PREFACE

Praise the presence of Allah SWT for abundance of mercy and guidance so that we can completed
a paper entitled “1. Integer and Its Operation, 2. Fraction and Its Operation” . Preparation of this
paper to fulfill one of the Mathematics English course assignments. We hope to add insight and
knowledge in the field of mathematics internationally. As well as readers can know and understand
integers and their operations.

Recognizing the many deficiencies in the preparation of this paper. Therefore, we are looking
forward to the passion and from the readers to complete all the shortcomings and limitations of this paper.

We also thank those who have helped during the process of preparing this paper.

Makassar, 25 Agustus 2018

Penyusun

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ……………………………………………………………… i

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………… 1

1.1 Issue Background ………………………………………………………………... 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ……………………………………………………………. 1
1.3 Purpose.…………………………………………………………………………... 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ………………………………………………… 3

2.1 Concepts and Integer Definitions……………………………………………… .. 3

a. Integer and Its Symbol…………………………………………………... .. 3
b. operation of Compulation on the Integer……………………………… .. 4
1. Addition and the principles………………………………………. 4
2. Subtraction and its Principles ……………………………………. 6
3. Multiplication and its principles …………………………………. 6
4. Distribution and its principles …………………………………… 9
5. power of integer ………………………………………………….. 10
2.2 fraction and Its Operation ………………………………………………………. 11
a. fractionalnumber and Its Symbol ………………………………………. .. 11
1. Forms of fractional numbers …………………………………… .. 11
2. Equale fractional numbers ……………………………………… .. 12
3. changing form of fractional numbers …………………………… .. 12
b. Operation subtraction of fractional number …………………………… .. 14
1. addition and subtraction of fractional numbers ……………….. .. 14
2. Multiplication and division of fractional number ……………… .. 15
3. Power of fractional numbers ……………………………………. .. 16
c. Operation on decimal fraction numbers ……………………………….. .. 17
1. addition and subtraction of decimal fractional numbers …….... .. 17
2. Multiplication and division of decimal fractional number …….. .. 18
3. division of decimal fractional numbers ………………………… .. 18
CHAPTER III FINALITY ………………………………………………….. 19

3.1 conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… 19

3.2 Suggest …………………………………………………………………………………. 20

ii
 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Issue Background
Numbers are initially only used to remember numbers, but in its development after
mathematicians added symbolic treasury and the right words to define numbers, mathematics
becomes very important for life and we cannot deny that in our daily lives we will always
meet with the number, because the number is always needed in technology, science,
economics or in the world of music, philosophy and entertainment and many other aspects of
life. Numbers used to be used as symbols to replace an object such as pebbles, twigs which
each tribe or nation has its own way to describe numbers in the form of symbols.
People who are proficient in mathematics do not mean by chance. To master
mathematical material is required to know and master the basic studies. Next he often
practiced with questions related to what he was learning. So that he can properly master the
theories, concepts and their application to study one of these disciplines. Therefore to fulfill
these demands, in this short paper a brief uaraian of integers is included. Integer numbers are
widely used in everyday life, one example is to determine the depth of the sea, if we say the
depth of 20 m below the sea level then we write -20 m.

1.2 Problem Formulation

The problem formulation of this paper is:

1. What are the basic properties of integers?

2. How are operations on integers?

3. What are the sequences in integers?

4. How to prove operations on integers?

5. How are fractional number and its symbol?

6. How to forms of fractional numbers?

7. How to operations of calculation on fractional numbers?

1
1.3 PURPOSE

The purpose of this paper is:

1. In order to understand the basic properties of integers

2. In order to know the operations of integers

3. In order to understand the meaning of integer sequences,

4. In order to know the proof of integer operations.

5. In order to understand fractional numbers and its symbol

6. In order to know the operation of fractional

2
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Concept and Definition of Round Numbers

a. Integer and Its Symbol

Integer consist of a negative integer, zero, and positive integers. Or, integers is…, -4, -3, -2,
-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
Set of integers are formed from the set of negative integers, zero, and the set of positive
integers, and denoted by B.
B =  … , -4, -3, -2, -1, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, … 
In a number line with with a horizontal direction, integers can be expressed as follows :

