing ≤ 2h. Figure 3.10.a (ACI Code 13.3.2).
 Concrete Cover: Minimum concrete cover = ¾ in. Figure 2.10.a. (ACI Code
7.7.1).
 Effective Depth: When bars are placed in perpendicular layers either on top or
bottom together, stacking problem arises. The inner steel will have an effective depth 1-
bar diameter less than the outer steel. For relatively larger moment bars in one direction
are provided with greater d. Details in Figure 3.10.a & Figure 3.10.b.
 Embedment for Positive Moment: Positive moment reinforcement

perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall extend to the edge of slab and have
embedment, straight or hooked, at least 6 in. in spandrel beams, columns or walls. Details
in Figure 3.10.c. (ACI Code 13.3.3).
 Embedment for Negative Moment: Negative moment reinforcement

perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall be bent, hooked or anchored in spandrel
beams, columns or walls. Details in Figure 3.10.c. (ACI Code 13.3.4).
 Cantilever Slab: Where slab is not supported by a spandrel beam or wall at a

discontinuous edge or where a slab cantilevers beyond the support, anchorage of
reinforcement shall be permitted within the slab. Details in Figure 3.10.d. (ACI Code
13.3.5).
 Corner Reinforcement: In slabs with beams between supports, with value α >
1.0, special top and bottom reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners. Details in
Figure 3.11. (ACI Code 13.3.6).
 Slab with Drop Panel: Detail dimensions are shown in Figure 3.12. (ACI Code
13.3.7).
 Details of Reinforcement in Slabs without Beams: In addition to other

requirements as mentioned through paragraph 1- 10, detailing shown in Figure 3.13
should be observed. (ACI Code 13.3.8)
38
SLAB
Maximum spacing < 2h ( ACI Code 13.3.2)
h
3
4" min
(a) Section along short span ( 2)
3
4" min
(b) Section along long span ( 1)
Figure 3.10 : Details of reinforcement in two-way slab
39
SLAB
6"
(c) Embedment of positive moment reinforcement (ACI Code 13.3.3)
Anchorage
(d) Anchorage of reinforcement in cantilever slab (ACI Code 13.3.5)
Figure 3.10 : Details of reinforcement in two-way slab (continued)
40
SLAB
L/5
L/5
L/5
L/5
l
5
D iagonal type
(Providedin band)
5
l
Topbar
B ottom bar
G ride type
(Provided in tw o layers)
5
l
l
5
Figure 3.11 : Spiral reinforcement at exterior corner
41
SLAB
h
t
t
b
t min  h
 b 16 l1
Figure 3.12 : Details of drop panels
42
SLAB
Figure 3.13 : Minimum extension for reinforcement in slabs without beams (ACI Figure 13.3.8)
43
SLAB
3.4.2 EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD (EFM)
3.4.2.1 General
The EFM is an alternate method to the DDM for computing longitudinal moments and shear for
gravity loads in slabs, supported on column or walls. ACI Code Commentary R13.7 states that
EFM involves the representation of the three dimensional slab systems by a series of two-
dimensional frames that are then analyzed for loads acting in the plane of the frames.
ACI code 13.7.2 defines the equivalent frame as in Figure 3.14
Figure 3.14 : Elements of equivalent frame system
44
SLAB
3.4.2.2 Moment Of Inertia of Slab Beam (Is)
 Considering gross area of concrete (ACI Code 13.7.3.1)
l h3
2
Is =
12
 Variation in Is along axis of slab-beam shall be taken into account. The first
change from midspan Is occurs at the edge of drop panels, the next occurs at the edge of
the column or capital. (ACI code 13.7.3.2)
Is
 Is from center of column to face column = ; I s at face of column
1 C 2  2
 l 2
(ACI Code 13.7.3.3).
3.4.2.3 The Equivalent Column

ACI Code Commentary R13.7.4 establishes a concept of an “equivalent column” that combines
the stiffness of the slab- beam and torsional member into a composite element. The column
flexibility is modified to account for the torsional flexibility of the slab- to- column connection
that reduces its efficiency for transmission of moment. The equivalent column is shown in Figure
3.17.
Figure3.15 : Equivalent column
45
SLAB
3.4.2. 4 Moment of Inertia of Column (Ic )

ACI code 13.7.4 defines the moment of inertia of column as shown in Figure 3.16.
I=∞
c 2c13
I c = 12
Variab
le
I=∞
c1
Figure 3.16 : Column area for moment of inertia
3.4.2.5 Design Method by EFM
Step 1 : Determination of Factored Load
Step 2: Determination of Slab Thickness

Minimum required slab thickness s obtained from Table 3.6 & Table 3.7.
Step 3 : Flexural Stiffness of Actual Column (Kc)

 c Ecc I cc
Kc =
lc
κc = Column stiffness coefficient ( to be obtained from Appendix C-1)
E cc = modulus of elasticity of column concrete
46
SLAB
C 2C 31
I c = moment of inertia of column =
12
l c = length of column (c/c)
Step 3 : Torsional Stiffness of Transverse Torsional Member (Kt)
Kt =  9E cs C
l2 1 C 2 
3
 l 2 
 C can be determined as mentioned in step 4 (c) of section 3.4.1.3.
 `’ Sign implies that Kt of the transverse member in each side of interior column
is computed separately and added. For exterior columns, there is only one transverse
member.
 For beam along center line of column Kt should be corrected.(ACI Code 13.7.5.2 )
I
K t ,corrected = Kt * I sb
s
Isb = Moment of inertia of slab with a beam
Is = Moment of inertia of slab without such beam
Step 5 : Flexural Stiffness of Equivalent Column (Kec)

