Elmag Henke 18

Review of Electromagnetism
This review is not meant to teach the subject,

but to repeat and to refresh, at least partially,
what you have learnt at university.
JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 1
H. Henke
Maxwell's equations (in material)
d
∮ H (⃗r , t )⋅d ⃗s =∬ J (⃗r , t)⋅d A+ dt ∬ D⃗ (⃗r , t)⋅d ⃗A
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
d
∮ E (⃗r , t)⋅d ⃗s =−dt ∬ B⃗ (⃗r , t)⋅d ⃗A
⃗
∯ D⃗ (⃗r , t)⋅d ⃗A=∭ ρ(⃗r , t) dV

∯ ⃗B(⃗r , t)⋅d ⃗A=0
⃗ ,H
E ⃗ electric and magnetic field
⃗ ,B
D ⃗ electric displacement and magnetic induction
⃗
J electric current density
ρ electric charge density

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∬ ⃗J (⃗r , t )⋅d A⃗ stands for all currents going through
the area A. It may consist of 3 parts
⃗J ( ⃗r , t)= J⃗c ( ⃗r ,t )+ J⃗cv ( ⃗r , t)+ J⃗i ( ⃗r , t)
J⃗c ( ⃗r ,t )=κ E
⃗ ( ⃗r , t) conduction current (Ohm's law)
J⃗cv ( ⃗r ,t)=ρ( ⃗r , t) ⃗v ( ⃗r , t) convection current
J⃗i ( ⃗r , t) impressed current
∭ ρ(⃗r , t)dV stands for all charges in the

volume V
Current and charge may have different distributions :
point , line ,surface ,volume
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Maxwell's equations (in differential form)
With Stokes' theorem:
⃗ d ∂ ⃗
B
⃗ ⃗s =∬ ( ∇×E
∮ E⋅d ⃗ )⋅d A=−
⃗ ∬ ⃗ A=−
B⋅d ⃗ ∬ ⃗
⋅d A
dt ∂t
∂ ⃗
B
⃗
∬ [ ∇×E⃗ +∂ t ]⋅d A=0⃗
∂ ⃗
B
⃗ ×E
since this is valid for any area : ∇ ⃗ =− (2)
∂t
⃗ ∂ ⃗
D
correspondingly: ⃗ =⃗
∇× H J+ (1)
∂t

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With Gauss' theorem:
⃗ A=
∯ D⋅d ⃗ D
⃗ ∭ ∇⋅⃗ dV =∭ ρdV
[ ⃗
∇⋅⃗
∭ D−ρ]dV =0
since this is valid for any volume : ⃗ D=ρ

∇⋅⃗ (3)
correspondingly : ⃗ B=0
∇⋅⃗ (4)

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Time-harmonic fields
Time-harmonic fields can be written as complex quantities
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ i φ i ωt ̃
⃗ i ωt
E ( ⃗r ,t )=E 0 ( ⃗r )cos(ω t+φ)=ℜ[ E 0 ( ⃗r )e e ]=ℜ[ E ( ⃗r )e ]
̃ ⃗
⃗
E ( r )is called phasor.
Advantages are: - ∂/∂t → i ω ,

- phasors are vectors in a coordinate
system rotating with ω t ,
i ωt
- e cancels out in the equations
We will drop the tilde on following transparencies

whenever the situation is sufficiently clear!
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Fields in matter (time-harmonic case)
The effect of electric fields on matter can be described by a

polarization field P, the effect of magnetic fields by a magne-
tization field M.
There are several electric reactions. E.g. a neutral atom

changed to a dipole by a local field Elocal
⃗ =n p⃗e =ϵ0 χ e E
p e =qx → P ⃗
x q
- Elocal
-q n : dipole density
χ e :electric susceptibility
Linear materials:
⃗ 0E
D=ϵ ⃗ +P⃗ =ϵ0 E
⃗ +ϵ0 χe E
⃗ =ϵr ϵ0 E
⃗ =ϵ E
⃗
ϵr =1+χe : relative permittivity
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Dielectric behavior is a dynamic process, dependent on
frequency (εr=εr'-i εr'', εr'' respresents the losses):

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Magnetic reaction of material is due to particle spins
(magnetic moments pm). It can be described by means of
magnetic dipoles, i.e. by circulating elementary currents:
pm
p m=π r 2e I e → M
⃗ =n p⃗m=χ m H
⃗
re
Ie n : dipole density
χ m : magnetic susceptibility
Linear materials:
⃗
B=μ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
0 H +μ 0 M =μ 0 H +μ 0 χ m H =μ r μ 0 H =μ H
μ r =1+χ m : relative permeability

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For ferromagnetic materials the relation between the external
field and the magnetization is non-linear and depends on the
history of the material (hysteresis).

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⃗ 0E
D=ε ⃗ +ε0 χ P
⃗ and B=μ
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
0 H +μ 0 M
take into account the reaction of the material due to fields

E and H. The reaction is averaged over all atoms and/or
molecules, i.e. over all elementary electric and magnetic
dipoles.
⃗ P
In many materials the relations P= ⃗ (E
⃗ ) and M⃗ =M ⃗ (H
⃗)
are linear .
But in general they are nonlinear , anisotropic , i.e.
⃗ or H
dependent on the direction of E ⃗ , and they are time
or frequency dependent .
They may also include losses .