Zero number
Negative Integer Positive Integer

Zero number is a number that is not positive and not negative. On the number line, number 2 is
located on the left number 4, then the relation is 2 less than 4 and its written 2 < 4. Similary, the
number -3 is located on the left -1, then the relation is -3 less than -1, and it is weitten -3<-1.
In contract, 2 is on the right -1, then the relation is 2 more than -1, and its written 2 > -1.
Integer is moshy used in everyday life, as in stating temperature in an area, location of a region and
so forth. Suppose that in the japhanese winter temperatues reaching five degrees Celsius below zero,
it is written -5ºC. or location of a city is 20 meters above sea level, is written 20 m.
3
b. Operation of computation on the integer

1. Addition and the principles

a. Addition of integers by using the number line.

Example:

The number line above shows -6 + 10 = 4

b. Commutative principle ( exchange) on addition.

for any integers a and b, it applies :

a+b=b+a

it means that the addition of two integers, which the place is exchanged, is alwys the same.
Example:

 2 + 5 = 5 + 2 ----- the place is exchanged

7 = 7 ------------- the result is same.

 -3 + 4 = 4 + (-3)\

1=1

4
 c. Identitiy element in the addition.

For every integer a, it always applies :

a+0=0+a

In means that the addition of an integer with the zero number or vice versa, will produce the number
it self. 0 is called as the identity element ( neutral) on addition.

d. Associative principle (grouping) in the addition.

For any integers a, b and c, it applies :

(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)

e. Closed principle of the addition.

For any integers a and b, If a + b = c, Then c is also integers.

It means that the addition of integers always produces an intiger as well.

f. Invers of a number or opponent of a number.

Opponent ( invers of number ) of a is –a

Opponent ( invers of number ) from –a is a

For any integer a, it always applies :

a + (-a) = -a + a = 0

It means that the addition of the integers with the opponent always produces zero number.

5
 2. Substraction and Its principle

a. For any integers a and b, it applies:

a – b = a + (-b)

It means that subtracting b from a means it has the similar meaning by adding the opponent b to a.

b. In the subtraction operation, it does not apply a commutative and associative principles.

a–b≠b–a
(a–b)–c≠a–(b–c)

c. The principle of the subtraction of the zero ( 0 ) number.

a–0=a
0 – a = -a
0–0=0

d. Closed principle of the addition.

For any integers a and b, if a – b = c then c is integers as well.

3. Multiplication and its principles

a. The result of multyping two integers viwed viwed from the nuber sign.
1). Product of two positive integers is a positive integer.

a x b = ab or (+) x (+) = (+)

6
 2). Product of positive integers and negative integers is negatife integers

a x (-b) = -ab or (+) x (-) = (-)

Example :
4 x (-5) = -20

3). The product of negstive integers and positive integers are negative integers.

(-a ) x b = -ab or (-) x (+) = (-)

Example :
-3 x 6 = -18

4). Product of two negative integers is a positive integer.

(-a) x (-b) = ab or (-) x (-) = (+)

Example :
(-5) x (-8) = 40

b. The product between integers and zero is zero.

For every intger a, it always apply :

ax0=0xa=0

c. Identitiiy element in multiplication.

For every integer a, it always applies:

ax1=1xa=a
it means that the product of an integer with 1 or vice versa, will produce the number it self.
1 is called as the identity element ( neutral ) on multiplication.

7
d. Commucative principles (exchange) on multlication.
For any integers a and b, it applies :

axb=bxa
Example :
4x7=7x4
28 = 28

e. Associative ( grouping) Principle in the multiplication.

For any integers a, b, and c, it applies:

(axb)xc=ax(bxc)
Example :
(2 x 5 ) x 4 = 2 x ( 5 x 4 )
10 x 4 = 2 x 20
40 = 40

f. Distributive (spread ) principle on multiplication.

1). Distributive princeples of multiplication to addition.
For any intgers a, b, c, it applies :

ax(b+c)=(axb)+(axc)
Example:
(-3) x ( 4 + 6) = ( -3 x 4) + ( -3 x 6)
-3 x 10 = -12 + (-18)
-30 = -30

2). Distributive principle of multiplication over subtraction.