1 1 1
 
Kec  Kc Kt
 Kc = Kc1 + Kc2
Step 6 : Flexural Stiffness of Slab (Ks)

 s Ecs I s
K s
l1
κs = coefficient of slab stiffness ( to be obtained from Appendix C-2 and C-3)
l h3
2
Is =
12
47
SLAB
Step 7 : Distribution Factor (D.F)
k s1 KS 2 Ks 3
k s 1  k ec 1 KS 2  KS 3  Kec 2 KS 2  KS 3  Kec 2
DF DF DF
DF
k s1 ks 2 DF ks 3
k ec1 K ec 2
kec1 kec 2
ks1  kec1 ks 2  ks3  kec 2
Figure 3.17 : Distribution factors for slab-column joints
Step 8 : Carry Over Factors and Moment Coefficient (M)
Carry over factors (C.O.F) and moment coefficient (M) for slab beam are obtained from
Appendix C-1, 2, 3)
Step 9 : Moment Analysis
The longitudinal moments of equivalent frames are obtained by Moment Distribution Method.
 For different loading conditions distributed negative and positive moments are
computed. Maximum moments are taken as design moment.
 Live loading pattern is known, frame shall be analyzed for that load. ( ACI Code
13.7.6.1)
 Variable LL, but LL < 3 DL, then maximum factored moment occur at all sections
4
with full LL on entire slab system. ( ACI Code 13.7.6.2)
48
SLAB
3
 Variable LL, but LL > DL, three loading case to be considered : (ACI Code
4
13.7.6.3)
 Total load (w u ) on all panels

3
 DL on all panels and LL on midspan of a panel.
4
3
 DL on all panels and LL on adjacent panels.
4
 Total panel moment (Mp) is computed using equation:

w l l2
u 2n
Mp =
8
 F.E.M are computed using equation:
F.E.M = M wul2l1 2
 Analyzing by Moment Distribution Method final negative moments at the

supports are computed.
 Positive moments at midspan is obtained by

1
M(+) = M p - [sum of M(-) in a panel after distribution]
2
 Reduction in Negative Moments: The negative moment as obtained is applicable

for centerlines of support. Since the support is not a knife edge but rather a broad band,
ACI Code 13.7.7 specifies a reduction in negative moment at critical section.
 When a slab system satisfy the six imitations of DDM, but are analyzed by EFM,
Mo
further reduction in computed moments are permitted to the proportions of as
MT
such,
 Design moments < Mo (ACI code 13.7.7.4)
MT = total panel moment

Wul2l n2
Mo =
8
49
SLAB
According to ACI Code 13.7.7.5 the distribution of longitudinal moments to column strip and
half middle strips to be done as mentioned in step 4 of section 3.4.1.3.
For Step 11 to Step 16 follow Step5 to Step10 of section 3.4.1.3.
Step 11: Determination of Effective Depth (d)
Step 12: Determination of Steel Area (A s )
Step 13: Check for Minimum Steel
Step 14: Total Number of Bar
Step 15: Check for Deflection Control
Step 16: Reinforcement Detailing
50
SLAB
3.4.3 COEFFICIENT METHOD
3.4.3.1 General
The method makes use of tables of moment coefficient for a variety of conditions. These
coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also account for inelastic redistribution. This
method was recommended in 1963 ACI Code for the special case of two-way slabs supported on
four sides by relatively deep, stiff, edge beams.
lb
la
4 ; C.
la
la 2 ;M
la
4 ;C S
lb lb lb
4 ;C 2; 4 ;C S
C.S = column strip; M.S = middle strip
Figure 3.18 : Elements of two- way slab with beam by coefficient method
l a = length of clear span (face of support to support) in short direction
l b = length of clear span (face of support to support) in long direction
51
SLAB
The moments in the middle strips in two directions are:
Ma = Ca wu la2
Mb = Cb wu lb2
Ca, Cb = tabulated moment coefficients
3.4.3.2 DESIGN BY COEFFICIENT METHOD
Step 1 : Selection of Stab Thickness

P
h=  3.5 in, P = panel perimeter
180
Step 2 : Calculation of Factored Load
wu = 1.4 D + 1.7L
h
D = dead load = wc * psf ; wc = 150 lb
12
Step 3 : Determination of Moment Coefficient

la
m=
lb
Case type is identified from end conditions. Using the value of ‘m’ corresponding moment
coefficients are obtained for respective ‘case type’:
 Ca, neg and Cb, neg are obtained from Appendix D-1.
 Ca, dl, pos and Cb, dl, pos are obtained from Appendix D-2.
 Ca, ll, pos and Cb, ll, pos are obtained from Appendix D-3.
52
SLAB
Step 4 : Calculation of Moment
Middle strip moment
 Positive moment
Ma, pos = Ca, dl wu la2 + Ca, ll wu la2
Mb, pos = Cb,dl wu lb2 + Cb, ll wu lb2
 Negative Moments for continuous Edge
Ma, neg,cont = Ca, neg wu la2
Mb, neg,cont = Cb, neg wu lb2
 Negative Moments for Discontinuous Edge

