Maria Christina D. Gravador, M.D.

, FPAFP, DHPEd

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A. Excreta and Its Disposal B. Sewage and Sewerage
 Public Health Significance  Characteristics
 Objectives
 Treatment
 Factors Affecting Excreta
Disposal Facility and
Water Source C. Refuse
 Criteria of a Good  Storage

Disposal Facility  Collection

 Classification of Excreta  Disposal
Disposal Facility - Home
- Community

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A. Excreta and Its Disposal B. Sewage and Sewerage
 Public Health
 Characteristics
Significance
 Treatment
 Objectives
 Factors Affecting Excreta
Disposal Facility and C. Refuse
Water Source  Storage
 Criteria of a Good
 Collection
Disposal Facility
 Disposal
 Classification of Excreta
Disposal Facility - Home
- Community

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 „sanitation‟ includes both safe disposal of excreta
and improved hygiene.
 both are essential barriers that prevent the
transmission of disease by the fecal-oral route

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 biggest killer of children under the age of five
 every year, 9.7 million children die before
reaching their fifth birthday.

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 In 2002, the Millennium Development Goal
sectors‟ target was set to reduce by half the
proportion of people without access to sanitation
by 2015.
 At current rates of progress this global target will
not be met and in sub-Saharan Africa it will not be
reached until 2076

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 MILLS-REINCKE PHENOMENON
◦ The reduction in mortality of gastrointestinal diseases
brought about by proper excreta & sewage disposal,
brings about further reduction in mortality of other
diseases not directly associated with excreta. (infant
mortality)

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 Toilet Facilities
◦ 53 % of households have sanitary toilet facilities
◦ 27% with unsanitary toilets
◦ 20% w/o any toilet facility

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 Gastroenteritis & typhoid fever still rank among the
10 leading causes of sickness & death.
 Intestinal parasitism is prevalent among the
population (as high as 95%)

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A. Excreta and Its Disposal B. Sewage and Sewerage
 Public Health  Characteristics
Significance
 Treatment
 Objectives
 Factors Affecting Excreta
Disposal Facility and C. Refuse
Water Source  Storage
 Criteria of a Good  Collection
Disposal Facility
 Disposal
 Classification of Excreta
Disposal Facility - Home
- Community

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◦ To help prevent gastrointestinal infections.
◦ To help protect & conserve the nations‟
water resources.
◦ To help promote health & well being.

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 Quality and quantity of waste material.
 Location of excreta disposal facility in relation to
underground water supply source.
 Soil conditions extending to the water bearing
strata.

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1. Simple, easy to construct with local
materials & cheap.
2. Easy to maintain.
3. Able to afford adequate protection &
privacy.
4. Acceptable to the users.

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A. Excreta Disposal Facility Without Water Carriage
1. Cat-hole
2. Straddle trench latrine
3. Sanitary pit privy
 Pit type
 Antipolo
 Vault type
 Bored-hole latrine
5. Water sealed latrine or “pour-flash” or hand-flushed
latrine
6. Chemical toilet
7. Pail system
8. Overhung latrine

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B. Excreta Disposal Facility With Water
Carriage
1. Septic toilet
2. Septic tank
3. Complete sewage treatment & disposal plants
4. Oxidation ponds or lagoons

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CATHOLE
 simplest method of disposing human
excreta
 small hole excavated in the soil
 the minimum method that should be provided
when an individual needs to defecate in out-of-
the-way places where no regular excreta
disposal facility is available

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 should be located 200
ft (80 adult steps) from
water source
 select a site where sun
exposure is maximized

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 a trench dug about 20-
30cm & 15cm wide,
enough to permit use
by straddling or
squatting

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 Pit type
◦ pit dug to a depth of 4 to 6 ft about 50 cu. ft. for a family
 Antipolo type
◦ superstructure is constructed to provide the necessary
privacy & protection from the rain & sun
 Vault type
◦ provided with a small watertight vault to receive the
waste.