For any integers a, b, and c, it applies:

a x (b – c) = (a x b) – (a x c)
Example:
5 x [( -8 ) – 9] = [5 x ( -8 )- [5x 9]
5 x ( -17) = -40 – 45
-85 = -85

8
g. Closed principle of the multiplication.
For any integers a and b, if a x b = c, then c is also integers as well.

4. Distribution and Its Principles

a. Division is the inverse operation of multiplication.

a:b=c cxb=a

b. The result of the division of two integres viewed from the sign numbers.
1). The quotient of two positive integers is a positive integer.
( + ) : ( + ) = (+)

2). Quotient of positive integers and negative integers, or vice versa, is negative integers

(+) : (-) = (-) or (-) : (+) = (-)

Example :
8 : (-2) = -4
(-16) : 4 = -4
3). Quotient of two negative integers is a positive integer.

(-) : (-) = +
Example :
(-18): (-3) = 6

c. Division by zero number.

For any integer a, it applies:

a : 0 unidentified
0:a=0

9
d. On division operation, it does not apply commutative and associative principles.

a:b≠b:a
( a : b ) : c ≠ a : ( b : c)

a, b and c is an any integer where a, b, c  { 0, 1}.

Example :
 8:2≠2:8
1
4≠
4
 (16 : 4 ) : 2 ≠ 16 : ( 4 : 2)
4 : 2 ≠ 16 : 2
2≠8

e. Division on integers is not closed in principle.

For any integers a and b, if a : b, then there c which is not an integer.
Example :
1
3 : (-6) = -
2

1
3 and -6 is an integer, but - is not integer.
2

5. Power of integer
Powers of integer is obtained from repeteadly multiplication for the same number.
For any integer a, the powers of number a is defined as follows :

an = a xa a a x a x… x a
in the amount of n factor
where:
 A is called as basic number
 n is called as powers or exponent
 a n is called as powers number

Example : 5 2 = 5 x 5 = 25
(-2) 3 = (-2) x (-2) x (-2)
= -8
10
2.2 fraction and Its Operation

a. fractional number and Its Symbol

the general form of the fractional number is :

a
where b ≠ 0
b
a known numerator
b is called the denomirator
a
fractional number can be viewed as part of the whole or quotion of numbers a : b, where
b
b≠0
1. forms of fractional numbers.
a. Common fractional numbers.
Example :
1 1 2
, , ,…
2 3 5

b. Mixed fractional number, i.e. numbers which consist of whole numbers and fractional
numbers.
Example :
1 1 2
1 ,2 ,5 ,…
2 4 3
c. Decimal fractional numbers
Example :

1
Common fractional number = decimal fraction number = 0,2
5
d. Percent fractional number, i. e. fractional numbers with denominator of 100. Percent
means hundredth. The symbol of percent is %.
Example: 15%, 50%, 25%, …

e. Permil fractional nmber, I,e. fractional number with a denominator of 1000. Permil
means thousandth. Permil is symbolized as %.
Example 70%, 85%, 55%, …

11
2. Equale fractional numbers
a
Fractional numbers that equals can be obtained by:
b

a. Multiplying numerator and denominator of the fractional numbers with the same number.

a a. p
= , where b ≠ 0
b b. p
Example :
2 2 .2 4
= =
3 3 .2 6
2 4 2 4
Then, equals to , or =
3 6 3 6

b. Dividing the numerator and denominator of the fractional numbers with the same
number.

a a: p
= , where b ≠ 0
b b: p

Example :
6 6:2 3
= =
8 8:2 4
6 3 6 3
Then, equals to , or =
8 4 8 4

3. Changing form of fractional numbers

a. Changing the common fractional numbers into other forms.
Common fractional numbers can be expressed as a decimal fractional number by
changing the denominator to be number of 10, 100, 1000, and so on.

2 2 .2 4
Example: = = = 0,4
5 5.2 10
2
Thus, common fractional numbers can be changed into decimal fractional number of
5
0.4.