1
Ma, neg, discont = Ma, pos
3
1
Mb, neg, discont = Mb, pos
3
Column strip moment

The moments in column strips should be taken as 2/3rd of middle strip’s moment in respective
directions.
Step 5 : Check the Design Thickness
d= Mu
fy
f yb(1  0.59 )
f c
If (d + clear cover) < h ; design is ok.
Otherwise redesign the thickness. (For details see step 4 of section 3.3)
53
SLAB
Step 6 : Reinforcement for Middle Strip
Required reinforcement can be determined by Iteration process as given in Figure 3.3.

Reinforcement shall be determined for short direction and long direction separately as follows:
 Short Direction
 Midspan
 Continuous Edge
 Discontinuous Edge
 Long Direction
 Midspan
 Continuous Edge
 Discontinuous Edge
Check for Minimum Reinforcement: According to ACI Code 13.3.1 the minimum
reinforcement in each direction shall be as mentioned in Table 3.5.
Spacing: Using # 3 or # 4 bar required spacing is determined.
Maximum spacing < 2h (ACI Code 13.3.2)
Step 7 : Reinforcement for Column Strip
Bars selected for middle strip are used in column strips, with the spacing 3/2 times that in the
middle strip, but spacing < 2h.
Step 8 : Check for Shear
Percent of total load as transmitted in each direction is obtained from Appendix D-4 Load per
foot on the beams are determined.
The shear to be transmitted by the slab to these beams is = beam loads
Shear at critical section at a distance d from beam face = V u
54
SLAB
Shear strength of the slab, φ V c = 2 fcbd
φVc  Vu design is ok, otherwise thickness should be redesigned.
3.5 CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
3.5.1 GENERAL
ACI Code Commentary R 9.5.1 establishes two methods for controlling deflections:
 For non-prestressed two-way construction, minimum thickness as required by

Table 3.4 & Table 3.5 will satisfy the requirements of the code.
 When there is need to use member depths shallower than are permitted by Table
3.4 & Table 3.5 or when members support construction is likely to be damaged by large
deflections, deflections should be calculated and compared with ACI Code limiting
values as given in Table 3.13.
3.5.2 IMMEDIATE DEFLECTION
Immediate deflection is also termed as Short-Term deflection and calculated using the formula
given in Table 3.11.
55
SLAB
Table 3.11 : Calculation of immediate deflection
1. Live load deflection # Both ends continuous or equally restrained

2
3Mbl b or,
l = One or both ends discontinuous, but
32E I
c e
monolithic with beam.
# Mb = live load +ve moment
2. Live load deflection # Slab supported by masonry walls

5M b lb 2 # Mb = live load +ve moment
l =
48Ec Ie
3. Dead load deflection # Both ends continuous and fully fixed
1M l 2 # Mb = maximum dead load +ve moment
d = bb
16Ec Ie
4. Dead load deflection # Both ends free of restraint (Supported on
5M bl b2 masonry wall)
d = # Mb = maximum dead load +ve moment
48Ec Ie
lb = Clear span in long direction
Mb, pos,dl Mb, pos,ll
or
M b = Unfoctored moment = 1.4 1.7 in long direction
Deflection can be calculated in short direction also in the same way.
Ie = Effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection
l b = Clear span in long direction; I e = effective moment of inertia
Mb, pos,dl Mb, pos,ll

or
M b = Unfoctored moment = 1.4 1.7 in long direction
Determination of Ie
fr I g
Where, M cr = y (ACI Code 9.5.2.3)
t
56
SLAB
y t = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fibre in
tension, in.
f r = modulus of rupture of concrete, psi.
For normal weight concrete:
f r = 7.5 f c/
For light weight concrete one of the following modifications shall apply:
 When average tensile strength, f ct is specified

f fct
f r = 7.5 ct = 1.12 f ct , ≤ f c/
6.7 6.7
 When f ct is not specified
f
f r = 0.75 * 7.5 ct ; for all lightweight concrete
6.7
f
f r = 0.85 * 7.5 ct ; for sand- lightweight concrete
6.7
 I e for Continuous Spans ( ACI Code 9.5.2.4)
I e = 0.50 I em + 0.25 ( I e1 + I e 2 )
I em = effective moment of inertia for the midspan section

I e1 , I e 2 = negative moment sections at the respective bean ends
3.5.3 LONG TERM DEFLECTION
Initial deflections increase significantly if dead loads sustain over a long period of time, due to
the effects of shrinkage and creep According to ACI Code 9.5.2.5
57
SLAB
long = d,short * 

Where, =
1  50 /
 / = value at midspan for simple and continuous span
= at support for cantilever
 = time- dependent factor (Table 3.12 or Figure 3.19)
Table 3.12 : Values of  ( ACI Code 9.5.2.5 )
5 years or more 2.0