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 a pit privy modified to include a relatively simple
bowl made of concrete other durable material
 the lower portion of the bowl is a P or S-shaped
trap, which forms a water seal when water is
added

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1.If properly operated & maintained, this satisfies
all sanitary & aesthetic criteria of satisfactory
excreta disposal facility.

2.Relatively simple to build & it is cheap for use in

the rural areas

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3.Can be installed near or inside the dwelling.
4.It minimizes contact flies, other insects & rodents.
5.The odor nuisance is kept to a minimum.
6.It is entirely safe for children.

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1.It can be used only where water is obtainable
throughout the year.
2.It cannot be used in freezing climates.
3.It is not readily applicable in areas with
impermeable soils.

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4.It requires a period of intensive education in its
proper use and maintenance.
5.It costs slightly more than ordinary pit privies,
but less than aqua privies.

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 Liquefaction of organic matter by the
use of caustic chemicals instead of
depending upon bacterial activity

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 A tank is used, usually 500 gallons in capacity,
made of steel & capable of withstanding
corrosion & provided with an agitating device to
break up solid matter.
 25 pounds of caustic soda in 10 to 15 gallons of
water is normally used for each toilet seat & can
last from 6 to 9 months.

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1.Its location is independent of underground
conditions.
2.The danger of access by flies is reduced to nil.
3.It is suitable for such conveyances as aircraft,
trains, boats & other vehicles.

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4.The disposition of the contents is facilitated
through the liquefaction of the solid matter.
5.The caustic chemicals commonly used, sterilize
as well as liquefy.
6.It is suited to inside installations.

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1.Higher initial cost than any other type of privy.
2.Higher maintenance cost.
3.Systematic supervision & maintenance are
required otherwise poor operation will result in
bad odors.

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 also known as box & can privy, conservancy
system, & bucket latrine.
 provision of a watertight receptacle in a fly tight
compartment for the accumulation & storage of
fecal material for short periods.

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 latrine built on top of wooden piles above
the water and connected to the main building
by a catwalk or bridge.

 a small room in the house with an opening

on the floor serves as overhung latrine.

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 The relatively long survival rates of some
pathogenic organisms .
 The tendency of children to play in these
shallow waters under the houses.
 Pollution of waterway thereby affecting
downstream water users.

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 also called aqua privy
 A latrine constructed directly above a septic tank
 A drop pipe from the latrine floor extending into
the water surface for at least 4 inches conveys the
waste material into the tank to provide an odor
seal
 undergoes anaerobic digestion

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 designed to collect and treat toilet wastewater.
 disease producing bacteria & eggs of certain
intestinal parasites in raw sewage are not
usually destroyed in the septic tank.

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 After one to three days the liquid wastes leave the
tank and are carried to secondary treatment
system

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 treatment process given to the effluent is called
the “ secondary treatment” (aerobic bacteria in the
soil stabilize further the organic matter in the
effluent).

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Secondary Treatment of Effluent
1. Settlement – heavy solids when settled
to the base forms sludge
2. Flotation – grease and oil float to form a
layer called scum
3. Sludge digestion – sludge and scum converted by
bacteria to liquid and gas
4. Stabilization – liquid portion undergo natural
purification

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 is an excavation designed to receive raw or
pretreated domestic sewage or some organic
industrial wastes, in w/c stabilization is
accomplished by physical, chemical &
biological processes commonly referred to as
natural self purification.

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A. Public Health Significance B. Sewage and Sewerage
 Objectives  Characteristics
 Factors Affecting Excreta
 Treatment
Disposal Facility and Water
Source C. Refuse
 Criteria of a Good Disposal  Storage

Facility  Collection
 Classification of Excreta  Disposal
Disposal Facility - Home
- Community

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Sewerage
 represent a comprehensive means for the
collection, transportation, treatment and final
disposal of human excreta & other wastes with
water carriage.

