TRAFFIC LIGHT

USING 8051

SUBMITTED BY:

Ankur Vaish (3rd year (E.I.))

Anuj Tripathi (3rd year (E.I.))
Sri Ramswaroop college of engineering and
management, Lucknow
Mukul Sharma (2nd year (E.C.))
Indrapastha College of Engineering & Technology.
 Semiconductor Technologies
VEDANT
EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CERTIFICATE
To whom it May concern

This is to certified that Ankur Vaish, Anuj Tripathi of

SRMCEM, Lucknow & Mukul Sharma of Indrapastha
College of Engineering & Technology.

Has successfully completed their project on:

“TRAFFIC SIGNAL prototype using 8051”

with all its functionalities during the summer training course
from Semiconductor Technologies, “Vedant” his work was
authentic and conduct was diligent & sincere. The project
satisfies the norms of the company and was developed under
the guidance of Mr. Amit Chandra Mr.Shaswat Kapil Ms. Vartika
Jsiswal & Ms. Anupam Maurya.

Certificate is awaited

CERTIFIED BY:

2
Mr. Amit Chandra Mr.Sachin Kr. Kanodia
(Project Guide) (Center Head)

A CKNOWLEDGEMENT

No academic endeavor can be single handedly

accomplished. This work is no exception.
At the outset, we would like to record our gratitude to Mr.
Sachin Kr. Kanodia for initiating us into this training.
We sincerely acknowledge our thanks to our project guide
Mr. Amit Chandra & Ms. Anupam Maurya for their valuable
suggestions and time to time consultation.
Last, but not the least, we would like to thank all the staff of
Design Department, Semiconductor Technologies, Vedant,
Lucknow especially Ms. Shilpa for their kind cooperation and
assistance during our training period.

3
-RICHA SINGH
-NIKITA VERMA

PREFACE
"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from
magic,"wrote ARTHUR C. CLARKE. Today, we can drive in a voice
activated car, get our clothes washed and dried in a washing machine
with in minutes, and read the temperature and air pressure from our wrist
watch .A musical greeting card has more computing power than NASA'S
lunar Lander had in 1969. Thousand of people have embedded
processors beneath their skin, as pacemaker or hearing aids.

It is the embedded technology that makes all this possible. Embedded

system not only sit in our microwave ovens but also help drive our cars,
giving us directions to follow entertainment through our journey,
keeping us connected with anyone across the globe and even warning us
of potential danger. And is not far off when you'll have a car similar to
what JAMES BOND drives!

Embedded technology plays a key role not only in consumer electronics

but also in much safety critical application like avionics, space, railways
and transport, process control and medicine. But complexity creates
problems too. A faulty microprocessor or software may prove to be a
costly affair. Your favorite song on the MP3 player may sing a different
tune. A car can go up in flames if spark plugs misfire. Even the Boeing
aircraft may go off course. Fingers are then pointed at the system

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developer or software engineer for writing a code that is not robust. It's
imperative for embedded application to be much more reliable than their
desktop counterparts.

INDEX

S.No. Title Page

1. Introduction To Semiconductor 6
Technologies - Vedant.
2. Introduction to Embedded Systems 8

3. Introduction to the Microcontroller 13

4. Block Diagram of the System 16

5. Introduction to the Keil Software 19

6. Introduction To The Project 20

7. Circuit Diagram 26

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 8. Program Code 28

9. Program List File 46

10. Bibliography 65

S EMICONDUCTOR T ECHNOLOGIES -
VEDANT
AN ISO 9001:2000 C ERTIFIED I NSTITUTION
Semiconductor Technologies has always been in sync with the future. It
has understood and appreciated the needs of India, its people and its ever-
growing industry. Over the last six 20 years tell the saga of VEDANT
contribution in leading the national effort in the vital areas of
microelectronics.

M/s Semiconductor Technologies-VEDANT is India’s premier VLSI

Design & Embedded System Design organization since 2002. While
VEDANT is India’s pioneer in the field of VLSI Design & Embedded System
Design and Testing. VEDANT is providing Education & Training on VLSI

6
Design & Embedded System Design through ‘state-of-the-art’ lab facilities,
equipped with the Industry Standard tools. VLSI Design / Embedded
Systems Design Engineer design such Silicon chips…making a career in
VLSI Design / ESD is highly respected & rewarding one. Furthermore we
would like to bring in your notice that VEDANT is a member of “Indian
Semiconductor Association” as well. Semiconductor Technologies-
VEDANT (Now an ISO 9001: 2000 Certified Institution) is center for the
training crafted in VLSI/ESD education module followed with VLSI Design
software along with the FPGA programming & 8051 Microcontroller kit.