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There are losses due to radiation and interaction between
electric and magnetic dipoles. Losse are responsible for the
imaginary parts.
ϵ=ϵ' −i ϵ' ' =ϵ' (1−i tan δϵ )
tan δϵ=ϵ' ' /ϵ' , δϵ electric loss angle
μ=μ ' −i μ ' ' =μ ' (1−i tan δμ )

tan δμ=μ ' ' /μ ' , δμ magnetic loss angle
There are also losses due to collisions between free charges
⃗ H=
∇× ⃗ ⃗J+i ω ϵ E=κ
⃗ E+i⃗ ω ϵ E=i
⃗ ωϵ[1+κ/(i ωϵ)] E⃗
ϵc =ϵ'−i ϵ' ' =ϵ[1−i κ/(ωϵ)]
In most dielectrics is tan(δε) « 1
In good conductors is κ/ωε » 1 → εc≈κ/iω

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Boundary / continuity conditions
Maxwell's theory is a continuum theory. It requires continuous,

double differentiable functions.
Solutions in different media have to be matched at the interface

by boundary or continuity conditions.
Take Maxwell's equs. in integral form
d
∮ H (⃗r , t)⋅d ⃗s =∬ J (⃗r , t)⋅d A+ dt ∬ D⃗ (⃗r ,t )⋅d ⃗A
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
d
∮ E (⃗r ,t)⋅d ⃗s =−dt ∬ ⃗B (⃗r ,t )⋅d ⃗A
⃗
and make an intelligent choice for the integration area:

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⃗n
Δs is finite but small, such that
the fields are constant, then
ΔA H t1 Δ s−H n h−H t2 Δ s+H n h=

=J S Δ s+ ∂ ∬ D⋅Δ
⃗ A⃗
∂t ΔA
JS for h → 0 it becomes
H t1−H t2 =J S
E t1−E t2 =0, correspondingly
If medium 2 is perfectly electric conducting (pec) :

E t1 =0 , H t1 =J S
JS is a surface current density.

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An intelligent choice of the integration volume:
∯ D⃗ (⃗r , t)⋅d ⃗A=∭ ρ(⃗r , t) dV

∯ ⃗B ( ⃗r , t )⋅d ⃗A=0
D n1 Δ A−D n2 Δ A+ ∬ D⋅d
⃗ ⃗ A=
Δ A zyl
=ρS Δ A
ΔA
for h → 0 it becomes
D n1−D n2 =ρS
B n1−B n2 =0, correspondingly
ΔA If medium 2 is pec : D n1=ρs , B n1=0
ρS ρS is a surface charge density.
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Application of Maxwell's equations
Electrostatic fields (H=0, δ/δt=0, ε=const.)
Maxwell's equations
⃗ E=0
∇× ⃗ ⃗
→ E=− ⃗Φ
∇ ⃗ ∇
since ∇× ⃗ Φ≡0
⃗ D=ρ
∇⋅⃗
Poisson equation :
⃗ D= ⃗ (ϵ E
⃗ ∇⋅ ⃗ )=ρ ⃗ 2 ρ
∇⋅ → ∇ Φ=−ϵ (1)

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Example: Two round tubes forming an electrostatic lense
+Φ 0 −Φ0
E-field pattern
(1) becomes circular symmetric Laplace equation

⃗ 2 ∂
2
Φ 1 ∂ Φ ∂2 Φ
∇ Φ= 2 +ρ + 2 =0 (2)
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ z

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Bernoulli ansatz
Φ(ρ , z)=R (ρ)Z (z)
substituted in (2) and devided by RZ
1 d2R 1 d R 1 d2Z
2
+ + 2
=0 (3)
R dρ Rρ d ρ ⏟Z dz
k 2z
Last term is independent of ρ and must be constant. It yields

d2 Z 2
2
−k z Z=0
dz
with solutions Z=
{
C 0+D 0 z ,
k z −k z
C e +D e , k z ≠0
z
k z =0
z
}
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Condition at infinity
Φ finite for z=±∞ : C=D 0 =0, Z=
C0 ,
De
−k ∣z∣
k z =0
, k z ≠0 { z
}
The left over equ.(3)is the Bessel differential equation
2
d R 1 dR 2
2
+ ρ dρ +k z R=0
dρ
with solutions
R=
{ A0+B 0 ln (ρ/ρ0 ), k z =0
A J 0 (k z ρ)+B N 0 (k z ρ), k z ≠0 }
Condition at ρ → 0
Φ finite for ρ=0 : B 0=B=0
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Boundary conditions
Φ=
{−Φ0 for ρ=a , z>0
+Φ0 for ρ=a , z<0 } (4)
A0 C 0=−sign( z)Φ0 , J 0 (k z a)=0 → k zn a= j 0n
Using above conditions Φ becomes

∞
ρ −j ∣z∣/ a
Φ=sign( z)[−Φ0+∑ An J 0 ( j 0n )e 0n
] (5)
n=1 a
and due to symmetry (4), Φ(z=0)=0, (5) becomes

∞
ρ
Φ0= ∑ An J 0 ( j 0n ) (6)
n=1 a

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To calculate the coefficients An we use a Fourier-Bessel
expansion.
Multiplication of (6) with ρJ0(j0mρ/a) and integration over ρ
a ∞ a
ρ ρ ρ
Φ0 ∫ J 0 ( j 0m )ρ d ρ =∑ A n ∫ J 0 ( j 0n ) J 0 ( j 0m )ρ d ρ
⏟
0 a n=1 ⏟0 a a
a2 n a2 2
J (j ) δ J (j )
j 0m 1 0m m
2 1 0m
gives the final result

ρ
∞ J 0 ( j 0n )
a −j ∣z∣/a
Φ=sign( z)Φ0 [−1+2 ∑ e 0n
]
n=1 j 0n J 1 ( j 0n )

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Stationary currents (δ/δt=0, κ=const.)
⃗ H
Maxwell's equations: ∇× ⃗ E
⃗ = J , ∇× ⃗ =0 → E ⃗Φ
⃗ =− ∇
⃗ ∇
∇⋅( ⃗ ×H ⃗ ⃗
⃗ )=0= ∇⋅ ⃗ (κ E
J = ∇⋅ ⃗ 2 Φ=0
⃗) → ∇
similar to electrostatics but different boundary / continuity

