ARCS 6 Final - RD Equipment

Albanian Road Design Manual – ARCS 6 – Road Equipment
Albanian Road Design and Construction Standards
Table of Contents
1 Definitions ................................................................................................................1
2 General .....................................................................................................................4
2.1 Description ...........................................................................................................4
2.2 Basic Materials.....................................................................................................4
2.3 Quality of Materials..............................................................................................5
2.4 Method of Execution............................................................................................5
2.5 Quality of Execution ............................................................................................5
2.6 Quality Control .....................................................................................................6
2.7 Measurement and Take-over of Work ................................................................6
2.8 Cost Calculation...................................................................................................7
3 Roadside and Overhead Equipment ......................................................................8
3.1 General .................................................................................................................8
3.2 Description ...........................................................................................................8
3.3 Basic Materials.....................................................................................................8
3.3.1 Foundations........................................................................................................8
3.3.2 Supporting Structures.........................................................................................8
3.3.3 Traffic Signs .......................................................................................................9
3.3.4 Backing Sheeting ...............................................................................................9
3.3.5 Signs and Worded Messages...........................................................................10
3.3.6 Mounting Accessories ......................................................................................10
3.4 Quality of Materials............................................................................................10
3.4.1 Foundations......................................................................................................10
3.4.2 Supporting Structures.......................................................................................11
3.4.2.1 Posts.............................................................................................................11
3.4.2.2 Poles.............................................................................................................11
3.4.2.3 Supporting Frame .........................................................................................11
3.4.2.4 Semi-portals and Portals...............................................................................11
3.4.2.5 Stands...........................................................................................................11
3.4.2.6 Traffic Signs..................................................................................................11
3.4.2.7 Backing Sheeting ..........................................................................................12
3.4.2.8 Signs and Worded Messages .......................................................................13
3.4.2.9 Mounting Accessories...................................................................................21
3.4.3 Method of Execution.........................................................................................21
3.4.4 Foundations......................................................................................................21
3.4.5 Supporting Structures.......................................................................................21
3.4.6 Traffic Signs .....................................................................................................21
3.4.6.1 Backing Sheeting ..........................................................................................22
3.4.6.2 Signs and Worded Messages .......................................................................22
3.4.6.3 Traffic Control Light Signals..........................................................................23
3.4.6.4 Mounting Accessories...................................................................................23
3.4.7 Quality of Execution .........................................................................................23
3.5 Quality Control ...................................................................................................23
3.6 Measurement and Take-over of Work ..............................................................24
3.7 Cost Calculation.................................................................................................24
4 Road Markings.......................................................................................................25
4.1 General ...............................................................................................................25
Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 1

4.2 Description .........................................................................................................25

4.2.1 Longitudinal Markings ......................................................................................25
4.2.2 Transverse and Hatched Markings...................................................................26
4.2.3 Other Markings.................................................................................................26
4.2.4 Reflecting Markings ..........................................................................................27
4.3 Basic Materials...................................................................................................27
4.5 Method of Execution..........................................................................................30
4.5.1 General.............................................................................................................30
4.6 Quality of Execution ..........................................................................................32
4.7 Quality Control ...................................................................................................35
5 Traffic Guiding Equipment....................................................................................36
5.1 General ...............................................................................................................36
5.2 Description .........................................................................................................36
5.3 Basic Materials...................................................................................................36
5.3.1 Foundations......................................................................................................36
5.3.2 Delineation Markers, Marker Posts, and Raised Reflective Traffic Markers .....37
5.3.3 Bollards and Traffic Cones ...............................................................................37
5.3.4 Chevron Alignment and Stop Boards ...............................................................37
5.3.5 Barriers.............................................................................................................38
5.3.6 Other Equipment ..............................................................................................38
5.4.1 Foundations......................................................................................................38
5.4.2 Delineation Markers, Markers Posts, and Reflective Traffic Markers ...............38
5.4.4 Chevron Alignment and Stop Boards ...............................................................39
5.4.5 Barriers.............................................................................................................39
5.4.6 Other Equipment ..............................................................................................39
5.5.1 Foundations......................................................................................................39
5.5.2 Delineation Markers, Marker Posts, and Raised Reflective Traffic Markers .....39
5.5.4 Chevron Alignment and STOP Boards .............................................................40
5.5.5 Barriers.............................................................................................................40
5.5.6 Other Equipment ..............................................................................................40
5.7 Quality Control ...................................................................................................40
6 Traffic Safety Equipment ......................................................................................42
6.1 General ...............................................................................................................42
6.2 Description .........................................................................................................42
6.2.1 Guard Rails ......................................................................................................42
6.2.2 Safety Fences (against wild animals) ...............................................................43
6.2.3 Glare Screening Fences...................................................................................43
6.2.4 Warning Devices ..............................................................................................43

6.3 Basic Material.....................................................................................................43

6.3.1 Foundations......................................................................................................43
6.3.2 Guard Rails ......................................................................................................43
6.3.3 Safety Fences (against wild animals) ...............................................................44
6.3.5 Warning Devices ..............................................................................................44
6.4 Quality of Material..............................................................................................45
6.4.1 Foundations......................................................................................................45
6.4.2 Guard Rails ......................................................................................................45
6.4.3 Safety Fences ..................................................................................................45
6.4.5 Warning Devices ..............................................................................................46
6.5.1 Guard Rails ......................................................................................................46
6.5.2 Safety Fences ..................................................................................................47
6.5.4 Warning Devices ..............................................................................................48
6.7 Quality Control ...................................................................................................48
7 Road Equipment for Snow Removal and Ice Control .........................................49
7.1 General ...............................................................................................................49
7.2 Description .........................................................................................................49
7.3 Basic Materials...................................................................................................49
7.3.1 Foundations......................................................................................................49
7.3.2 Marker Posts for Snow Removal ......................................................................49
7.3.3 Snow Drift Fences ............................................................................................49
7.3.4 Snowslide Fences ............................................................................................50
7.3.5 Warning Devices ..............................................................................................50
7.4.1 Foundations......................................................................................................51
7.4.5 Warning Devices ..............................................................................................51
7.5.4 Warning Devices ..............................................................................................52
7.5.6 Quality Control..................................................................................................53
7.5.7 Measurement and Take-over of Work ..............................................................53
7.5.8 Cost Calculation ...............................................................................................53
8 Other Road Equipment .........................................................................................54
8.1 Description .........................................................................................................54
8.2 Basic Materials...................................................................................................54