Vedant
VEDANT (VLSI design and training) is one of the prestigious projects
of SCL, a pioneer with vertically integrated facility in the country.

SCL VEDANT program covers the complete spectrum of VLSI design

inclusive of “front end”, “back end” and provides of exposure to the
IC fabrication process. Industry standard CAD tools are used for the
purpose of training backed up by project work under the guidance of
experts.

VEDANT (LUCKNOW CENTER) is the institute, which provides

training in VLSI design to students. The working environment is
concentrated on front-end design process. It runs two programs ‘PG
diploma in VLSI designing of four months and certificate course of
two months. It also provides Summer & Winter Training in VLSI
Design or Embedded System.

It has an advanced lab which is equipped with latest industry standard

Electronic Design Automation (EDA) and FPGA tools and 8051
Development Kits inclusive of

Model Sim 6.0a

Xilinx tools

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FPGA Kit
8051 Development Kit
Keil Software
Flash Magic (Rom burning)

Introduction to Embedded Systems

The embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software
additional electrical & mechanical parts.
A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the
system design and to provide flexibility.
• Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is
present.
• Electronic devices that incorporate a computer (usually a
microprocessor) within their implementation
These are Real-time systems process events.These events occur on
external inputs cause other events to occur as outputs.Minimizing
response time is usually a primary objective, or otherwise the entire
system may fail to operate properly.

Therefore Embedded systems employ the use of a RTOS (Real-Time

Operating System)
It is an Operating Systems with the necessary features to support a Real-
Time System
Real-Time System
A system where correctness depends not only on the correctness of the
logical result of the computation, but also on the result delivery time. It
responds in a timely, predictable way to unpredictable external stimuli
arrivals.

The real Time Systems can be further divided into two types:
 Soft Real-Time System

8
 Compute output response as fast as possible, but no specific
deadlines that must be met.
 Hard Real-Time System
Output response must be computed by specified deadline or system
fails.

9
 Logical/Dig Computer
Programmin
ital Systems
g
Design Organization

Embedded
Embed Systems
ded
& DSP
Real
Advance
Time
d Control
System VLSI/ASI
Digital System
s C
Design s
&
(Synthesi
SoC
s)
Design

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Programming Languages Used in New Embedded
Designs

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%
1998-1999
60.0%
1999-2000
50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%
Assembly C C++ Java Other

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Micro Controllers Trend in the Embedded Systems

100.0%

80.0%

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%
4-bit 8-bit 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit Special

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Application of embedded systems in
sphere of life

 Consumer electronics

 Telecommunication

 Automobile

 Medical instrumentation

 Industrial control equipment

 Defense

 Communication satellite

 Data communication

 Internet appliances

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 Introduction to microcontroller
A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip, or, if you prefer, a single-
chip computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller
tells you that the device might be used to control objects, processes, or
events. Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded
controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often
built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of things these days. Any
device that measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information
is a candidate for putting a microcontroller inside. The largest single use
for microcontrollers is in automobiles—just about every car
manufactured today includes at least one microcontroller for engine
control, and often more to control additional systems in the car. In
desktop computers, you can find microcontrollers inside keyboards,
modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test equipment,
microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store
measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages
and waveforms. Consumer products that use microcontrollers include
cameras, video recorders, compact-disk players, and ovens. And these
are just a few examples.

Microcontroller Basics

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A microcontroller is similar to the microprocessor inside a personal
computer. Examples of microprocessors include Intel’s 8086, Motorola’s
68000, and Zilog’s Z80. Both microprocessors and microcontrollers
contain a central processing unit, or CPU. The CPU executes
instructions that perform the basic logic, math, and data-moving
functions of a computer. To make a complete computer, a
microprocessor requires memory for storing data and programs, and
input/output (I/O) interfaces for connecting external devices like
keyboards and displays. In contrast, a microcontroller is a single-chip
computer because it contains memory and I/O interfaces in addition to
the CPU. Because the amount of memory and interfaces that can fit on a
single chip is limited, microcontrollers tend to be used in smaller
systems that require little more than the microcontroller and a few
support components. Examples of popular microcontrollers are Intel’s
8052 (including the 8052-BASIC, which is the focus of this book),
Motorola’s 68HC11, and Zilog’s Z8.