conditions: J n =κ E⃗n=−κ d Φ/dn=0.
J-field lines

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Magnetostatic fields (E=0, δ/δt=0, μ=const.)
Maxwell's equations
⃗ B=0
∇⋅⃗ ⃗ A
⃗ ∇×
→ B= ⃗ ⃗ (∇
since ∇⋅ ⃗ × A)=0
⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∇×B=μ J → ∇ ×( ∇× A)= ∇ ( ∇⋅A)− ∇ A=μ ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ 2⃗
J
Vectorpotential ⃗
A is not fully determined. Substitution
⃗ →⃗
A A+ ∇⃗ ψ (gauge transformation) does not change
B= ⃗ A.
⃗ ∇× ⃗ Gauge ∇⋅ ⃗ ⃗A=0 yields vectorial Poisson equ.
∇⃗ A=−μ
2⃗ ⃗
J
The solution of which (see appendix A1) is
μ ⃗ (⃗r ' )
J
⃗ ⃗r )= ∭
A( dV '
4π R
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Quasi-stationary fields
⃗ ⃗
∣J∣=κ∣E∣≫ ∣ ∣
d
dt
⃗
D ⃗ ϵ 1 T
=ω ϵ∣E∣ → κ =T r ≪ ω =
2π
T r is called relaxation time
Maxwell's equations
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ∂⃗
B ⃗ D ⃗ B
∇× B =μ ⃗J , ⃗
∇× E =− , ∇⋅⃗ =ρ , ∇⋅⃗ =0
∂t
Potentials
⃗ ⃗
∇⋅B =0 → ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
B = ∇× A
⃗ ⃗ ∂ ⃗A ⃗ ∂ ⃗
A ⃗ ∂ ⃗A
⃗
∇× E=− ∇× ⃗
, ∇×( E+ ⃗
)=0 → E=− ∇ Φ−
∂t ∂t ∂t

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⃗ B=
∇× ⃗ ∇×
⃗ ∇×( ⃗ A)=⃗ ∇ ⃗ ( ∇⋅
⃗ A)−
⃗ ∇ ⃗ 2 A=
⃗
∂ ⃗
A
=μ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ =− ∇ (μ κ Φ)−μ κ
J=μ κ E
∂t
⃗ and Φ are not fully determined. Substituting
A
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ∂ψ
A → A+ ∇ ψ, Φ → Φ−
∂t
⃗ ⃗ ∂ ⃗
A
does not change B= ⃗ ∇× A ⃗, E⃗ =− ∇ Φ−
∂t
So , use gauge : ⃗ A=−μ
∇⋅ ⃗ κΦ
⃗ 2⃗ ⃗
∂A
→ ∇ A−μ κ =0 vectorial diffusion equation
∂t

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Poynting's theorem (ε, μ, κ=const. and real, J=κE,
full set of Maxwell's equations)
If fields move a charge ρdV by a distance δ s in the
interval δ t , the work done by the fields (dissipated
power) is
δW ⃗ δ⃗s ⃗ +v⃗ × B)⋅
⃗ v⃗ =E⋅ρ
⃗ v⃗ dV = E⋅
⃗ ⃗
d =d f⋅ =ρ dV ( E J dV
δt δt
⃗ ⃗
Express E⋅J with the aid of Maxwell ' s equations
⃗ H ∂ ⃗
D
⃗
E⋅ ∇× ⃗ =J⃗ +
∂t
⃗ ⃗
∂B
⃗
−H⋅ ∇× E =−⃗
∂t
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ∂ 1 ⃗ ⃗ 1 ⃗ ⃗
→ − ∇⋅( E × H )=E⋅J + [ E⋅D+ H⋅B ]
∂t 2 2
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We get Poynting's theorem after integration
over V and application of Gauss' law:
V A
⃗ ×H
−∯ ( E ⃗ )⋅d A=
⃗
Wmech+Wem
1 ⃗ ⃗ 1 ⃗ ⃗
=∭ E⋅J dV +∂
⃗ ⃗ ∭ ( 2 E⋅D+2 H⋅B)dV
∂t
radiation
Poynting vector (radiation flux) ⃗ E

S= ⃗ ×H⃗
dissipated power density ⃗ ⃗
p d =E⋅J
electric energy density
⃗ D
w e =(1/ 2) E⋅⃗
magnetic energy density ⃗ B

w m =(1/2) H⋅⃗
Energy radiated into the volume V equals the dissipation

plus the increase of stored electromagnetic energy in V.
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Poynting's theorem for time-harmonic fields
⃗ ̃ i ω t 1 ⃗̃ i ωt ⃗̃ −i ω t
⃗
decompose e.g. E =ℜ[ E e ]= [ E e + E * e ]
2
1 ⃗ ⃗ 1 ⃗̃ ⃗̃ i2 ωt ⃗̃ ⃗̃ −i2 ωt 1 ⃗̃ ⃗̃ ⃗̃ *⋅D
⃗̃ ]
w e = E⋅D= [ E⋅D e + E *⋅D * e ]+ [ E⋅D *+ E
2 8 8
1 ⃗̃ ⃗̃ i2 ωt 1 ⃗̃ ⃗̃
= ℜ[ E⋅D e ]+ E⋅D *
4 4
̃ ⃗̃∗
⃗
and after time-averaging w̄e =(1/ 4) E⋅D
̃ ⃗̃∗
⃗ ̃ ⃗̃∗
⃗
correspondingly : w̄m =(1/4) H⋅B , p̄d =(1/ 2) E⋅J
⃗ ̃ ⃗̃ ∗
⃗
S c =(1/ 2) E × H complex, time-averaged radiation flux

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Again , using Maxwell ' s equations
⃗̃ ⃗ ̃ ∗ ⃗̃∗
⃗ ̃∗
⃗
(1/2) E⋅ ∇× H = J −i ω D
̃∗ ⃗ ⃗̃
⃗ ⃗̃
−(1/ 2) H ⋅ ∇× E =−i ω B
⃗ 1 ⃗̃ ⃗̃∗ 1 ⃗̃ ⃗̃∗ 1 ⃗̃∗ ⃗̃ 1 ⃗̃ ⃗̃∗
→ − ∇⋅( E × H )= E⋅J +i 2 ω( H ⋅B− E⋅D )
2 2 4 4
we get Poynting's theorem after integration over V and
application of Gauss' law:
−∯ S⃗c⋅d A=
⃗ ∭ p̄d dV +i2 ω ∭ ( w̄m −w̄e )dV
Active power (time-averaged Joulean heat, dissipation)

̄ act =−∯ ℜ[ S⃗c ]⋅d A=
P ⃗ ∭ p̄d dV =P̄d
Reactive power
P̄ react =−∯ ℑ[ S⃗c ]⋅d A=2
⃗ ω∭ ( w̄m−w̄e )dV =2 ω( W̄ m−W̄ e )

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In good conductors is Wm»We (lEl«lHl)
−∯ S⃗c⋅d ⃗
A= P̄c = P̄d +i2 ω W̄ m
This allows to calculate the resistance and internal

inductance of a conductor. We define
I *=∮ H⃗*⋅d ⃗
s H
s2 E
U=∫ E⋅d
⃗ ⃗ s =I (R+i ω L i ) s2
s1
s1
and obtain
1 * 1 2
P c = U I = ∣I ∣(R+i ω Li )=P
̄ ̄ d +i2 ω W
̄m
2 2
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Electromagnetic waves (ε, μ=const., ρ=J=0)
The simplest electromagnetic wave is a plane wave.