8.2.1 Noise Barriers...................................................................................................54

8.2.2 Urgent Call Equipment .....................................................................................55
8.2.3 Traffic Counting Equipment ..............................................................................55
8.3.1 Noise Barriers...................................................................................................56
8.4.1 Noise Barriers...................................................................................................56
8.4.5 Quality Control..................................................................................................58
8.4.6 Measurement and Take-over of Work ..............................................................58
8.4.7 Cost Calculation ...............................................................................................58

1 Definitions
Anchor. A rigid point of support.
Backing sheeting. Support given to the sheet of the road sign.
Bollard. One of a series of posts preventing vehicles from entering an area.
Bulk density. A property of particulate materials. It is the mass of many particles of the material
divided by the volume they occupy.
Carriageway. A part of a road referring to the part that will technically carry vehicle traffic.
Chevron alignment. V-shaped pattern, especially a kind of sign used in traffic engineering.
Contractor. The individual, firm, partnership, corporation, or any acceptable combination thereof
contracting with the client for performance of the prescribed work.
Cost Calculation. Calculation of the completed construction cost of a work item.
dBA. Decibels (audible).
Delineation markers. Markerts which trace the outline of markers on the road pavement.
EN. European Norms.
Earthing. The ground of an electrical circuit.
Guard Rail. A protective railing, as on a staircase or along a highway.
Halogen. Any of a group of five nonmetallic elements with similar properties. The halogens are
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. Because they are missing an electron from their
outermost shell, they react readily with most metals to form salts.
Headroom. The minimum space required for the roadway to be used safely and completely.
Inflammation point. The ignition point of a fire.
Infrared spectrum. The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three
regions, the near, mid and far infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum.

Lamp post. A post which either bears the light fitting directly or forms the holder for the line
which bears the light fitting. Posts higher than 15 m are called high masts.
MN. Mega Newton.
Marker post. A long piece of wood or other material set upright into the ground to serve as a
marker or support.
Noise barrier. An exterior structure, designed to protect sensitive land uses from noise pollution.
Plasticity limit. The water content level at which soil starts to exhibit plastic behaviour.
PVC. A common thermoplastic resin, used in a wide variety of manufactured products, including
rainwear, garden hoses, phonograph records, and floor tiles.
Portal. Road equipment which is intended to bear road signs, lighting or traffic signals above the
carriageway. Portals may consist of either two or more posts and beams which these support
(portal beams), or of one post with a console.
Precast. Relating to or being a structural member, especially of concrete, that has been cast into
form before being transported to its site of installation
Recess. A general term for a period of time in which a group of people is temporarily dismissed
from its duties.
Refraction. The change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed.
Road equipment. Road appliances which are intended for protection, lighting, traffic control or
information. Road equipment covers road railing, fencing, barriers, crash protection, road signs,
traffic signals, lighting appliances, noise protection, emergency telephones and anti-glare
protection.
Road markings. Any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order to convey
official information.
Safety device. An item of road equipment designed to prevent:
• The vehicle driving off the road or across to the carriageway for oncoming traffic;
• The vehicle driving into fixed objects;
• The vehicle falling when there is a difference in level;

• The vehicle running into unprotected road-users;
• The vehicle driving into road works areas.
Skid. In automobile and similar vehicle operations, a loss of traction during braking or turning on
either both front wheels, both rear wheels, or all four wheels.
Stand. A structure which serves as part of fixing road signs.
Stretcher. A medical device used to carry casualties or an incapacitated person from one place
to another.
Take-over of work. To obtain, as through measurement or a specified procedure, the completed

works carried out by the contractor.
Traffic cone. Cones usually made of plastic that temporarily delineates traffic.
Traffic engineering. Civil engineering branch dealing with rules and regulations which need to
be performed for a safe and normal traffic circulation.
Visibility. A measure of the distance at which an object or light can be clearly discerned.

2 General
2.1 Description
Traffic engineering equipment for roads must:
• Guide traffic participants;
• Warn them in case of permanent or temporary hazards;
• Communicate to them traffic restrictions, prohibitions, and obligations;
• Provide them with necessary and useful information;
• Ensure other conditions for safe, comfortable, and unobstructed traffic.
Traffic engineering equipment must be specified in detail in applicable design, in accordance

with relevant regulations such as the Albanian Road Code, and road design standards. When
designing traffic, engineering equipment, it is important that, in principle, such equipment is only
be positioned at such locations and within such a scope as will be required to ensure adequate
conditions for the safe use of traffic areas to all traffic participants.
These conditions contain general requirements for:
• Roadside and overhead road equipment;
• Road markings;
• Traffic guiding equipment;
• Traffic safety equipment;
• Road equipment for snow removal and ice control;
• Other road equipment.
2.2 Basic Materials

Depending on the designed use of and the conditions under which traffic engineering road
equipment will be used, the following materials should mainly be used:
• Items made of steel and aluminium;
• Plastic materials;
• Wood;
• Cement concrete;
• Paints.

All of the materials designed to be used for traffic engineering road equipment must conform to
the requirements specified for a particular piece of work in applicable designs and technical
conditions. The contractor may only use such material as has been specified in applicable
documentation or has been approved by the engineer subsequent to an agreed alteration.
2.3 Quality of Materials

All of the materials to be used for traffic engineering road equipment must conform to design
specifications, applicable regulations, and these conditions, so that adequate quality of the
executed works in connection with road equipment is ensured. The quality of each type of
material that the contractor intends to use for traffic engineering road equipment must be
demonstrated by appropriate documentary evidence.
2.4 Method of Execution