12 months 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0
Figure 3.19 : Values of 



TOTAL DEFLECTION
total = long  l ,short
Deflection should be calculated along both direction and maximum values will be considered.
(ACI Code 9.5.2.6)
58
SLAB
Desired value : total < limiting value given in Table 3.13
Table 3.13 : Maximum permissible computed deflection (ACI Table 9.5.b)
Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection

limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to l

nonstructural elements likely to be live load L 180
damaged by large deflection
Floors not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to l

nonstructural elements likely to be live load L 360
damaged by large deflection
Roof or floor construction supporting or That part of the total l

attached to nonstructural elements likely to deflection which occurs after 480
be damaged by large deflection attachment of the
nonstructural elements, the
Roof or floor construction supporting or sum of the long- time l
attached to nonstructural elements not deflection due to all
240
likely to be damaged by large deflection sustained loads, and the
immediate deflection due to
live load L.
3.6 STRIP METHOD FOR SLABS
Introduction:
The strip method is a lower bound approach, based on satisfaction of equilibrium requirements
everywhere in the slab. By the strip method a moment field is first determined that fulfills
equilibrium requirements, after which the reinforcement of the slab at each point is designed for
this moment field. The strip method gives results on the safe side, which is certainly preferable in
practice, and differences from the true carrying capacity will never impair safety. The strip
method is a design method, by which the needed reinforcement can be calculated. It encourages
the designer to vary the reinforcement in a logical way, leading to an economical arrangement of
steel as well as a safe design.
59
SLAB
Choice of Load Distribution
Condition-1:
The simplest load distribution is obtained by setting k = 0.5 over the entire slab, as shown in
figure below. The load on all strips in each direction is then w/2, as illustrated by load dispersion
arrows in figure. This gives maximum design moments
wa 2
mx = my =
16
Y
Simple supports 4 sides
wa2
16
a
A A
X
a (d) mx across
X=a/2
(a) Plan view
w/2
(b) wx along A-A
(c) mx along A-A
Figure 3.20: Square slab with load shared equally in two directions
60
SLAB
Condition-2:
An alternative, more reasonable distribution is shown in figure below. Here the regions of
different load dispersion, separated by dash-dotted “discontinuity lines,” follow the diagonals,
and all of the load on any region is carried in the direction giving the shortest distance to the
nearest support. The solution proceeds, giving k values of either 0 or 1, depending on the region,
with load transmitted in the direction indicated by the arrows in figure. For a strip A-A at a
distance y ≤ a/2 from the X-axis, the design moment is
wy 2
mx =
2
Y
Simple supports 4 sides
A A
y Wa2/2
a X
(d) mx across
(a) Plan view X=a/2
w w
y
(b) wx along A-A
Wy2/2
(c) mx along
Figure 3.21: Square slab with load dispersion lines following diagonals
61
SLAB
Condition-3:
A third alternative distribution is shown in figure below. Here the division is made so that the
load is carried to the nearest support, as before, but load near the diagonals has been divided,
with one-half taken in each direction. Thus k is given values of 0 or 1 along the middle edges and
value of 0,5 in the corner and center of the slab. For an X direction strip along section A-A, the
maximum moment is
w a a wa 2
m = x x =
x
2 4 8 64
And for a strip along section B-B, the maximum moment is
a a w a 3a 5wa 2
m =wx x + x x =
x
4 8 2 4 8 64
62
SLAB
Y a/4 Wa2/64
a/2 a/4
a/4
w/2 w/2
a/2
w w B
w/2 a
B
a/4 w/2
A w/2 A X
a 5Wa2/6
(a) Plan view

(d) mx across
x=a/2
w/2 w/2
Wa2/64
(b) wx and mx along A-A
w w
w/2
(c) wx and mx along B-B
5Wa2/6
Figure 2.22: Square slab with load near diagonals shared equally in two directions
63
SLAB
Condition-4:
The preferred arrangement, shown in figure below, gives design moment as follows:
In the X direction:
w b b wb2
Side strips: m = x x =
x
2 4 8 64
b b wb2
Middle strips: mx = w x x =
4 8 32
In the Y direction:
w b b wb2
Side strips: mx = x x =
2 4 8 64
b wb2
Middle strips: mx = w x b x =
8 8
64
SLAB
b b b2 b b
 a  
a 2 a a 2
b/2
b/2
Figure 2.23: Rectangular slab with discontinuity lines originating at the corners
b/4 A-b/2 b/4
Wa2/64
w/2 w/2 b/4
b b/2
w/2 w/2 b/4
Figure 2.24: Discontinuity lines parallel to the sides for a rectangular slab
65
SLAB
Condition-5:
For slab strips with one end fixed and one end simply supported, the duel goals of constant
moment in the unloaded central region and a suitable ratio of negative to positive moments
govern the location to be chosen for the discontinuity lines. Figure ‘a’ shows a uniformly loaded
rectangular slab having two adjacent edges fixed and the other two edges simply supported. The
moment curve of figure “b” is chosen so that moment is constant over the unloaded part, i.e.,
shearing force is zero. The maximum positive moment in the X direction middle strip is then
wb b  2wb2
mxf = x =
2 4 8
Accordingly, the distance from the right support, figure “c”, to the maximum positive moment
section is chosen as b . It follows that the maximum positive moment is
b  2wb2
myf = wb x =
2 2
With the above expressions, all the design moments for the slab can be found once a suitable
value for  is chosen. The values of  from 0.35 to 0.39 give corresponding ratios of negative to
positive moments from 2.45 to 1.45.
66
SLAB
b b
1    b a 
2 2 2
B
b
w/2 
w/2 2
b b/2
A A
w/2 1    b
w/2 2
a
B
(a) Plan view
w w
1 2 wb
2
wb 2
2
8
Figure 2.25: wx and mx along A-A
67
SLAB
wb 2
2
2
1 2 wb
2
Figure 2.26:-wy and my along B-B
3.6.1 DESIGN BY STRIP METHOD:
Step-1: Selection of Slab Thickness
From table-3.7 (ACI Code-9.5.3.3)