It depends only on one space variable (direction of
propagation) and on the time.
⃗ =E
E ⃗ (z ,t ), ⃗ =H
H ⃗ (z ,t )
⃗ ∂ ⃗
E ⃗ ∂ ⃗
H
⃗ =ϵ
First two Maxwell's eqs. ∇× H ⃗ =−μ
, ∇×E
∂t ∂t
give two sets of uncoupled equations:
∂Hy ∂Ex ∂Ex ∂Hy
− =ϵ =−μ
∂z ∂t ∂z ∂t
∂Hx ∂Ey ∂Ey ∂Hx
=ϵ − =−μ
∂z ∂t ∂z ∂t

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From the red set e.g. follows the wave equation
2 2
∂ Ex 1 ∂ Ex 1
2
− 2 2 =0 , c= √ μ ϵ
∂z c ∂t
with d'Alembert's solution

+ -
E x =f (z−ct )+g (z+ct )=E x +E x
μ
ZH y =f (z−ct )−g (z+ct )=ZH −ZH ,
+
y
-
y √
Z= ϵ
Similar solutions follow from the blue set with E y and Hx.
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1
velocity of light : c= √μ ϵ
μ
wave impedance: Z= ϵ √
≈377Ω infree space
field properties :
⃗ ⊥H
E ⃗
⃗ E
S= ⃗ ×H⃗ → direction of propagation
⃗ ,H
E ⃗ are ⊥ to direction of propagation
+ + − −
E /H =−E /H =Z

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Time-harmonic plane wave ( ∂ =i ω , ϵr =ϵr ' −i ϵr ' ' )
∂t
Wave equation becomes Helmholtz equation:
2 ̃
∂ Ex 2 ̃
2
+k E x =0 , k =ω √ μ ϵ
∂z
i (ω t−kz) i (ω t +kz) + -
E x =A e +B e =E x +E x
i (ωt−kz) i (ωt +kz) + -
ZH y =A e −B e =ZH y −ZH y
loss-free material: k =ω/c=2 π /λ
lossy dielectric: k=ω √μ ϵr ϵ0=β−i α

α: attenuation constant , β: phase constant

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√ √ √ √
2 2
β ϵr ' ϵr ' ϵr ' ' α ϵr ' ϵr ' ϵr ' '
= + 1+( ) , = − + 1+( )
k0 2 2 ϵr ' k0 2 2 ϵr '
+ i (ω t−kz) −α z
real physical field: E =ℜ A e
x =A cos(ω t−β z )e

H. Henke
Low-loss dielectrics: εr''«εr'
1 ϵr ' ' Z0 i ϵr ' '
β≈ √ ϵr ' k 0 , α≈ k0, Z≈ (1+ )
2 √ ϵr ' √ ϵr ' 2 ϵr '
Example: Polyamide (nylon), κ=10-8 Ω-1m-1, εr=3, f=10MHz
11% attenuation in 100km, arc Z≈10-4 °
Very good conductors (metallic): εr''≈-iκ/ω » εr'
ωμ κ 1
β≈α≈
2 √= ,
δS
Z≈(1+i) α
κ, arc Z =45°
−α δ S 1
Skin depth (z=δS): e = → α δ S =1
e

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In general, β is a function of ω and is called dispersion relation.
Developing β around ω0
dβ 2
β(ω)=β(ω0 )+( ) d ω+O [(d ω) ]
dω ω 0
Phase velocity
dϕ dz
ϕ=ω t∓β z=const. → =ω∓β =ω∓β v ph=0
dt dt
v ph=± ω
β(ω0 )
vph has no physical importance. Monochromatic waves

carry no information.
Example: Water waves at shore
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Group velocity (velocity with which a signal propagates)
As an example take two plane waves with ω1 and ω2
ω1=ω0+δ ω , ω 2=ω0−δ ω
β1=β0+δβ , β2=β0−δβ
i (ω1 t−β1 z ) i (ω2 t −β 2 z )
ℜ[e +e ]=2 cos(δ ω t −δβ z)cos(ω0 t −β 0 z)
δ ω dω
vg= → v g =( )
δβ dβ ω 0
vg is the velocity with which the envelope propagates.

Signals with small bandwidth 2δω propagate with vg.
Large bandwidth signals require higher order terms O((δω)2).

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Energy velocity
Energy transported ΔA
by Δz in time Δt: Δz
w
̄ Δ AΔz Δ z Sc
=Sc Δ A → v e= =
Δt Δt w ̄
for plane waves
2
1 ⃗ ⃗ * ∣E 0∣ 1 ⃗ ⃗* 1 ⃗ ⃗* 1 2
S c = ( E × H )= , w ̄ = E⋅D + H⋅B = ϵ∣E 0∣
2 2Z 4 4 2
1 1
v e= = √ μ ϵ =c
Zϵ

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Cylindrical, ideal conducting waveguides
κ=∞
z
Substituting one of the 2 first Maxwell's equ. into the other gives
a 2nd order diff. equ., which requires 2 independent functions.
The 3d and 4th equ. are additional conditions.
These conditions and the required independent functions are
fulfilled by
⃗ =0 → E⃗TE = ∇×
⃗ E
∇⋅ ⃗ A⃗TE , A⃗ =A e⃗z , TE−waves
TE TE
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
TM ⃗
∇⋅H=0 → H = ∇× A , ⃗TM ⃗
TM TM
A =A e⃗z , TM−waves