The method of executing the works in connection with traffic engineering road equipment must
be determined in detail by the design that must take into consideration all of the conditions set in
applicable regulations as well as any other technical conditions that may be specified. Each
design for traffic engineering road equipment must be approved by the investor or the engineer
(within the limits of his authority).
If during the execution of work in connection with traffic engineering road equipment the designs
should be found to be incomplete, the contractor must in such a case proceed with the work in
accordance with explanations and instructions given by the engineer. Such explanations and
instructions must constitute an integral part of the design and must not be considered as
modifications of the design. If any job within the scope of traffic engineering road equipment is
not dealt with in these conditions, the technical conditions applying to the execution of such a job
must make an integral part of the design. In the absence of such technical conditions, the latter
should be specified by the engineer.
The execution of work in connection with traffic engineering road equipment must be co-
ordinated with the site work schedule and adapted to such conditions as may be found on the
road in each particular case.
2.5 Quality of Execution

The quality of traffic engineering road equipment specified by the designs, applicable
regulations, and relevant technical conditions must be ensured. Before the commencement of
work, the contractor must submit to the engineer documentary evidence of the quality of all the
materials (and, if required, evidence of additional protection of such materials) that will be used
in the execution of work in connection with traffic engineering road equipment.
If resistance to corrosion and other adverse environmental impacts is naturally lacking in a

material used for road equipment, such a material must be protected as appropriate by applying

one of the methods specified in these conditions. In principle, any part of equipment made of
steel must be protected by hot-galvanising. Partially defective or damaged traffic engineering
road equipment may only be incorporated if approved by the engineer and if this will not
decrease the quality of the work concerned.
All of the equipment and machinery used in executing the work in connection with traffic
engineering road equipment must be provided with appropriate test certificates, the capacity of
such equipment conforming to the requirements of the designs, applicable regulations, and
technical conditions. If so required by the engineer, before the commencement of work, the
contractor must demonstrate his ability to provide the specified quality of a particular piece of
work in connection with traffic engineering road equipment by executing a test section at a
location specified by the engineer. The contractor may only commence the execution of work in
connection with traffic engineering road equipment after having obtained the approval from the
engineer. If during the execution of work the engineer should notice any deviation of the
completed work in connection with traffic engineering road equipment from the agreed method of
execution, he may interrupt the work and take such measures as would be appropriate.
2.6 Quality Control

The quality of the work done in connection with traffic engineering road equipment, as is
specified in these conditions, must be controlled by routine and control tests carried out within
such a scope as required or agreed upon and by using such methods as will be agreed upon or
specified in applicable regulations and technical conditions. Upon completing the work, the
contractor must submit to the engineer appropriate documentary evidence that the required
quality of the completed work has been achieved.
2.7 Measurement and Take-over of Work

The executed work must be measured in accordance with these conditions calculated in
appropriate units of measure. The quantities must be measured to show the scope and kind of
work actually executed within the limits of measurements specified by the design. For the
purpose of taking over the executed work, the requirements of these conditions must be
observed. Any defective work that might be found must be rectified within a time period specified
by the engineer. The costs of the removal of all such defects will be charged to the contractor,
including the costs of all types of tests to demonstrate the inappropriate quality of the executed
work, as well as of such re-testing as required upon having effected the necessary repairs, to
determine the quality of the work.
For any work not conforming to the quality requirements, and which the contractor fails to rectify
in accordance with the instructions of the engineer, the contractor will not have the right to claim
any payment whatsoever. Warranty conditions for traffic engineering road equipment must be
specified in contractual documentation. For each new item or, or addition to, the accepted traffic
engineering road equipment the contractor of the work related thereto must prepare appropriate

documentation, submitting it to the engineer for the purpose of entering the information into road
data bases as appropriate.
2.8 Cost Calculation

The value of work done must be calculated on the basis of these conditions. For all such
quantities of work done as have been measured in accordance with these conditions, the costs
must be calculated on the basis of contractual unit price. The contractual unit price must include
all the services required for total completion of the work. The contractor will have no right to
claim any extra payment.

3 Roadside and Overhead Equipment

3.1 General
Roadside and overhead road equipment (signs and signals) must be positioned in such a way
that traffic participants will perceive it easily by day and night, reacting duly to the indications
provided.
3.2 Description
Roadside and overhead traffic, and engineering equipment comprises:
• Foundations;
• Supporting structures;
• Traffic signs.
The erection of roadside and overhead traffic engineering equipment of the roads includes all
such earthworks as may be required, complete supply of appropriate materials, and their placing
at such locations as specified by the design. Usually, the roadside and overhead equipment
erected will be of permanent type. Substitution of traffic signs themselves, however, should be
possible.
For quick adaptation of roadside and overhead equipment to traffic conditions, adequate traffic
signs for alternate priority control and varying traffic conditions may be used (based on
mechanical means or light control). Basically, and unless decided otherwise and as appropriate
by the engineer, temporary roadside and overhead traffic engineering equipment must comply
with all of the conditions specified for permanent equipment.
3.3 Basic Materials
3.3.1 Foundations
Foundations for roadside and overhead traffic engineering equipment must be of cement
concrete. They may be of completely precast type (i.e. precast elements with adequate cement
concrete pipes of round section serving as external casing) or they may be cast in situ.
3.3.2 Supporting Structures

Supporting structures for roadside and overhead traffic engineering equipment include:
• Posts;
• Poles;
• Supporting frames;

• Semi-portal and portal structures;
• Stands (for temporary traffic signs).
In principle, supporting structures must be made of durable materials such as steel, aluminium,
normal and reinforced cement concrete, or plastic materials.
3.3.3 Traffic Signs

According to their intended use, traffic signs are classified as follows:
• Danger warning signs (equilateral triangle);
• Regulatory signs, i.e. prohibitions, restrictions and obligations (circle, octagon);
• Information signs (circle, square, rectangle ending in an arrow);
• Light signals (traffic control lights, etc.);
• Supplementary signs, i.e. plates (rectangle).
Mounting accessories for traffic signs must be considered as an integral part of traffic signs. The
shape and size of traffic signs are specified in detail by the regulations.
The size of danger warning and regulatory signs, which depends on the type of road, is specified
in Table 3.1.
Type of road
Type of sign Unit measure
Trunk road,
Principal road Other road
motorway
Danger warning
mm 1200 900 900
(side length)
Regulatory (dia.) mm 900 600 600
Table 3.1: Size of Danger Warning and Regulatory Signs
The size (width) of supplementary signs (plates) to traffic signs must be suited to the size of
traffic signs they supplement.
3.3.4 Backing Sheeting