p
 3.5
180
68
SLAB
Step-2: Calculation of Factored Load
Wu = 1.4 D+ 1.7 L (ACI Code-00)
Wu = 1.2 D+ 1.6 L (ACI Code-02)

h
Where, D =150 x (psf)
12
Step-3: Selection of Load Distribution

From choice of load distribution.
Step-4: Calculation of Moment

From the equations of loading condition moments are calculated.
Step-5: Check For Design Thickness
d= Mu
fy
f y (1  0.59 )
f c'
If (d + clear cover) ≤ h; design is OK.
Step-6: Reinforcement Calculation

Reinforcement calculation is done by iteration method from figure-3.3 but compare of moment
should be done with minimum steel requirement.
M =f bd2 ( (1  0.59 f y )

n y
f c'
If Mn<M; then only minimum reinforcement.
If Mn>M; then iteration from figure-3.3.
69
SLAB
min from Table-3.3 (ACI Code-7.12)
Spacing:
Using #3 and #4 bar.
Maximum spacing ≤ 2h (ACI Code-13.3.2)
Cut-off points can be calculated from moment diagrams and development length should be
provided.
70
SLAB
Table 3.14: Choice of Load Distribution
wa 2
mx = my =
Case-1 16
wy 2
mx =
Case-2 2
For an X direction strip along section A-A, the maximum moment is

w a a wa 2
mx = x x =
Case-3 2 4 8 64
And for a strip along section B-B, the maximum moment is
a a w a 3a 5wa 2
mx = w x x + x x =
4 8 2 4 8 64
In the X direction:
w b b wb2
2 4
8 64 2
b b wb
Case-4 Middle strips: mx = w x x =
4 8 32
In the Y direction:
w b b wb2
2 4 8 64 2
b wb
Middle strips: mx = w x b x =
8 8
The maximum positive moment in the X direction middle strip is then

wb b  2wb2
mxf = x =
2 4 8
The maximum positive moment is
Case-5 b  2wb2
myf = wb x =
2 2
71
SLAB
3.7 EXAMPLE FOR DESIGN OF SLAB
3.7.1 EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF SLAB BY DDM
Problem:
A plan of a market building is given in Figure 3.20. Necessary data are furnished below:
Live load = 60 psf fc = 4.000 psi
Story height = 9 ft fy = 50,000 psi

1
Slab thickness = 5 in. No edge beam.
2
Design the slab as Flat plate by DDM.
All Column
’ ‘
5 @ 12 = 60
= 12 in.x10 in.
5 @ 15’ = 75
Figure 3.20 : Floor plan of the building of Example 3.6.1
72
SLAB
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 3.4.1.3.

Thickness of the slab = 5½


5.5
DL = 150 x = 69 psf and LL = 60 psf
12
W= 1.4D + 1.7L = (1.4 * 69) + (1.7 * 60) = 198 psf = 0.198 ksf
Step 2 : Check for Slab Thickness
Clear span
ln.long = (15-1) = 14 and ln,short = (12-10/12) = 11.17
For  = o; ln = 15-1 = 14
Using Table 3.6 by interpolation for fy = 50 ksi
For Exterior Panel
 1 1 1
1  ln ln  *168 
  5.34 in
t =  
 
 
min  
2  33 30  2  33 30 

 For Interior Panel
ln  1 1 1
1  ln   *168   4.88 in
t =
min    
2  36 33  2  36 33 

According to ACI Code 9.5.3.2 (a) the minm thickness for flat plate is 5
So, given thickness of slab = 5½ (Ok)
73
SLAB
Step 3 : Determination of Total Factored Static Moment
Wll2
u2n
Mo =
8
1
Mo,long = (0.198)* 12 *142 = 58.2 ft – kips
8
1
Mo,short = (0.198) *15 * 11.182 = 46.3 ft – kips
8
Step 4 : Longitudinal Distribution of Moment
From Table 3.8 for Flat Plate (Case 3 and Case 5)
0.52 0.35
0.20
0.65 0.60
0.70
Mo for A = 58.2 ft – kips