H. Henke
With the vector potentials A one gets e.g. for TE-waves
⃗ H ∂ ⃗
E ∂ ⃗ A ⃗ H−ϵ ∂ ⃗
A
∇× ⃗ =ϵ =ϵ ∇× ⃗ → ∇×( ⃗ )
∂t ∂t ∂t
⃗ ∂ ⃗
A
→ ⃗ ∇ Φ+ϵ
H=
∂t
and from Maxwell's 2nd equ.
⃗ ∂ ⃗
H
∇ ×E ⃗ =−μ →
∂t
2⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ 2⃗ ⃗ ∂ Φ ∂ A
∇ ×( ∇ × A)= ∇ ( ∇⋅A)− ∇ A=− ∇ (μ )−μ ϵ 2
∂t ∂t
⃗ ,Φ are not fully determined. Substituting
A
⃗ → A+
A ⃗ ∇ ⃗ ψ, Φ → Φ−ϵ∂ ψ/ ∂ t
yields the same E ⃗ , H.
⃗

H. Henke
One can make a gauge-transformation and choose
e.g. the Lorenz gauge
⃗ A=−μ
∇⋅⃗ ∂Φ
∂t
which results in a vectorial wave equ.
⃗ 2
⃗ 2⃗ 1 ∂ A
∇ A− 2 2 =0
c ∂t
Similarily, we proceed for the TM-case and obtain the same equ..
Since A has only a cartesian component, the vectorial wave equ.
becomes a scalar one and in case of time-harmonic fields a
scalar Helmholtz equ.
⃗ 2 A p +k 2 A p=0 ,
∇ k = ω =ω √μ ϵ,
c { }
p= TE
TM
H. Henke
Circular waveguide
Helmholtz equ. for

circular cylinder coordinates :
2 2
1∂ ∂A 1 ∂ A ∂ A 2
(ρ
ρ ∂ρ ∂ ρ )+ 2 2
+ 2
+k A=0 (1)
ρ ∂φ ∂z
Bernoulli ansatz: A=R (ρ)Φ(φ) Z (z)
Substituted in (1) and devision by RΦZ

1 ∂ ∂ R 1 ∂2 Φ 1 ∂2 Z 2
(ρ )+ 2 + +k =0 (2)
ρ R ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ Φ ∂φ ⏟
2
Z ∂z 2
2
−k z

H. Henke
d2Z 2 −ik z ik z −ik z
2
+k z Z =0 → Z =C 1 e +C 2 e z
→ C 1 e z z
dz
for waves propagating in +z-direction
(2) becomes with kz
ρ ∂ ∂ R 1 ∂2 Φ 2 2 2
(ρ )+ +ρ (k −k z )=0 (3)
R ∂ρ ∂ρ Φ ∂φ 2
⏟
−k 2μ
2
d Φ 2
2
+k μ Φ=0 → Φ=C 3 cos(k μ φ)+C 4 sin (k μ φ)
dφ
→ Φ=C 3 cos(m φ)
because of 2π-periodicity and free choice of origin

H. Henke
With m and kz (3) becomes Bessel's equ.
∂2 R 1 ∂ R m 2
c √
2 2 2
2
+ ρ ∂ρ +[ k c − 2
] R=0, k = k −k z
∂ρ ρ
R=C 5 J m (k c ρ)+C 6 N m (k c ρ) → R=C 5 J m (k c ρ)
because Neumann's function is infinite at ρ=0
Vector potential :
−ik z
A=C m cos(m φ)J m (k c ρ)e z
TE−waves : E ⃗
⃗ = ∇×( A e⃗z )
E φ=−∂ A/∂ρ∼J m ' (k c ρ)
E φ (ρ=a)=0 → k cmn a= j ' mn
th
j ' mn : n non vanishing zero of J ' m
H. Henke
1 ∂A m ρ −ik z
E ρ=ρ =−ρ C mn sin (m φ) J m ( j ' mn )e z
∂ϕ a
∂A j ' mn ρ −ik z
E φ =− =− C mn cos(m φ) J ' m ( j ' mn )e z
∂ρ a a
⃗ E=−i
∇× ⃗ ⃗:
ωμ H
k z j ' mn ρ −ik z
H ρ= ωμ C mn cos(m φ) J ' m ( j ' mn )e z
a a
kz m ρ −ik z
H φ =−ωμ ρ C mn sin (m φ) J m ( j ' mn )e z
a
2
−1 j ' mn ρ −ik z
H z= ( ) C mn cos(m φ) J m ( j ' mn )e z
i ωμ a a

H. Henke
TM −waves : H ⃗
⃗ = ∇×( A e⃗z ) , ∇×⃗ H ⃗ =i ω ϵ E
⃗
2
kc
E z= A∼J m (k c ρ), E z (ρ=a)=0 → k cmn a= j mn
iωϵ
m ρ −ik z
H ρ=−ρ D mn sin(m φ) J m ( j mn )e z
a
j mn ρ −ik z
H φ =− D mn cos(m φ) J ' m ( j mn )e , z
H z =0
a a
k z j mn ρ −ik z
E ρ=−ω ϵ D mn cos(m φ) J ' m ( j mn )e z
a a
kz m ρ −ik z
E φ = ω ϵ ρ Dmn sin (m φ) J m ( j mn )e z
a
2
1 j mn ρ −ik z
E z= ( ) D mn cos(m φ) J m ( j mn )e z
iωϵ a a

H. Henke
The ratio of the transverse field components
is the field (wave) impedance
TE ωμ
{ }
Eρ Eφ ZF =
Z F= =− = kz
Hφ Hρ TM kz
Z F =ω ϵ
The dependence of the propagation constant kz on frequency

is the dispersion relation
k cmn=k −k zmn → k zmn = √ k −k cmn
2 2 2 2 2
{ }
real k >k cmn propagation
k zmn= 0 for k =k cmn
imaginary k <k cmn attenuation