The baking sheeting of traffic signs and the housing of internally illuminated traffic signs must be
made of:
• Glass-reinforced polyester; or

• Sheet metal (steel or aluminium).
The face of internally illuminated traffic signs must be made of transparent of translucent plastic
material (acrylic, glass, etc.).
The backing sheet of traffic signs must be of the reflecting type. Any other appropriate backing
sheet must be approved by the engineer.
3.3.5 Signs and Worded Messages

Signs and worded messages on traffic signs may be:
• Unreflecting: Painted or provided by means of unreflecting foil;
• Reflecting: Using reflecting foil;
• Illuminated: Externally or internally illuminated (own light source).
The surface of the housing of internally illuminated traffic signs that carries the sign or worded
message must be characterised by light transmitting capacity.
The shape, size, and type of lighting fixtures and luminous elements must be suited to the traffic
sign. In principle, the following must be used:
• For traffic light signals: Halogen and ordinary bulbs;
• For illuminated signals:
o Externally illuminated: Sodium or extra-high-pressure mercury lamp;
o Internally illuminated: Fluorescent and neon lamps.
3.3.6 Mounting Accessories

In principle, mounting accessories for traffic signs (clips, bolts, nuts, and washers) must be made
of steel.
3.4.1 Foundations
Quality specifications for cement concrete used for foundations of roadside and overhead traffic
engineering equipment are detailed in these conditions. Unless otherwise specified in the design
or decided by the engineer, cement concrete of type C8/10 or of type C12/15 must be used for
foundations of roadside and overhead road equipment. For foundations of semi-portal and portal
structures, cement concrete must be reinforced as appropriate.

Since round cement concrete pipes serve mainly as the casing for pre-cast post foundations, the
quality of such pipes must conform to the quality of cement concrete specified for foundations.
3.4.2.1 Posts
Traffic sign posts must in principle be made of steel pipes ∅ 60 mm, with wall thickness of not
less than 2 mm, and externally and internally protected by hot galvanising or any other
appropriate method. Traffic sign posts must include a channel, which ensures against rotation of
the sign by third parties.
3.4.2.2 Poles
The quality of the material for vertical poles and cantilever supports, which are primarily used for
traffic control lights signals, must conform to the specifications given in the design.
3.4.2.3 Supporting Frame

The supporting frame for permanent information signs (lane use, direction confirmation panels,
etc. before intersections) must in principle be made of steel structure of adequate cross section.
3.4.2.4 Semi-portals and Portals

Semi-portals and portals must in principle be made of steel.
Steel grade must conform to the conditions stated in the design, which also applies to any other
material that may be used in constructing a semi-portal or portal.
3.4.2.5 Stands
The stands for temporary roadside and overhead traffic engineering equipment must be made of
materials such as steel or aluminium.
3.4.2.6 Traffic Signs

During the period designed for the use of traffic signs, the shape and colour of traffic signs may
not change or fade, to ensure reliable and clear directions and information for traffic participants.
The various materials that may be combined in a traffic sign should remain compatible in all
temperature and weather conditions, ensuring the required durability of the traffic sign.

The materials used for traffic signs must be resistant to:
• Weathering and water (hydrophobic);
• Changes of chemical properties;
• Excessive weathering and ageing;
• Fire and related hazards.
3.4.2.7 Backing Sheeting

The backing sheeting, with such stresses allowed as are within the elasticity limits of a material,
must be capable of withstanding:
• Wind loads of 10 Mn/m²;
• Temperature changes between –35 °C and 70 °C.
Elastic deformation should not decrease the durability of a traffic sign.
The thickness of the backing sheet of a traffic sign must depend on the:
• Specified size of a traffic sign;
• Kind of material;
• Method of its shaping and reinforcement.
Sheet metal for backing sheet may to be of 10/10 mm in the case of steel and 25/10 mm in the
case of aluminium.

3.4.2.8 Signs and Worded Messages

The limited values of calorimetric and photometric properties of the materials for backing sheets,
signs, worded messages, and the back of traffic signs are specified in following tables.
α β White Yellow Red Green Blue Brown Orange
5o 70 50 14.5 9.0 4.0 1.0 25
0.2o 30o 30 22 6.0 3.5 1.7 0.3 7.0
40o 10 7.0 4.0 1.5 0.5 0.1 2.2
5o 50 35 10 7.0 2.0 0.6 20
0.33o 30o 24 16 4.0 3.0 1.0 0.2 4.5
40o 9.0 6.0 1.8 1.2 0.4 — 2.2
5o 12 7.5 2.0 1.5 0.5 0.2 1.7
1o 30o 6.0 3.5 1.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 1.0
40o 2.0 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.1 — 0.7
5o 5.0 3.0 0.8 0.6 0.2 — 1.2
2o 30o 2.5 1.5 0.4 1.3 0.1 — 0.6
40o 1.5 1.0 0.3 0.2 — — 0.4
Table 3.2: Class 1 Sheets

α β White Yellow Red Green Blue Brown Orange
5o 250 170 45 45 20 12 100
0.2o 30o 150 100 25 25 11 8.5 60
40o 110 70 15 12 8.0 5.0 29
5o 180 122 25 21 14 8.5 65
0.33o 30o 100 67 14 12 8.0 5.0 40
40o 95 64 13 11 7.0 3.0 20
5o 15 9.0 2.5 2.0 0.5 0.4 4.5
1o 30o 7.5 4.5 1.5 1.0 0.3 0.2 2.5
40o 4.5 3.0 1.0 0.5 .02 0.1 2.0
5o 5.0 3.0 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.5
2o 30o 2.5 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.9
40o 1.5 1.0 0.3 0.2 — — 0.8
αo 0.33 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

o
β=5
R 310 280 70 18 6.2
αo 0.33 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

o
β = 15
R 300 230 65 17 4.7
αo 0.33 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

o
β = 30
R 150 100 31 9.0 3.5
αo 0.33 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

o
β = 40
R 83 50 13 4.0 1.7
Minimum R for white colour

Yellow Red Orange Blue Green Green 2
Ratio in
comparison 0.8 0.25 0.5 0.05 0.1 0.07
to white
Table 3.5: Minimum Retroflection Ratio for

Colours in Comparison to White, for Class 1 Sheets
1 2 3 4
X 0.305 0.335 0.325 0.295

White
Y 0.315 0.345 0.355 0.325
X 0.494 0.470 0.513 0.545

Yellow
Y 0.505 0.480 0.437 0.454
X 0.660 0.610 0.638 0.690

Red
Y 0.340 0.340 0.312 0.310
X 0.110 0.170 0.170 0.110

Green
Y 0.415 0.415 0.500 0.500
X 0.130 0.160 0.160 0.130

Blue
Y 0.090 0.090 0.140 0.140
Chromatic Co-ordinates
Table 3.6: New Sheets of Classes 1 and 2

Chromatic colour B
Brightness
1 2 3 4 factor
X 0.305 0.335 0.325 0.295

White >/- 0.40
Y 0.315 0.345 0.335 0.325
X 0.494 0.470 0.513 0.545

Yellow >/- 0.24
Y 0.505 0.480 0.437 0.454
X 0.735 0.700 0.610 0.660

Red >/- 0.03
Y 0.265 0.250 0.340 0.340
X 0.610 0.535 0.506 0.570

Orange >/- 0.12
Y 0.390 0.375 0.404 0.429
X 0.110 0.170 0.170 0.110

Green >/- 0.03
Y 0.415 0.415 0.500 0.500
X 0.170 0.220 0.245 0.210

Green 2 >/- 0.01
Y 0.525 0.450 0.480 0.550
X 0.130 0.160 0.160 0.130

Blue >/- 0.01
Y 0.090 0.090 0.140 0.140
Table 3.7: New Class 3 Sheets – Daylight

1 2 3 4
X 0.475 0.360 0.369 0.515

White
Y 0.452 0.415 0.370 0.409
X 0.513 0.500 0.545 0.575

Yellow
Y 0.487 0.470 0.425 0.425
X 0.652 0.620 0.712 0.735

Red
Y 0.348 .0348 0.255 0.265
X 0.645 0.613 0.565 0.595

Orange
Y 0.355 0.355 0.405 0.405
X 0.007 0.200 0.322 0.193

Green
Y 0.570 0.500 0.590 0.782
X 0.007 0.200 0.322 0.193

Green 2
Y 0.570 0.500 0.590 0.782
X 0.033 .0180 0.230 0.091

Blue
Y 0.370 0.370 0.240 0.133
Table 3.8: New Class 3 Sheets – Night-time

Chromatic colour Brightness factor
1 2 3 4 Class 1 Class 2
X 0.350 0.300 0.285 0.335

White >/- 0.35 >/- 0.27
Y 0.360 0.310 0.325 0.375
X 0.545 0.487 0.427 0.465

Yellow >/- 0.27 >/- 0.16
Y 0.454 0.423 0.483 0.534
X 0.690 0.595 0.569 0.655

Red >/- 0.05 >/- 0.03
Y 0.310 0.315 0.341 0.345
X 0.007 0.248 0.177 0.026

Green >/- 0.04 >/- 0.03
Y 0.703 0.409 0.362 0.399
X 0.078 0.150 0.210 0.137

Blue >/- 0.01 >/- 0.01
Y 0.171 0.220 0.160 0.038
X 0.610 0.535 0.506 0.570

Orange >/- 0.15 >/- 0.14
Y 0.390 0.375 0.404 0.429
X 0.455 0.523 0.479 0.558

Brown >/- 0.04 >/- 0.03
Y 0.397 0.429 0.373 0.394
Table 3.9: Class 1 and 2 Exploiting Sheets

Chromatic colour B
Brightness
1 2 3 4 factor
X 0.350 0.300 0.285 0.335

White >/- 0.40
Y 0.360 0.310 0.325 0.375
X 0.545 0.487 0.427 0.465

Yellow >/- 0.24
Y 0.454 0.423 0.483 0.534
X 0.735 0.674 0.569 0.655

Red >/- 0.03
Y 0.265 0.236 0.341 0.345
X 0.610 0.535 0.506 0.570

Orange >/- 0.12
Y 0.390 0.375 0.404 0.429
X 0.007 0.248 0.177 0.026

Green >/- 0.03
Y 0.703 0.409 0.362 0.399
X 0.313 0.131 0.248 0.127

Green 2 >/- 0.01
Y 0.682 0.453 0.409 0.557
X 0.078 0.150 0.210 0.137

Blue >/- 0.01
Y 0.171 0.220 0.160 0.038
Table 3.10 – Class 3 Exploiting Sheets

The following table presents the chromatic co-ordinates for the grey and black non-retroflection
sheets.
Chromatic colour Brightness factor
1 2 3 4 Max Min
X 0.305 0.350 0.340 0.295

Grey 0.08 0.10
Y 0.315 0.360 0.370 0.325
X 0.300 0.385 0.345 0.260

Black < 0.02 < 0.02
Y 0.270 0.355 0.395 0.320
Table 3.11: Chromatic Co-ordinates for Grey and Black Sheets
To determine day visibility of colours, relative luminance must be considered as the most
important factor, and for night visibility, retro-reflection. Glossy paints should not be used for
traffic signs, to avoid night glare produced by the beams of car headlights.
Only appropriate paints may be used for traffic signs and protective coating of sign posts on local
roads. The back of traffic signs (including all mounting accessories) must be coated with flat grey
paint.
In case of reflecting foils, three types should be taken into consideration:
• With normal retro-reflection (e.g. engineer degrees);
• With intense retro-reflection (e.g., high intensity);
• With very high retro-reflection
Detailed conditions concerning the quality of paints, foils, and other materials for backing sheets,
signs, and worded messages on traffic signs must be specified in a special agreement. The
materials for signs and worded messages on traffic signs (paints and foils) must be resistant to
such cleansers as may be used for the cleaning of traffic signs.
The paints used with traffic signs should adhere well to the backing sheet. Retro-reflecting
materials whose photometric properties during the period of their use would be reduced by more
than half with regard to the minimum values required of new material may not be used for signs
and worded messages on traffic signs. For Class 1 reflecting foils, usable life of seven years is
specified, and for Class 2 reflecting foils, ten years.