1
Mo for B = (58.2) = 29.1 ft - kips
2
Mo for C = 43.3 ft – kips
Mo for D = 23.1 ft – kips
74
SLAB
 Calculation of Aspect Ratio
l2 12
For A & B :   0.80
l1 15
: l2 15
For C & D :   1.25
l1 12
 Calculation of 
Since no edge beam  = o for all
 Calculation of t
 Is in t
bh3
Is =
12
(12x12)(5.5)3 4
For A & B : Is =  2000in
12
(15x12)(5.5)3
For C & D :  2500in 4
12
Torsional Constant, C
Since no actual edge beam, use Figure 2.8 (b) for calculation of the torsional
member
 x  x 3 y 
C = 1  0.63  
y 3
  
For long direction

 5.5  5.53 x10 4
C = 1  0.63 *    363in
10 3
   
75
SLAB
For short direction:

 5.5  5.53 x12 4
C = 1  0.63 *    474in
12  3 
 
C
  t

2Is

 474
For A & B :  t   0.118
2x2000
 363
For C & D : t   0.073
2x2500
l2
 Finding out 
l1
A B C D
t 0.118 0.118 0.073 0.073
 0 0 0 0
l2 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
l1

l2 0 0 0 0
l1
Percentage of Longitudinal Moment in Column Strip
For Exterior Negative Moment
A B C D
98.8% 98.8% 99.3% 99.3%
Explanation for A and B
l2 l2
= 0.80:  = 0; t = 0.118
l1 l1
76
SLAB
From Table 3.9:
l2 0.5 0.80 1.0 2.0

l1
t = 0 100 100 100 100
l
 2= 0 t = 0.118 98.8
l1
t > 2.5 75 75 75 75
Interpolation in both directions
100  75
For t = 0.118 % of moment = x0.118 = 1.2% decrease
2.5  0
 % of moment in column strip = (100 – 1.2) = 98.8%
Explanation for C and D
l2 l2
= 1.25:  =0 ; t = 0.073
l1 l1
From above Table, by interpolation in both direction

100  75
For, t = 0.073, % of moment decrease = ( ) * 0.073  0.70%
2.50  0
 % of moment in column strip = (100 – 0.70) = 99.3%
For Positive Moment
l
For  2= 0
l1
A B C D
60% 60% 60% 60%
77
SLAB
For Interior Negative Moment
l2 l2 l2
For  = 0 and = 0.80 and = 1.25
l1 l1 l1
A B C D
75% 75% 75% 75%
Table 3.15 : Summary of Calculation
Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment
Ser. Equivalent Rigid Frame A B C D

1. Transverse width (in) 144 72 180 90
2. Column strip width (in) 72 36 72 36
3. Half middle strip width (in) 2 @ 36 36 2 @ 54 54
4. C (in4) 474 474 363 363
5. Is (in4) in t 2000 2000 2500 2500
6. t 0.188 0.188 0.073 0.073
7.  0 0 0 0
l2
8. 0.80 0.80 1.25 1025
l1
l2
9.  0 0 0 0
l1
10. Exterior –ve moment, percent 98.8% 98.8% 99.3% 99.3%

to column strip.
Positive moment percent to

11. 60% 60% 60% 60%
column strip
Interior negative moment,

12. 75% 75% 75% 75%
percent to column strip.
78
SLAB
Table 3.16 : Distribution of factored moment in Column Strip & Middle Strip
For equivalent Rigid Frame A
Ser. Moments at Exterior span Interior span

Vritical section
(ft.- kips) -ve +ve -ve -ve +ve -ve
moment moment moment moment moment moment
1. Total moment -15.1 +30.3 -40.7 -37.8 +20.4 -37.8

in equivalent
rigid frame ‘A’
2. Percentage to 98.8% 60% 75% 75% 60% 75%

column strip
3. Moment in -14.92 +18.20 -30.53 -28.53 +12.24 -28.35

column strip
4. Moment in -0.18 +12.10 -10.17 -9.45 +8.16 -9.45

middle strip
79
SLAB
3.7.2 EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF SLAB BY EFM
Problem:
A multi-story market building is planned using a flat plate floor system as shown in Figure 3.21.
Necessary data are given below:
Live Load = 100 psf fc = 4000 psi
Floor finish = 20 psf fy = 60,000 psi
Floor to floor height = 12 ft. Column size = 18 in. x 18 in.
Design the Interior Panel C by EFM.
A B
22ft
B C
22ft
Figure 3.21 : Floor plan for Example 3.7.2
80
SLAB
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 2.4.2.5. The EFM is used to determine the
longitudinal moments only. As mentioned earlier the transverse distribution process of
longitudinal moments and reinforcement calculation are similar to DDM (Section 3.4.1.3, step
4). Hence, this problem is solved upto determination of longitudinal moments. The structure is
identical in each direction, permitting the design for one direction to be used for both.
Step 1 : Determination of Slab Thickness
Minimum thickness h for a flat plate is obtained from Table 3.6.For an exterior panel:
l 20.5 *12
h= n = = 8.20 in. 8.50 in.
30 30
Step 2 : Determination of Factored Load
Slab DL = wc * h = (150*8.50)/12 = 106 psf ; wc = weight of concrete= 150 pcf
Super imposed DL = 20 psf
Total DL = (106=20) 126 psf
Factored Load:
DL= 1.4D = 1.4* 126= 176psf
LL= 1.7L = 1.7*100= 170 psf
Step 3 : Determination Flexural Stiffness of Actual Column
kc Ecc I cc
Kc =
lc
Obtain kc from Appendix C-1
81
SLAB
For flat plate structure it is assumed all members are prismatic, neglecting the increase in
stiffness within the joint region. Take kc = 4
Consider Ec = constant
Step 4 : Determination Torsional Stiffness of Transverse Torsional Member
 x  x 3 y 
 C =   1  0.63  
y  3
 