H. Henke
critical wavenumber :
{
k cmn= j mn ' /a for TE
j mn /a TM }
cutoff frequency : f cmn=c k cmn / 2 π
cutoff wavelength : λ cmn =2 π/k cmn
λ
guide wavelength : λ zmn=2 π/ k zmn=
√ 1−(λ / λ cmn
2
)
free space wavelength λ
1 ⃗ ⃗* 1 2 2
energy flux density S cz = ( E × H )z = Z F [∣H ρ∣ +∣H φ∣ ]
2 2
{ }
imaginary k <k c
= 0 for k =k c
real k >k c

H. Henke
Each mn defines a certain (eigen-) mode. The general solution
is the linear combination of all modes
E =∑ ∑ ( E mn+ E mn ),
⃗ ⃗ TE ⃗ TM
H =∑ ∑ ( H mn+ H mn )
⃗ ⃗ TE ⃗ TM
m n m n
Modes are normally sorted refering to their cutoff frequency:
type m n (fc / GHz)(a/cm)
TE 1 1 8.78
TM 0 1 11.46
TE 2 1 14.56
TE/TM 0/1 1/1 18.29
TE 3 1 20.05

H. Henke
H. Henke
Copper waveguide with a=2.5 cm

H. Henke
Impedance boundary condition on ⃗t
good conductors
⃗n
1. In metals (high conductivity κ) we can neglect
the displacement current compared to the z
conduction current, (IδD/δtI<<IJI).
2. On metallic surfaces is approximately E┴, H║.
3. Tangential to the surface the typical length of change is λ0.
Normal to the surface, in the metal, the typical length of
change is δS << λ0.
4. Assumptions 1 through 3 allow for the derivation of a
very good approximation for the tangential surface fields
(see appendix 2)
⃗ ⃗ 1+i
E t0≈Z W ( n× H t0 ),
⃗ ZW = , wall impedance
κδ s
H. Henke
Attenuation in waveguides (power-loss method)
P(z) P(z+Δz)≈P(z)+(dP(z)/dz)Δz
Pd'Δz
z
Δz
dP (z )
conservation of power : =−P d '
dz
⃗ ⃗ −α z −2 α z dP (z )
E , H∼e , P (z)∼e → =−2 α P (z)=−P d '
dz
dissipation per waveguide surface area:
Δ Pd ⃗ 1 ⃗ ⃗* 1 ⃗ 2
=−⃗ n⋅( E t0 × H t0 ))= ℜ(Z W )∣H t0 ∣
n⋅ℜ( S c )=− ℜ( ⃗
ΔA 2 2
H. Henke
Δ Pd 1 2
ΔA
=
2 κ δs
∣H t0 ∣
⃗
dissipation per waveguide length :

1 2
⃗ t0 ∣ ds
Pd ' =
2 κ δS
∮∣H
transported active power :

⃗ ⃗ 1 ⃗ × H⃗∗ )⋅e⃗z dA=
P (z )=∬ ℜ( S c )⋅d A= ∬ ℜ( E
2
1 ⃗ ∗⃗ 1 ⃗ 2
= ∬ ℜ( E transv × H transv )z dA= Z F ∬∣H transv∣ dA
2 2
1 Pd '
attenuation : α=
2 P (z )

H. Henke
Resonant cavities
Example: Cylindrical cavity, radius a, length g, TM-modes

Superposition of forward and backward traveling waves
(see transp. 49)
kz m −ik z ik z
E φ=ω ϵ ρ Dmn sin (m φ)J m (k cmn ρ)[e −r mn e ] z z
Boundary conditions fix r and k z

E φ (z=0)=0 → r mn=1 , E φ∼sin (k z z )
E φ (z=g)=0 → k zp g=p π , p=0, 1, 2,...
Now, the other field components can be calculated from the

vector potential, see appendix A3.

H. Henke
Example: TM010-resonator (m=0, n=1, p=0)
j 01 ρ
H φ=2 D 010 J 1 ( j 01 )
a a
2
2 j 01 ρ
E z =−i ω ϵ ( ) D 010 J 0 ( j 01 )
a a
ω010 j 01
Resonance frequency k 010 = =k c01 =
c0 a
ω010 j 01 c 0
f 010= =
2π 2πa
Stored energy
1 ⃗ ⃗ ϵ 2
W =W e+W m =2 W e= ∭ E⋅D dV = ∭∣E z∣ dV
̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ *
2 2

H. Henke
4
2 π g j 2 2
01
̄
W= 2 ∣D 010∣ J 1 ( j 01 )
2
ω010 ϵ a
Dissipation per unit area

1 ⃗ 2
P̄d ' ' =
2 κ δs
∣H t0∣
total dissipation
4π 2 g 2 2
P d =∯ P d ' ' dA=
̄ ̄ j (1+ )∣D 010∣ J 1 ( j 01 )
κ δs 01 a
Quality factor (Q-value)
̄ 1
ω 010 W g V Volume
Q0 = = → δs Q 0=2 ∼
P̄d δ s 1+g /a S Surface

H. Henke
Q0 gives the decay rate of the stored energy or the time
Tf to fill the cavity.
From power conservation

dW ̄ ω 010 −2t /T f Q0
− ̄ d=
=P ̄
W → ̄ =W̄ 0 e
W , T f =2 ω
dt Q0 010
Example: 3 Ghz copper cavity, g=λ010/2=5 cm
j01=2.405, J1(j01)=0.5191, κ=58•106 Ω-1m-1
a=3.83 cm, δS=1.21 μm, Q0=17963, Tf=1.9μs

H. Henke
Resonance behaviour of a cavity mode
Instead of lossy walls assume ideal conducting walls and

lossy dielectric filling. That preserves the ideal mode but
allows for studying losses.
The cavity is driven by a current J passing through it. J splits
into a conduction current Jc=κE, responsible for the losses in
the dielectric, and in an enforced current J0 as driving term:
⃗ ∇×
∇×( ⃗ E ⃗ ( ∇⋅
⃗ )= ∇ ⃗ E⃗ )− ∇ ⃗ =−μ ∂ ∇×
⃗2 E ⃗ H⃗=
∂t
∂ ∂E ⃗
⃗
=−μ ( J 0+κ E +ϵ ⃗ )
∂t ∂t
∂ ⃗
E ∂
2⃗
E ∂ ⃗
J
⃗ 2 E−μ
∇ ⃗ κ −μ ϵ 2 =μ
0
with gauge ∇⋅⃗ E
⃗ =0 (1)
∂t ∂t ∂t