3.4.2.9 Mounting Accessories

Accessories for fixing traffic signs to supporting structures must be made of such materials as
will ensure that their designed function will be performed as appropriate during the period of use,
enabling economic replacement of traffic signs to be carried out.
Clips and washers must be made of adequate steel strip, and bolt and nuts of high-grade steel.
3.4.3 Method of Execution

Roadside and overhead road equipment must be erected at locations specified in the design and
in applicable regulations.
3.4.4 Foundations
Excavation of foundations for roadside and overhead road equipment and backfilling of
foundation excavation must be carried out in accordance with these conditions.
The detailed method of executing foundations, as proposed by the contractor, must be approved
by the engineer who may specify additional conditions to be observed in executing foundation
work.

The method of constructing supporting structures for roadside and overhead road equipment
must be specified in detail in applicable designs.
For any justified modification proposed by the contractor prior approval should be obtained from
the engineer.
3.4.6 Traffic Signs

Traffic signs may be either single or double-faced. Exceptionally, an appropriate backing sheet
(panel) may include several traffic signs. Not more than two traffic signs and a supplementary
plate may be mounted on any single post.
The surface of a traffic sign should be even, smooth, and closed, its allowed reflection must not
decrease the facility of identifying the signs and worded messages. To reduce the reflection by a
traffic sign and the contrast between the sign and its background, traffic signs must be positioned
at an angle of 85° to 87° with respect to centre line.

3.4.6.1 Backing Sheeting

To ensure the required buckling and impact strength (rigidity) of backing sheeting, reinforcement
must be provided as appropriate:
• By adequate rib strengthening at the edges;
• By folding back the edges;
• By using adequate metal frames onto which backing sheet can be fitted.
No traces of such reinforcement may be visible on the face of a traffic sign. If such traces may be
expected subsequently to emerge, the backing sheet should be prepared as appropriate prior to
providing such reinforcement. Backing sheets of greater size (panels) may be composed of
several horizontal strips which should be appropriately mounted to a frame so as to form a single
panel. The materials used must be compatible primarily as regards their shrinkage and
expansion.
The face of the backing sheet of a traffic sign should not reveal its composition. The surface of
the backing sheet must be even, uniform, and without convexity. The back of the backing sheet
must be smooth, closed, and protected as appropriate.
The housing of an internally illuminated traffic sign must be proofed against:
• Water, so that it will withstand rain intensity of 3 mm/min;
• Dust, so that silica dust particles with the velocity of 10 m/sec (size not more than
200 µm) will be prevented from penetrating the interior.
Illuminated traffic signs and traffic control light signals must comply with special electrical and
technical requirements (connection, earthing, insulation, photometric and colorimetric
properties).
The light source must provide the required uniform illumination of the effective surface of an
internally or externally illuminated traffic sign.
3.4.6.2 Signs and Worded Messages

The shape, colour, dimensions, and graphic design of signs and worded messages on backing
sheet of traffic signs are specified in applicable regulations.
All of the materials for signs and worded messages must be applied to the backing sheet in such
a way that the contours and edges are sharp (in principle, by using screen process printing).
The paints used for signs and worded messages must be applied in uniform layers.

3.4.6.3 Traffic Control Light Signals

The lights of traffic control light signals may be continuous and/or intermittent or flashing.
The number of heads and the colour of the lights must be selected in accordance with the
designed use of a traffic control light signal. Green, yellow, and red colour are used for traffic
control light signals. Single signal heads or signal head assemblies may be used.
One or more supplementary heads may be added to a primary traffic control light signal
(consisting of three-head assembly, for example). The control (manual, automatic, programmed)
of traffic light signals must be suited for the designed use of the signal.
3.4.6.4 Mounting Accessories

The clips used for mounting the traffic signs must be shaped as appropriate and:
• Riveted or welded to the backing sheet; or
• Fixed by means of bolts.
The fixing of a clip must not be visible form the front side of the traffic sign. The method of
mounting a traffic sign must ensure a position that will be satisfactory in all conditions of use.
3.4.7 Quality of Execution

Concerning the quality of execution of roadside and overhead road equipment, the standards set
out in these conditions must apply.
Roadside and overhead road equipment as a whole, and individual materials, must retain their
dimensions within the allowed limits even after having been subjected to the specified
mechanical loads. Dimensional variation of ± 2% is permissible, unless agreed otherwise and
unless specified otherwise by the engineer.
The mounting accessories of a traffic sign must withstand both of the following:
• Vertical force of 7.5 MN;
• Horizontal force of 3 MN.
3.5 Quality Control

For quality control of erected roadside and overhead road equipment, the standards set out in
these conditions must apply.

For individual works within the scope of roadside and overhead road equipment that are
executed in accordance with these conditions, the specifications of applicable quality control
provisions must apply.
The method and scope of testing during the erection of roadside and overhead road equipment
must be specified by the engineer on the basis of the documents submitted and on the basis of
work progress.

The standards for measuring and taking over the erected roadside and overhead road are
outlined set out in these conditions

Cost calculation for the erected roadside and overhead road equipment must be made in
accordance with conditions set in these conditions.

4 Road Markings
4.1 General
Road markings (carriageway markings) must be made in such a way that reliable guidance and
safe driving will at all times be ensured to traffic participants.
4.2 Description
Road markings can be of various types:
• Longitudinal;
• Transverse and hatched;
• Other;
• Reflecting.
They can be:
• Preliminary markings;
• Permanent markings;
• Temporary markings;
• Unreflecting;
• Reflecting (with spread, or mixed and spread, reflecting glass beads).
In principle, all road markings of the roads without public lighting must contain appropriate
reflecting glass beads spread over their surface.
The location of a road marking on the carriageway will determine whether the road marking will
be subjected to traffic loads:
• Rarely;
• Frequently; or
• Continuously.
Road marking must include appropriate traffic safety measures, all the required measurements
and preliminary markings, cleaning and preparation of carriageway surface (including recessing),
complete supply of adequate materials, and their application at locations specified by the design.
4.2.1 Longitudinal Markings

Longitudinal markings must be parallel with any centre line. They can be:

• Divisional (lane) lines, if running along centre line, between traffic lanes, or lanes and
other traffic areas;
• Edge lines, when provided at the edges of carriageways; or
• Guiding lines for traffic guidance at intersections.
Longitudinal road markings (lines) can be:
• Single:
o Continuous (solid); or
o Broken (ordinary, warning, short, wide); or
• Double:
o Continuous;
o Broken; or
• Solid and broken lines combinations.
4.2.2 Transverse and Hatched Markings

Transverse and hatched road markings are used to mark carriageway areas with traffic
restrictions. Such areas are marked either by continuous or broken lines. Such road markings
include:
• Stop lines;
• Hatched markings for lane closing (narrowing) or opening (widening);
• Demarcation lines;
• Pedestrian crossings;
• Bicycle path crossings.
4.2.3 Other Markings

Other road markings are of special shapes. They include:
• Arrow markings and guide lines;
• Markings on road areas with traffic restrictions;
• Word markings and signs for traffic control;
• Markings on traffic areas for special purposes (box markings).