hf = 8.5 in.
C1= 18 in
 8.5  8.53 *18  4

C =   1  0.63   = 2590 in
18  3
  


Kt =  9E Ccs
3
 C 
l 1  2 
2
 l 2 

Kt =  9E c* 2590 = 109 Ec
3
 18 /12 
264 1  
 22 


Step 5 : Determination of Flexural Stiffness of Equivalent Column
1 1 1
 
Kec  Kc Kt
82
SLAB
K c = 2 * 243 Ec
Kt = 2 * 109 Ec
1 1 1
   Kec = 151 Ec
Kec 486Ec 218Ec
Step 6 : Determination of Flexural Stiffness of Slab
 s Ecs I s
K s
l1
Obtain value of s from Appendix C-2. For flat plate assume s = 4
l 2h3 3
Is  = 264 * 8.5 =13510
12 12
4Ec *13510 = 205 E

K s c
264
Step 7 : Calculation of Distribution Factor
Distribution factors at each joint are calculated according to step 7 of section 3.4.2.5.
Step 8 : Determination of Carry Over Factors and Moment Coefficient
C.O.F and Moment coefficient for slab- beam are obtained from Appendix C-2.Moment
coefficient 0.083.COF=.503(for both cases).
83
SLAB
Step 9 : Moment Analysis

3
Since LL = 170 psf  DL=132 psf three loading cases should be considered:
4
 Total load on all panel
 DL load on al panels and ¾ LL on midspan of a panel
 DL on all panels and ¾ LL on adjacent panel
Table 3.17 : Longitudinal moment in flat plate floor
Panel B C B
Joint 1 2 2 3 3 4
DF .424 .576 .447 .22 - -
Fixed end moments +307 -307 +307 -307 +307 -307
Final moments +139 -359 +328 -328 +359 -139
Span moment in C 132
(b) 176 psf panels B
304 psf panel C
Final moments +59 -229 +253 -253 +229 -59
(c) 304 psf panels B(left) &
C &176 psf panel B (right)
84
SLAB
3.7.3 EXAMPLE: DESIGN BY COEFFICIENT METHOD
Problem:
A plan of a residential building is given in Figure 3.22. Necessary data are given below:
Live Load = 140 psf
fc = 3000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
Column size = 12” x 12”
Design the corner panel A as two-way slab with beam by coefficient Method.
16’
Column
A size: 12
Figure 3.22 : Floor plan for example 3.7.3
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 3.4.3.2 and Appendix D-1, 2, 3, 4.
85
SLAB
Step1: Determination of Minimum Thickness

p 64
h=  = 0.36 ft. = 4.27 in.
180 180
whwre, P = 2 (16+16) = 6
Select h = 5 in. as trial depth

h
DL = wc * psf
12
5
DL = 150 x  62.5  63 psf ; where wc = 150 pcf
12
LL = 140 psf
W = 1.4D + 1.7 L = (1.4 * 63 + 1.7 * 140) = 326 psf
Step 3 : Determination of Moment Coefficient

la 16
Length ratio, m =  1
lb 16
From the end condition case type is ‘Case 4’
 From Appendix D-1
Ca, neg = 0.05;Cb, neg = 0.05
Ca,dl,pos = 0.027; Cb,dl,pos = 0.027
Ca,ll,pos= 0.032;Cb,ll,pos= 0.032
86
SLAB
Step 4 : Calculation of Moment
Middle Strip Moment:
 Positive Moments at Midspan
Ma,pos = Ca,dl Wla2 + Ca, ll Wla2
Ma,pos = 0.027 * 326 * 162 + 0.032 * 326 * 162
= 4924 ft-lb
Mb,pos = Cb, dl Wlb2 + Ca, ll Wlb2
Mb,pos = 0.027 * 326 * 162 + 0.032 * 326 * 162
= 4924 ft-lb
 Negative Moments at Continuous Edge
Ma,neg = Ca,neg W la2 = 0.05 * 326 * 162 = 4173 ft – lb
Mb,neg = Cb,neg W lb2 = 0.05 * 326 * 162 = 4173 ft – lb
 Negative Moment at Discontinuous Edge

1 1
Ma,neg, discontinuous = * Ma,pos = * 4924 = 1642 ft – lb
3 3
1 1
Mb,neg, discontinuous = * Mb,pos = * 4924 = 1642 ft – lb
3 3
Column Strip Moment:
Column strip moments are 2/3 of corresponding middle strip’s moments in respective direction.
87
SLAB
Step 5 : Check the Design Thickness
Mu
d=
fy
f y (1  0.59 )
f c'
f c/ 87000
Here  = max = 0.75ρ b = 0.75 * 0.85*β 1 * = 0.016
f y 87000  f y
4924 *12
d= = 2.41 in.
60
0.90 * 0.016 * 60,000 *12(1  0.059 * 0.016 * )
3
hrequired = (d + clear cover= 1 in ) = 3.41 in.
hrequired  hdesign, design is OK
Step 6 : Calculation for Reinforcement for Middle Strip
In Short Direction:
 Midspan
Mu = 4924 *12 lb- in.
By Iteration process as given in Step 5 of section 3.3 find:
As = 0.30 in.2/ft
Using # 3 bar required spacing:

12x0.11
Spacing =  4.4  4 c / c
0.30
88
SLAB
Continuous Edge
Mu = 4273 *12 lb- in.
By Iteration process as given in Step 5 of section 3.3 find:
As = 0.25 in2/ft.
Using # 3 bar required spacing:

12x0.11
Spacing =  5.28  5 c / c
0.25
 Discontinuous Edge
The negative moment at discontinuous edge is one third of positive moment in the span. It would
be adequate to bend up every third bar from the bottom to provide negative moment steel at
discontinuous edge.
However the spacing would be = 12
But maximum allowable spacing = 2h = 10 in.
So, using # 3 @ 10 in c/c.
In Long Direction:
Being equal moments, the reinforcement in long direction will be equal to short direction in this
case.
Step 7 : Calculation for Reinforcement for Column Strip
The average moments in columns being two-third of the corresponding moments in the middle
3
strips, adequate steel will be furnished if the spacing of this steel is times that in the middle
2
strip.
Using # 3 bar spacing for column strip
89
SLAB
3
 Midspan = 4 x = 6 c/c
2
3
 Continuous edge = 5x = 7.5 c/c
2
3
 Discontinuous edge = 8x = 12 c/c
2
But maximum allowable spacing = 2h = 10 in.
Use 10 c/c.
Step 8: Detailing
A
B
Figure 3.23 : Detailing for example 3.7.3
90
# 3 @ 4 in c/c # 3 @ 5 in c/c
# 3 @ 10 in c/c
Section A-A
Section B-B
Figure 3.23 : Detailing for example 3.7 .3 (continued)

SLAB
91

Slab Design

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Slab Design

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CHAPTER 3

3.2 TYPES OF SLAB

 One-way slab : Independent of support condition. (Figure 3.1a 3.1b)

 Two-way slab : Depends on support condition. (Figure 3.1c)

Figure 3.1: Types of slab

Two-way slabs are classified as:

 Two-way edge supported slab or slab with beams. ( Figure 3.1d )

(b) One- way slab (c) Two- way slab

(e) Flat plate

(f) Flat slab

Figure 3.1: Types of slab (continued)

3.3 DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLAB

Step 1: Estimation of Slab Thickness (h)

Table 3.1: Minimum thickness of non-prestressed one- way slab

Members wc = 145 pcf wc =90120 pcf fy <60.000 psi Rounding up

Simply supported l/20 Multiply by Multiply by (1) h≤6 in next

Step 2 : Calculation of Factored Load (wu)

wu = 1.4 D+ 1.7 L psf

Step 3: Determination of Design Moment

Step 4 : Checking the Design Thickness

d= Mu putting  = max = 0.75b.

Values of β 1 is given in Table 3.2

Table3.2 : Values of β 1 (ACI Code 10.2.7.3)

Table 3.3: Clear cover for slab ( ACI Code 7.7.1)

No 14 & No 18 bars .................................... .... 1 1/2 in

If (d + clear cover) < h; Design is ok.

Otherwise redesign the thickness.

(b) Slabs are continuous (ACI Code 8.7.2)

(c) Slabs built integrally with support

Figure 3.2 : Span length

Table 3.4 : ACI moment coefficient

Support Condition Moment Coefficent

1. Discontinuous ends are

2. Discontinuous ends are

3. Discontinuous ends are

(when support is a column only)

For continuous Span: 1 1

2. Discontinuous ends are

3. Discontinuous ends are

(when support is a column only)

1. Shear in end members at first interior support 1.15 w2

2. Shear at all other supports w

for negative moment.

Step 5 : Determination of Steal Area (As)

Calculate a for next trial

Figure 3.3: Iteration process to determine the steel area

Generally # 3 or # 4 bars are used for slab main reinforcement.

Spacing: ACI Code 7.6.5 specifies that

Spacing ≤ 3h or 18 in, whichever is smaller

but > 1.5 h

Finding out bar spacing: Let us chose # 3 bar (0.11 in 2 )

Step 6 : Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

Table 3.5 : Minimum ratio of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement in slabs.

Slabs where grade 40 or 50 deformed bars are used

Slabs where grade 60 deformed bars or welded wire

Required steel area, As = bh in 2 per 1 ft. strip

Spacing: ACI Code 7.12.2.2 specifies that

Using # 3 or # 4 bar required spacing can be obtained.

Step 7 : Shear Check

According to ACI shear coefficient given in Table 3.2

If Vc > Vu, slab design for shear is OK

Otherwise slab thickness should be revised.