H. Henke
We expand E in (eigen-)modes
⃗ =∑ a r (t ) e⃗r (x , y , z),
E r goes over all m,n,p (2)
r
where ∇⃗ e⃗r +k r e⃗r =0

2 2
⃗ e⃗ =0 in volume,
∇⋅ n
⃗ ×e⃗r =0 on walls
r
∭ r s
e
⃗ ⋅e⃗ dV =δ s
r
Substituting (2) in (1) and deviding by -με
d 2 ar da k 2
1 ∂ J⃗0
+κ
r r
∑ [ dt 2 ϵ dt +μ ϵ a r ] e⃗r =−ϵ ∂ t . (3)
r

H. Henke
Multiplying (3) with es and integrating over V
2 2 ⃗0
d as κ da k 1 ∂ J ∂f s
+ϵ s
+μ ϵ a s =−ϵ ∭
s
⋅e⃗s dV = . (4)
dt
2
dt ∂t ∂t
In case of time-harmonic excitation (4) becomes

2
κ2 k s
[−ω +i ϵ ω+μ ϵ ]a s =i ω f s
Qs fs ϵωs
a s =ω ω , ωs =ck s , Q s = .
s ω
1+iQ s [ ω −ω ] s κ
s
Now replace Qs by Q0 as calculated with impedance-boundary-

condition and ωs by the resonance frequency ωmnp.

H. Henke
H. Henke
Well seperated modes can be represented by a lumped
element resonator
Cs Ls Rs
1 ωs W s
ωs = , Qs= =ωs R s C s
√ Ls C s P ds
(ωs +δ ω)−(ωs−δ ω) δ ω 1
Bandwidth B s = =2 ω =
ωs s Qs
Qs 1
Filling time T fs =2 ω =
s δω

H. Henke
Accelerating voltage for a particle passing the cavity
on-axis with velocity v
g
∣
V s = ∫ a s e s⋅e z e dz ,
0
⃗ ⃗ i ωt
∣ z=vt
Shunt impedance (available Vs for given Pds)

V 2s
R shs = =2R s
P ds
R-upon-Q (available Vs for given Ws, geometrical quantity,
independent of losses)
2
R shs V s 2
= =
Qs ω s W s ωs C s
ωs, Qs and Rshs/Qs define Rs, Ls , Cs .

H. Henke
Appendix
A1 Solution of the vectorial diffusion equation
We decompose the vectorial equ.

∇⃗ 2 A=−μ
⃗ ⃗
J
into cartesian components
∇⃗ 2 A =−μ J , i=x , y , z
i i (1)
Coulomb's law gives the field and scalar potential of a point
charge q:
⃗= q ⃗ dΦ q
E e =− ∇ Φ → E r =−
2 ⃗r
→ Φ=
4πϵr dr 4πϵr

H. Henke
Φ is solution of the inhomogeneous Poisson equ.
⃗ 2 q
∇ Φ=− ϵ δ(r) (2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we see that (1) follows from (2) by
substituting
1
Φ → Ai , ϵ → μ, q → Ji (3)
Next we use the solution Φ of (2) as a „Green's function“ to
calculate the potential of a charge distribution. This yields the
Coulomb integral
1 ρ( ⃗r ' )
Φ( ⃗r )=
4 π ϵ0
∭ R
dV ' (4)

H. Henke
ρ dV '
ρ ⃗
R =⃗r −⃗r '
⃗r '
P ( ⃗r )
⃗r
Using the substitution (3) in (4) we get the solution of (1).

The vectorial form is then
μ ⃗J ( ⃗r ' )
A ( ⃗r )= ∭
⃗ dV '
4π R

H. Henke
A2 Impedance boundary condition on good conductors
⃗t
On ideal conducting surfaces is the E-field
perpendicular and the H-field tangential. On ⃗n
good metallic conductors we expect similar z
behaviour.
We decompose fields and nabla operator into

tangential and normal components
⃗ = E⃗t +E z e⃗z ,
E ⃗ = H⃗ t +H z e⃗z ,
H ⃗ ∇
∇= ⃗ + e⃗ ∂
t z
∂z
and subsequently also Maxwell's equs., where we neglect
the displacement current as compared to the conduction
current, IδD/δtI<<IJI:

H. Henke
1 1 ∂ ⃗t
H
⃗ H
∇× ⃗ =κ E
⃗: E⃗t =− κ e⃗z × ∇⃗ t H z + κ e⃗z ×
∂z
1 ⃗ ⃗
E z e⃗z = κ ∇ t × H t
i i ∂ ⃗t
E
⃗ E
∇× ⃗ =−i ωμ0 H ⃗ E+
⃗ : H⃗ t =−ωμ e⃗z × ∇ e⃗z ×
0 t z ωμ 0 ∂z
i ⃗ × E⃗
H z e⃗z = ωμ ∇ t t
0
Tangential to the surface the typical length of change is λ 0 .

Normal to the surface, in metal, the typical length of change
is δS ≪λ 0 .
With an order of magnitude approximation ∣∇ ⃗ ∣≈1/ λ
t 0
one gets for the magnitude of E z and H z

H. Henke
2
1 ⃗ 1 δ
∣ ⃗ ∣ 0
⃗ s
∣E z∣= κ ∇ t × H t ≈ κ λ ∣H t ∣=π( λ ) Z 0∣H⃗ t ∣
0
i 1 Z0 1 ⃗
∣ ⃗ ⃗
Z 0∣H z∣= ωμ ∇ t × E t ≈ ωμ
0 ∣ 0 λ0
∣ ⃗
E t ∣= ∣E t ∣.
2π
With that we estimate the green terms

2 2
1 1 δs 1 δs ⃗
∣ ⃗ ∣
κ e⃗z × ∇ t H z ≈ κ λ 0 ∣H z∣=π( λ 0 ) Z 0∣H z∣≈ 2 ( λ 0 ) ∣E t ∣
2
i 1 1 1 δs ⃗
∣ ⃗
∣
ωμ 0 e⃗z× ∇ t E z ≈ ωμ 0 λ 0 ∣E z∣= 2 π Z ∣E z∣≈ 2 ( λ 0 ) ∣H t ∣.
0
One finds that they can be neglected compared to Et, Ht .