4.2.4 Reflecting Markings

Reflecting road markings (studded) with reflectors should primarily improve traffic guidance at
night and in conditions of poor visibility. In principle, reflecting road markings should only
supplement other types of road markings.
4.3 Basic Materials

Only those materials may be used for road markings whose properties with respect to traffic
engineering and quality requirements will ensure good visibility of the markings in day and night
driving conditions, appropriate skidding friction, and appropriate durability within the designed
period of use.
Basic materials used for road markings include:
• Paints;
• Foils;
• Plastic compounds.
Road markings materials must be:
• Applied to carriageway surface; or
• Placed into the recess provided in the wearing course.
In case of application of road marking material to the surface of a carriageway, the applied layer
of the markings can be of:
• Thin-layer type (dried layer thickness of not more than 800 μm); or
• Thick-layer type (dried layer thickness of between 800 to 3000 μm).
With regard to their composition and the method of their application and solidification, thin-layer
road markings can be mad by using:
• Single-component paints;
• Multi-component paints;
• Paints with a premixed quantity of reflecting glass beads (premix paints); or
• Paints applied hot (spraying at 60—100 °C).
With standard paints, appropriate reflectivity of road markings can be ensured by spreading
reflecting glass beads.
Thick-layer road markings can be made by using:

• Foils (to be glued); or
• Plastic compounds (to be spread or sprayed, either hot or cold).
Plastic compounds must be placed into the recess in the wearing course.
Road marking materials consist of binders, colouring agents, fillers, solvents, dryers, softening
materials, and admixtures for reflection and increasing of friction. With multi-component
materials, solidifying agent will also be required. Accessory materials for road markings are
those used for preliminary coating, subsequent spreading (reflecting glass beads), increase of
skidding friction, thinners, and any such materials as may be specified by the manufacturer of
road marking material.
Reflective traffic markers (road studs or others) must be made of appropriate plastic material.
The body can be made of metal or ceramics. They can be incorporated as temporary or
permanent road markers. The light reflected by them should be either white or yellow.

The properties and the quality of road marking materials must conform to the designed traffic
loads. Road marking materials must not have adverse effect on the materials incorporated in the
wearing course, causing any damage of such materials (e.g., cracks).
In sufficient time before using any of the materials for thin-layer road markings, the contractor
must submit to the engineer
• A quality report for the materials prepared to be used for road markings, such a report to
indicate the following:
o The types and content of all components (binders, colouring agents, fillers, etc.);
o Density;
o Paint viscosity before thinning;
o Dry matter content;
o Inflammation point;
o Infrared spectrum of binder;
o Gas chromatograph of vaporisable components; and
o X-ray fluorescent analysis (solid matter content);
• A thinner properties report, to indicate the following:
o Type;
o Inflammation point; and

o Toxicity; and
• A report on the properties of reflecting glass beads, to indicate the following:
o Chemical glass composition;
o Refraction coefficient;
o Bulk density of spread glass;
o Bulk density of glass;
o Moisture content;
o Granulometric composition; and
o Percentage of acceptable glass beads.
The kinds of documentary evidence required to demonstrate the quality of the materials for thick-
layer road markings will be specified by the engineer in conformity with the requirements
applying to thin-layer road markings and in agreement with the manufacturer.
Before using any road marking materials, the contractor must submit to the engineer the
information concerning the conditions for the application of such materials, indicating:
• Shelf life;
• Drying and solidification time; and
• Thickness of wet (fresh) and dry (solidified) layer of road marking material.
The contractor must also submit to the engineer test reports for road marking materials with
identical properties as those of the materials designed to be used, to serve as evidence that
during the required usable life the specified properties of road markings will be provided. In
addition to the quality of materials, such reports must include evidence as to the properties of
applied layer of road marking material, indicating the following:
• Adhesiveness;
• Elasticity;
• Resistance to chemicals;
• Resistance to ultraviolet irradiation; and
• Resistance to wear.
A report must also be provided on the properties of road markings with respect to traffic
engineering, that is:
• Durability with regard to traffic loads, type and location of road marking;

• Skid resistance;
• Visibility by day – colour variation; and
• Visibility by night.
The contractor may use a road marking material only if it complies with the data in the quality
report and in the test report. If it does not, the contractor must exclude such road marking
material, providing it with special identification, or remove it from the site upon the request of the
engineer. For some particular thin-layer road markings, however, the contractor can also use
other materials if prior to such use it has been established by the Institute of Standards and
Technologies in Construction (ISTC) that the quality of the materials concerned conforms to the
requirements and if the use of such materials has been approved by the engineer.
4.5.1 General
Road markings must be made in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer of the
materials used in such work.
In principle, longitudinal road markings must be made by means of suitable machines. Manual
road marking (in special cases) must be approved by the engineer.
With thin-layer road markings, in principle, the following must be taken into consideration:
• Working viscosity at the time of application,
• Degree of thinning;
• Required thickness of wet and dry layer;
• Average quantity of paint used per 1 m² of road marking;
• Solidification time to the moment the road is ready for use;
• Specified weather conditions during the execution of work;
• Method and conditions for the preparation of carriageway surface before starting with
road marking;
• Proposed procedure and equipment for the execution of work;
• Safety requirements;
• Materials storing conditions; and
• Fire protection requirements.