12
 Common fractional numbers can be expressed as precent fractional number with the
following rule :

a a
= x 100%
b b
Example :
3 3 300
= x 100% = % = 75%.
4 4 4
3
Thus, the common fractional number can be changed into 75%.
4
Common fractional numbers can be expressed as permil fractional number with the rule :

a a
= x 1000%
b b
Example:
3 3 3000
= x 1000% = %= 600%
5 5 5
Thus, the common fractional number can be changed into 600%.

b. Changing mixed fractional numbers into common fractional nmbers.

b
Mixed fractional numbers of a with c≠0 can be expressed as common fractional
c
number :
c.a  b
c
Example :
1 4.5  1 21
5 = =
4 4 4

13
b.Operations of calculation on fractional numbers

1. Addition and subtraction of fractional numbers

a. Addition or subtraction of two or more fractional numbers that have the same
denominator is by adding or subtracting the numerator only. Mathematically, its
is written:

a b ab
+ =
c c c

a b ab
- =
c c c
With a, b, c  B and c ≠ 0

b. If the fractional numbers that will be added or subtracted have different

denominators, it can be done in done in two ways, namely:

 Equalizing the denominator by using the KPK.

2 1 4 5 9
Example : + = + =
5 2 10 10 10

4 1 16 5 11
- = - =
5 4 20 20 20

 Crossing multiplication.

2 2 (2 x 2)  (5 x1) 4  5 9
Example : + = = =
5 5 5x2 10 10

4 1 (2 x2)  (5 x1) 16  5 11
- = = =
5 4 (5 x4) 20 20

14
 c. Commucative principle ( exchanges ) in addition.
a c
For any fractional numer and with b, d ≠ 0 always applies :
b d

a c c a
+ = +
b d d b

d. The principle of associative ( gropping )in the addition.

a c e
For any fractional numbers , , and with b, d, f, ≠ 0
b d f
Always applies:

a c  e a c e
  + = +   
b d  f b d f 

2. Multiplication and division of fractional numbers

a. The product of two or more fractional numbers is obtained by multiplying the
numerator by numerator and denominator by denominator.
Mathematically, it is written :

a c a.c
x =
b d b.d

b. For any two numbers a and b, the number that does not and stratifies the relation
1
of a x b =b x a = 1, then b =
a
Example:
1
3x =1
3
2 3
x =1
3 2

15
 c. The dision can be expressed as multiplication with the inverse of its denominator.
Mathematically, it is written :
a c a d
: = x
b d b c
With a, b, c,  B and b, d ≠ 0

d. Commutative principles (exchange ) on multiplication.

a c
For any fractional numbers of and with b, d ≠ 0 always applies :
b d

a c c a
x = x
b d d b

e. The principle of associative (grouping ) on the multiplication.

a c e
Far any fractional number of , and where b, d, f ≠ 0
b d f
always applies:

a c  e a  c a
 x x = x x 
b d  f b d b

3. Power of fractional numbers

a a
For any fractional numbers of where b ≠ 0 power of fractional numbers of is
b b
difined as follows:

a a a a a
 
n
= x x x x....
b b b
 b b
in

The amount of n factor

Where:
a
is called as basic number.
b
N is called as power or exponent numbers

a
 
n
is called as power fractional number
b
16
 1 1 1 1
Example :   2
=  x  =
3 3 3 9

a. Multiplying power fractional number

a
For fractioanal numbers of where b ≠ 0 and p, q  positive integers, it applies :
b

p q pq
a a a
  x  = 
b b b

b. Dividing power fractional number

a
For fractional number of where b ≠ 0 and p, q  positive integers, it applies :
b

p q p q
a a a
  :    
b b b

c. Powering power fractional number

a
For fractional numbers of where b ≠ 0 and p, q  positive integers, it applies :
b
q
 a  p  a
pxq

     
 b   b

c. Operations on decimal fractional numbers

1. Additional and subtraction of decimal fractional numbers
On addition or subtraction of decimal fractional number, decimal comma must be
located on a single row.
Example:
 14,57 + 16, 451 = …
Arrange as.
14,57
16,451 
31,021
Then 14,57 + 16,451 = 31,021