So, the tangential parts of Maxwell's equs. are simplified to
H. Henke
∂ H⃗ t
κ E⃗t ≈e⃗z× (1)
∂z
∂ ⃗t
E
i ωμ 0 H⃗ t ≈−e⃗z× .
∂z
Eliminating E⃗t one gets an equ. for H⃗ t
⃗t
∂2 H
⃗
2 −i ωμ 0 κ H t =0
∂z
with the solution
H⃗ t = H⃗t0 e−(1+i ) z /δ .
s
(2)
(2) substituted into (1) gives a boundary condition

at real (non-ideal) metallic surfaces
⃗ ⃗ 1+i
E t0≈Z W ( n
⃗ ×H t0 ), ZW= wall impedance
κ δs

H. Henke
A3 Cylindrical cavity, radius a, length g, TM-modes
Superposition of forward and backward traveling waves

(see transp. 49) gives for the E φ component
kz m −ik z ik z
E φ =ω ϵ ρ D mn sin (m φ)J m (k cmn ρ)[e −r mn e ] z z
Boundary conditions fix r and k z

E φ (z=0)=0 → r mn=1, E φ∼sin (k z z )
E φ (z=g )=0 → k zp g=p π , p=0, 1, 2,...
and the vector potential can be written as

A=2D cos(m φ)cos(k zp z)J m (k cmn ρ)

H. Henke
TM-modes follow from H ⃗ A e⃗ ), i ω ϵ E
⃗ = ∇×( ⃗ = ⃗ H
∇× ⃗ as
z
m
H ρ=−2 ρ D mnp sin(m φ)cos(k zp z)J m (k cmn ρ)
H φ=−2k cmn D mnp cos(m φ)cos(k zp z)J m ' (k cmn ρ), H z =0
k zp
E ρ=i2 ω ϵ k cmn D mnp cos(m φ)sin (k zp z )J m ' (k cmn ρ)
k zp m
E φ=−i2 ω ϵ ρ D mnp sin(m φ)sin(k zp z)J m (k cmn ρ)
2
k cmn
E z =−i2 ω ϵ D mnp cos(m φ)cos(k zp z )J m (k cmn ρ)
2
j mn ωmnp j mn
k cmn= √ k −k zp=
2 2 2
→ k mnp = =( ) +k zp
a c0 a

H. Henke
Literature:
David K. Cheng, Field and wave electromagnetics.

Addison-Wesley 1990
David J. Griffiths, Introduction to electrodynamics.

Prentice Hall 1999
J. D. Jackson, Classical electrodynamics.

John Wiley & Sons 1975

H. Henke
Exercise 1:
Given is a conducting hollow sphere carrying a charge Q.
What is the field inside and outside and what is the stored
energy?
If the sphere is a model for an electron (E0e= 511keV) what
is then the classical electron radius re=a ?
a Q
Exercise 2:
A capacotor is filled with a lossy dielectric and charged to a
voltage V. What is the time constant for discharge?
A
εr κ V, C

H. Henke
Exercise 3:
A long dipole magnet is excited by a coil with n windings
and current I0. Calculate the magnetic field in the air gap.
nI0 g

H. Henke
Exercise 4:
Derive the multi-poles for a static 2-dimensional circular

magnetic field.
Remark: Solve the magnetic potential equation in circular
cylindrical coordinates and free-space.
Exercise 5:
Give the E- and H-field of a z-polarized plane wave which
propagates in x-direction.
What is the time-averaged radiated power density?

H. Henke
Exercise 6:
Derive the longitudinal vector potential for TM-waves in a

rectangular waveguide.
What is the equation for the separation constants?
b
a
Exercise 7:
Give the guide wavelength and phase and group
velocity of a TM11-mode in a rectangular waveguide.
Exercise 8:
Calculate the accelerating voltage, shunt impedance and
R-upon-Q of a TM110-mode in a rectangular cavity
resonator with dimensions a,b,g.
H. Henke

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Review of Electromagnetism

This review is not meant to teach the subject,

∯ D⃗ (⃗r , t)⋅d ⃗A=∭ ρ(⃗r , t) dV

JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 2

∭ ρ(⃗r , t)dV stands for all charges in the

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JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 4

since this is valid for any volume : ⃗ D=ρ

JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 5

Time-harmonic fields can be written as complex quantities

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We will drop the tilde on following transparencies

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There are several electric reactions. E.g. a neutral atom

JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 8

JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 9

JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 10

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JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 11

μ=μ ' −i μ ' ' =μ ' (1−i tan δμ )

JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 12

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JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 13

ΔA H t1 Δ s−H n h−H t2 Δ s+H n h=

If medium 2 is perfectly electric conducting (pec) :

JS is a surface current density.

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Electrostatic fields (H=0, δ/δt=0, ε=const.)

JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 16

(1) becomes circular symmetric Laplace equation

JUAS 2018: Review Electromagnetism 17

substituted in (2) and devided by RZ

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A0 C 0=−sign( z)Φ0 , J 0 (k z a)=0 → k zn a= j 0n

Using above conditions Φ becomes

and due to symmetry (4), Φ(z=0)=0, (5) becomes

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gives the final result

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similar to electrostatics but different boundary / continuity

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Poynting vector (radiation flux) ⃗ E

magnetic energy density ⃗ B

Energy radiated into the volume V equals the dissipation

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Active power (time-averaged Joulean heat, dissipation)

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This allows to calculate the resistance and internal

The simplest electromagnetic wave is a plane wave.

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with d'Alembert's solution

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loss-free material: k =ω/c=2 π /λ

lossy dielectric: k=ω √μ ϵr ϵ0=β−i α

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Very good conductors (metallic): εr''≈-iκ/ω » εr'

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vph has no physical importance. Monochromatic waves

vg is the velocity with which the envelope propagates.