Microcontroller History

To understand how microcontrollers fit into the always-expanding world

of computers, we need to look back to the roots of microcomputing.
In its January 1975 issue, Popular Electronics magazine featured an
article describing the Altair 8800 computer, which was the first
microcomputer that hobbyists could build and program themselves. The
basic Altair included no keyboard, video display, disk drives, or other
elements we now think of as essential elements of a personal computer.
Its 8080 microprocessor was programmed by flipping toggle switches on
the front panel. Standard RAM was 256 bytes and a kit version cost
$397 ($498 assembled). A breakthrough in the Altair’s usability
occurred when a small company called Microsoft offered a version of
the BASIC programming language for it. Of course, the computer world
has changed a lot since the introduction of the Altair. Microsoft has
become an enormous software publisher, and a typical personal
computer now includes a keyboard, video display, disk drives, and
Megabytes of RAM. What’s more, there’s no longer any need to build a

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personal computer from scratch, since mass production has drastically
lowered the price of assembled systems. At most, building a personal
computer now involves only installing assembled boards and other major
components in an enclosure. A personal computer like Apple’s
Macintosh or IBM’s PC is a general-purpose machine, since you can use
it for many applications—word processing, spreadsheets, computer-
aided design, and more—just by loading the appropriate software from
disk into memory. Interfaces to personal computers are for the most part
standard ones like those to video displays, keyboards, and printers.
But along with cheap, powerful, and versatile personal computers has
developed a new interest in small, customized computers for specific
uses. Each of these small computers is dedicated to one task, or a set of
closely related tasks. Adding computer power to a device can enable it to
do more, or do it faster, better, or more cheaply. For example,
automobile engine controllers have helped to reduce harmful exhaust
emissions. And microcontrollers inside computer modems have made it
easy to add features and abilities beyond the basic computer-to-phone-
line interface. In addition to their use in mass-produced products like
these, it’s also become feasible to design computer power into one-of-a-
kind projects, such as an environmental controller for a scientific study
or an intelligent test fixture that ensures that a product meets its
specifications before it’s shipped to a customer. At the core of many of
these specialized computers is a microcontroller. The computer’s
program is typically stored permanently in semiconductor memory such
as ROM or EPROM. The interfaces between the microcontroller and the
outside world vary with the application, and may include a small display,
a keypad or switches, sensors, relays, motors, and so on.
These small, special-purpose computers are sometimes called single-
board computers, or SBCs. The term can be misleading, however, since
the computer doesn’t have to be on a single circuit board, and many
types of computer systems, such as laptop and notebook computers, are
now manufactured on a single board.

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 Block diagram of the 80C51
Microcontroller

17
Pin Diagram of the 40 Pin DIP package of the 80C51

18
8051 architecture contains the following:

19
 8 bit CPU with registers A and B

 16 bit program counter(PC) and data pointer(DPTR)

 8 bit program status word(PSW)

 8 bit stack pointer

 Internal ROM of 0(8031) to 4K(8051)

 Internal RAM of 128 Bytes

 4 register banks 00-1f

 16 bytes(bit addressable) 20-2f

 80 bytes of general purpose data memory 30-7f

 32 I/O pins arranged as four 8 bit ports (P0 – P3)

 2 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1

 Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF

 Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IPand IE

 2 external and 3 internal interrupt sources

 Oscillator and clock circuits

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 INTRODUCTION TO THE KEIL SOFTWARE
The Keil Software 8051 development tools are listed below. These are
the programs that will perform the following:

 Compile C Code
 Assemble the assembly source files.
 Link & Locate the object modules & the libraries.
 Create the HEX files.
 Debug the Target Program.

Micro Vision 2 is an interegated development Environment that

Combines
 Project management
 Source Code Editing
 Program debugging.

CSI ANSI: It is an optyimizing c Cross compiler that creates relocatable

object modules from the C code.

ASI Macro Assembler : It assembles the assembly language program

from the source code.

The BL51 linker/locator: It combines relocatable object modules that are

created by the relocatable object6 modules created by the c51 compiler
and the A51 assembler into absolute object module.

The LIB51 library manager combines object modules into libraries that
may be used by the linker.

The OH51 Object HEX converter creates Intel Hex files fro0m the
absolute object module.

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 The RTX51 real time operating system simpifies the design of the
complex, time critical software projects.
INTRODUCTION TO THE
PROJECT
This project is designed to demonstrate the technology used in the now a
days automatic traffic controller at the noisy junctions which is used in
almost all of the countries like India, Germany, France, and Japan etc.
These Traffic systems are equipped with the CPU, which controls the
Lights. The Traffic lights are programmed for the specific time delay.
Time delay between different lights is defined which can be changed by
means of software only i.e. this particular hardware will work exactly the
same at different place with different time period.