17
  25,567 – 14,143 = …
Arrange as.
25,567
14,143 
11,424
Then 25,567 – 14,143 = 11, 424

2. Multiplication of decimal fractional numbers

a. The product of decimal fractional number with 10, 100, 1000, and so on can be
determined by shifting the decimal comma to right according to the number of
zeros on the numbers above.
Example : 16,841 x 100 = 1684,1
Zero on the 100 at the top has 2, then a comma shifts to the right in the
Amount of 2 digits.
b. The numbers of decimal places of decimals number product can be determined by
adding the number of decimal places from its multiplier.
16 x 8 ,
Example : 41 , 146 = 335 ,28936

2 3 5

3. Division of decimal fractional numbers

a. Quotient of decimal fraction numbers with 10, 100, 1000, and so on can be
determined by shifting the decimal comma to the left according to the number of
zeros on the numbers above.
Example : 25,561 : 1.000 = 0,025516

Comma sign shifts to the left in the amount of 3 digits.

b. To divide a number, so its divisor is changed into integers
Example : 3,9375 : 0,18=…
Divisor numbers and numbers which are divided each multiplied by 100 so that
the form of the the division above is changed into 393.75 : 18 = 21.875.

18
 CHAPTER III
FINALITY
3.1 CONCLUSSING
Bilangan bulat merupakan bilangan yang terdiri dari bilangan cacah dan negatifnya. Yang
termasuk dalam bilangan cacah yaitu 0,1,2,3,4,... sehingga negatif dari bilangan cacah yaitu -1,-2,-3,-4,...
dalam hal ini -0 = 0 maka tidak dimasukkan lagi secara terpisah.
Himpunan semua bilangan bulat terdiri atas:
1. Bilangan bulat positif atau bilangan asli, yaitu : { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...}
2. Bilangan bulat nol, yaitu 0
3. Bilangan bulat negatif, yaitu : {-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, ...}
Operasi bilangan bulat terdiri dari penjumlahan, pengurangan , perkalian dan pembagian.

Bilangan pecahan adalah bilangan yang dapat dinyatakan sebagai p/q, dengan p dan q adalah bilangan
bulat dan q ≠0. Bilangan p disebut pembilang dan bilangan q disebut penyebut. Pecahan dapat dikatakan
senilai apabila pecahan tersebut mempuyai nilai atau bentuk paling sederhana sama

1) Pecahan Biasa
Yaitu pecahan dengan pembilang dan penyebutnya merupakan bilangan bulat

2) Pecahan Murni
Yaitu pecahan yang pembilang dan penyebutnya merupakan bilangan bulat dan berlaku pembilang kurang
atau lebih kecil dari penyebut. Pecahan murnai dapat dikatakan sebagai pecahan biasa tetapi pecahan
biasa belum tentu dapat dikatakan sebagai pecahan murni

3) Pecahan campuran
Pecahan yang terdiri atas bagian bilangan bulat dan bagian pecahan murni

4) Pecahan desimal
Yaitu pecahan dengan penyebut 10, 100, 1000, dan seterusnya, dan ditulis dengan tanda koma,

5) Persen atau perseratus

Yaitu pecahan dengan penyebut 100 dan dilambangkan dengan %

6) Permil atau perseribu

Yaitu pecahan dengan penyebut 1.000 dan dilambangkan dengan %0

19
1.2 Suggest

Maybe this is the result of the preparation of this paper even though the writing of this paper is far from
the minimum perfect we impart this paper. There are still many mistakes from the writing of our group,
because we are manusaia which is a place of wrong and sin: in the hadith "al insanu minal khotto
'wanisa". And we also need advice / criticism so that it can be a motivation for a better future than before.
We also express our gratitude for the Mathematics English course supervisor, Mrs. Nurwati Djam'an, M.
Pd, Ph.D, who has given group assignments for the good of ourselves and for the country and nation.

20
 INTEGER, FRACTION AND THEIR OPERATION

BY GROUP 1

1. MUH IKHWAN FAUZAN (1811040012)

2. HAJRATUL ASWAT (1811040022)
3.

A2

PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR