Review Sheet

In terms of history, you will remember that emphasis was placed on:

- how the pendulum has swung between focusing research on mental

processes and observable behaviour
- what major branches in psychology have focused on
- Key people such as Wilhelm Wundt, B.F. Skinner, William James, Carl Rogers,
Aristotle, Plato and Socrates

In terms of methodology, you will remember that emphasis was placed on:

-five methods of research (case study, naturalistic observation, survey,

correlational research, experimental research)
-this included the benefits and disadvantages of each method
-You have been told that you will have a question where you need to
explain how correlational research cannot speak to causality
-the scientific method and the elements of experimental design
-including distinguishing between the IV, DV, and confounding variables
-we had some practice identifying issues in methodology
-the importance of ethics and the ethical principles that guide psychological
research
-We had practice identifying unethical research practices from case
studies and journal articles
-Descriptive Statistics
-You should be able to calculate the mean, median and mode AND
determine which is the most appropriate measure of central tendency
given the situation
-Inferential Statistics
-You should be able to speak to the importance of representative
samples, variance, etc. what enables us to generalize and what inhibits
our inferences from sample data

Key studies we have discussed:

-Tuskegee Syphilis study (important in terms of ethics in research)

- The Robber’s Cave (important in terms of ethics and methodology)
- Contrast effects and Judgments of Physical attractiveness: When Beauty
Becomes a Social Problem (methodology – issues and biases)
- Reasoning about desires: Evidence from 14- and 18-Month-Olds (example of
strong methodology)

Some of the key terms you should know:

Illusory Demand Validity Confounding Statistical
Correlation Characteristics Variables Significance

Operational Hindsight Bias Reliability Random Random

Definition Sample Assignment

Standard Qualitative Normal curve Quantitative Meta-analysis

Deviation

In terms of intelligence and intelligence testing, emphasis was placed on:

-Spearman – g (general intelligence), factor analysis

-Howard Gardner – Multiple Intelligences (and criticisms of the theory)
- Sternberg – Three Intelligences
-Emotional Intelligence
-Intelligence testing (origins, uses, biases)
- Genetic and environmental influences on intelligence
Growth mindset and the implications of our perceptions of intelligence/abilities