In this project
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of systems.
We are using microcontroller 89c51 as CPU and for displaying message
for the System we are using intelligent LCD display of two lines and
Twelve LEDs. The traffic light system is designed for Four Directions ,
named as East, West, South & North. There is a LCD display for
showing messages like Stop, Ready and Go for each direction. Status of
the messages are depends on the indicators, which are used to show the
Status of direction i.e. STOP , READY & GO if Red, Green, Yellow
LED at corresponding station is high. Before stopping of the traffic at
particular direction the ready signal for the next direction will be high .

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It may also includes an emergency brake system due to which one can
start the traffic for one direction and stop for other direction if there is
any emergency i.e. may be for An AMULENCE , for any Police activity
or for Any V.I.P. Fleet. As soon as the brakes are applied and resumes
journey when the emergency situation is over.
So this project gives an illustration of actual modern Traffic control
System through embedded electronics control system.

Implementation: This project is implemented using the following kit

VPL-ET: VPL-ET Embedded trainer has been design by using

Phillips 879C61X2/ microchip PIC16F877/ Motorola 68HC11 Micro
controller. This controller provide in –system as well as in application
programming so that one may be able to write program and download
directly in the controller through serial port without removing it from
the system
System Specification

1. CPU: Phillips 879C61X2/ microchip PIC16F877/ Motorola 68HC11

2. 16 x 2 LCD Module (HY1602F4)

3. Six seven segment display

4. Stepper motor controller interface

5. 8 x 8 LED Matrix Display

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6. ADC/DAC interface

7. Four data switches

8. Switch array

9. AT 24C16 Serial EEPROM

Interfacing an LCD to the 8051

LCD Operation:
Our project chose LCD over Seven Segment Displays due to
the following reasons:

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 1)Ease of program of charcters.
2)Ascii Values could be directly sent to the LCD.
3)In built command words to control Display.

PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD

PIN Symbol I/O Description

1 V -- Ground
2 V -- +5V Power
supply
3 V -- Power supply
for contrast
control
4 RS I 0 :Command
Reg.
1 : Data Reg.
5 R/W I 0: Write1: Read
6 E I/O Enable
7 DB0 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
8 DB1 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
9 DB2 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
10 DB3 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
11 DB4 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
12 DB5 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
13 DB6 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
14 DB7 I/O 8-bit Data Bus

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VCC , VSS , VEE

VCC- provides +5 volt

VSS provides gnd
VEE is used to control LCD contrast

RS ( Register Select )

RS pin is used to select between the two different registers :

DATA register & the
COMMAND register .
RS=0 => Select the command register
RS=1 => Select the data register

R/W ( Read / Write )

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or

read information from it.
R/W =1 => when reading
R/W =0 => when writing

E ( Enable)

The Enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information

presented to its data pins . When data is supplied to data pins ,
a HIGH to LOW pulse must be applied to this pin in order for

26
the LCD to latch in the data present in the data pins. This pulse
must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.

D0 – D7

The 8 – bit data pins ( d0 – D7) are used to send information

to the LCD or read the content of the LCD internal Register.
To display letters and numbers , we send ASCII codes for
the letter A-Z , a-z & 0-9 to these pins while makin RS = 1.
There are also Instruction Command Codes that can be sent
to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home
position or blink the cursor.

The following table lists the instruction command codes:

Code ( HEX) Command to LCD instuction Register

1 Clear display screen
2 Return Home
4 Decrement Cursor ( shift cursor to Left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right )
5 Shift display right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off , Cursor off
A Display off , Cursor on
C Display on , Cursor off
E Display on , Cursor blinking
F Display on , Cursor Blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to the right

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80 Force cursor to beginning of 1st line
C0 Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line
38 2 Lines and 5x7 matrix

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 Port 0 pins
connected to LCD
data lines
LEDs

8
0
displaying 5
message)
DISPLAY

1
LCD

(For

the

Port 2 pins connected to

LCD control lines (p2.0-
RW/p2.1- RS/p2.2-EN)

Project Code

/*PROGRAM FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL PROTOTYPE*/

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 BIBILOGRAPHY
Books:
• Title: The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System.
Author: Muhammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillispie
Mazidi.
Publication: Pearson Education.

• Title: Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming &

Design.
Author: Raj Kamal
Publication: Tata McGraw Hill

• Title: Programming & Customizing the 8051 Microcontroller

Author: Myke Predko
Publication: Tata McGraw Hill

• Title: The 8051 Microcontroller

Author: J. H. Ayala
Publication: Eastern Economy Edition

Magazines:

ELECTRONICS FOR YOU, APRIL 2005.

Websites:

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• SOFTWARE: www.keil.com
• Down loader: www.easacademy.com
• Reference: www.efymag.com
• Datasheets: www.datasheetarchive.com

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