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 0.02 to 0.10 % solids
 these solids consist of
◦ pathogenic organisms & eggs of most intestinal
parasites
◦ organic matter w/c can serve as food for organisms
including pathogens

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 High biological oxygen demand (BOD)
indicates the presence of excess amounts of
organic carbon
 The higher the BOD of a source of wastes the
higher is the polluting power of that wastes

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Type of Waste BOD(mg/L)

Domestic Sewage 200-600

Slaughterhouse Wastes 1,000-4,000

Cattle Shed Effluents 20,000

Vegetable Processing 200-5,000

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 Primary
◦ includes: screening, comminution, grit or sand removal,
sedimentation of suspended matter, anaerobic sludge
digestion & sludge drying.
◦ Represents physical, sometimes chemical and biological
processes for the removal of floating & settleable matter

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 Secondary
◦ use of trickling filters and or activated sludge, &
secondary settling
◦ rely principally upon biological process for the
removal of colloidal and dissolved solids.

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 Tertiary
◦ main purpose is to remove further
certain dissolved substances in
sewage which can serve as excellent
food for certain organisms
◦ chlorination

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A. Public Health Significance B. Sewage and Sewerage
 Objectives  Characteristics

 Factors Affecting Excreta  Treatment

Disposal Facility and Water C. Refuse

Source  Storage
 Criteria of a Good  Collection
 Disposal Facility  Disposal
 Classification of Excreta - Home
Disposal Facility - Community

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 a general term applied to solid and semi-solid
waste materials other than human excreta.
 includes: garbage, rubbish, ashes, street
sweeping, dead animals, night soil & yard
cuttings.

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 Principal public health reasons for the proper
disposal of refuse:
1. Domestic refuse - bacterial decomposition
2. Town refuse do not contribute to well-
being of the citizen.
3. Many indirect carriers (rats, flies etc.)
prefer refuse as their habitat.

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 Principal public health reasons for the proper
disposal of refuse:

4. Contamination & pollution of ground

and surface waters.
5. Uncontrolled disposal of refuse
depreciates the recreational value
of the region.

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1. storage
2. collection
3. disposal

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 Small enough to be easily carried when filled
with waste.
 Sufficient in number to store all the waste
material produced between collection times.
 Provided with tight-fitting covers so that flies &
rats can not get in.

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 Wood and metal are satisfactory materials for
containers. For waste papers, wire baskets are
satisfactory.
 Not too tall such that it overturns easily.
 The container be placed on an elevated flatform.

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 the garbage is disintegrated by a garbage grinder
fitted to the kitchen sink.
 the waste is collected by a separate pipe system
in a collection chamber where the solids are
separated from the carrying water.

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 the supernatant is disposed of into the sewerage
system and the wet solids are collected by a
tanker and hauled for disposal.

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 Two Procedures:
1. Pick-up or gathering of refuse from
houses, institutions & establishments.
2. Transportation of the collected refuse
to the final disposal site.

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 Necessary for good sanitation.
 Problem of storage & foul odors for the
homeowner.
 It is necessary to cover the refuse in the
vehicles during transportation to final disposal
sites.

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 Adequate and properly maintained collection
carts, trucks or other vehicles.
 Final disposal route should be as direct as
possible from the point of origin.
 Collection must preferably be done at night.

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 Home Refuse Disposal Methods:
1.Burial - refuse is deposited in pits and covered
with soil.
2.Burning - open burning on the ground and
sometimes simple incinerators are
used.
3.Feeding to animals

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 Home Refuse Disposal Methods..
4.Composting - involves the deposition of garbage, leaves
and animal manure into a pit and covered with soil,
about two to three feet thick.
5.Grinding & disposal to sewer - commercially available
garbage-grinders are attached to kitchen sink.

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1.Dumping on land - most frequently
used
2.Sanitary landfill - also known as the “cut
and cover”
3.Incineration - very appropriate for
hospitals.

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4.Composting - there are two basic methods:
◦ Aerobic - air is supplied into the refuse material either
by frequent turning & mixing or by actual use of
mechanical air pumps
◦ Anaerobic - done by burying organic material & is
subsequently covered with soil.

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