The type, shape, size and location of road markings, as well as the method of road marking, are
specified in applicable regulations. Road markings (with the exception of reflective traffic
markers) must not protrude above carriageway surface by more than 3 mm, to avoid excessive
hindering of water drainage. This sets a limit to the thickness of thick-layer road markings (foils
and plastic compounds).
Road marking must be performed:
• At air temperatures of 10—30 °C;
• At carriageway surface temperature 5—45 °C;
• In dry weather; and
• With relative humidity of not more than 85%.
In case of higher temperatures, the properties of road marking materials must be made to suit
the conditions encountered during the execution of work. However, prior approval for such
changes should be obtained from the engineer.
Before applying a road marking material, carriageway surfaces must be dried and cleaned so
that dust, remaining salt, and oil stains are removed.
Before application of a road marking material, carriageway surfaces of considerable roughness

must be brushed, cleaned with air jet, and washed. Carriageway surfaces of excessive
smoothness, on the other hand, must first be roughened as appropriate.
In the case of newly constructed traffic areas (asphalt in particular), temporary road marking
must be carried out; permanent road markings should only be provided when bituminous or
cement binders, or mortar has rubbed off the surface of the grains on the carriageway. With
every change of road markings, all traces of any previous markings must be removed to avoid
confusing road users.
Instead of road markings applied over a damaged carriageway area (such as over longitudinal
joint cracks at the centre of a carriageway, if not sealed as appropriate), a parallel shift must be
made, and the road marking provided immediately next to the damaged area. The method of
road marking must not present any hazard for traffic participants and/or the persons carrying out
road marking operations. Reflecting glass beads must be sprayed over the surface using
appropriate spraying machines. The surface of the applied layer of premix paint should also be
covered with reflecting glass beads.
Depending on the properties of plastic compound and the required characteristics of road
markings, plastic compounds designed to be placed in the recess provided on the surface of the
wearing course may be placed:

• 3—8 mm deep;
• 8—15mm deep;
• More than 15 mm deep;
Road marking foils must be appropriately glued to the surface of the carriageway, or in the
recess in the wearing course.
Reflective traffic markers may be incorporated on the surface of the wearing course (temporary
in principle) or in appropriate recesses (permanent). They must be appropriately glued to the
underlying course. They must not protrude above the level of the carriageway by more than
15 mm.
In principle, road markings are white, except for:
• Road markings on areas where parking is not allowed;
• Edge lines;
• Bus lane and taxi lane lines;
• Markings on the areas for particular use (e.g., bus stops, places reserved for taxi, etc.);
• Hatched lines.
During road marking, a record must be kept on the following:
• Type and quantities of materials used (per unit of measure);
• Thickness of wet and dry layers of road markings;
• Weather conditions (temperature, relative humidity).

Road markings must be uniform, of appropriate shape, and must ensure the required:
• Durability;
• Skid resistance;
• Visibility by day;
• Visibility by night;
• Time of drying;
• Thickness of the dry layer of material.
The quality of the material used for road markings must comply with the following requirements:

• The allowed material density tolerance with regard to the specified value should be ± 5%;
• The material for thin-layer road markings must not incorporate insoluble components,
clots, or coagulated surface film;
• The colour (white, yellow) must be as specified, to be checked by means of applicable

colour charts, the content of dry matter in a road marking material must not be less than
60% (m/m);
• The shelf life should not to be less than one year.
The quality of reflecting glass beads must comply with the requirements listed in Table 3.1.
Properties of reflecting
Unit of measure Required value
glass beads
Reflection coefficient — 1.50—1.53
Bulk density of glass g/cm² 2.4—2.6
Granulometric composition:
– to 100 μm % (m/m) up to 5
– to 200 μm % (m/m) 3—25
– to 315 μm % (m/m) 25—65
– to 500 μm % (m/m) 80—100

% (m/m) 100
– to 800 μm
Percentage of acceptable
% (m/m) 80
beads, not less than
Table 3.1: Quality Requirements of Reflecting Glass Beads

The limit values of the required traffic engineering properties of road markings are listed in
Table 3.2.
Property Unit of measure Required value
Durability to 50% wear:

– longitudinal markings Month 12
– transverse markings Month 10
Skid resistance on carriageway markings:
– flowing traffic SRT 45
– stationary traffic SRT 35
Visibility by day; degree of colour change - 4— 8
Visibility by night; retro-reflection - to be determined
Table 3.2: Requires Properties of Road Markings
In normal conditions, the drying time of the applied road marking material must not be more than
20 minutes.
The minimum thickness of the dried thin-layer road marking is specified in Table 3.3.
Minimum dried layer

Type of marking Unit of measure thickness with traffic loads:
< 4000 veh/day > 4000 veh/day
Longitudinal μm 300 400
Transverse, hatched μm 400 500
Table 3.3: Minimum Thickness of Dried Thin-layer Road Markings
In justified cases, the engineer may allow that the thickness of the dried layer of thin-layer road
markings be less than required in Table 3.3, however, not by more than 100 μm.
If the thickness of the dried layer of road marking materials is less than the required limit
thickness on more than 10% of the area, the contractor must repeat such road marking without
being entitled to any extra payment.
The minimum quantity of reflecting glass beads spread over road markings must be 0.20 kg/m²
in the case of newly constructed roads, while in the case of existing roads this quantity will be
specified by the engineer.

4.7 Quality Control

The minimum scope of routine tests of road markings to be ensured by the contractor, and the
scope of control tests, will be determined by the engineer on the basis of road marking design
and work progress. During the execution of work, the engineer may change the scope of routine
tests.
Unless specified otherwise by the engineer, the thickness of wet and dried layers of road
markings must be checked on every 1000 m of the marked carriageway in the case of newly
constructed roads, and on every 2000 m in the case of marking existing roads.
In principle, documentary evidence in accordance with the requirements set out in these
conditions should be provided for every road marking.

General conditions relating to the measurement and take-over of road markings are specified in
these conditions. These conditions may be amended as appropriate by the engineer.

Cost calculation for the completed road markings must be made in accordance with these
conditions.

5 Traffic Guiding Equipment

5.1 General
Traffic guiding equipment is primarily designed for permanent or temporary marking of the
direction of driving and of obstacles within the specified headroom above the carriageway, in
particular at night and in conditions of poor visibility.
5.2 Description
Traffic guiding equipment comprises:
• Delineation markers, marker posts, and raised reflective traffic markers;
• Bollards and traffic cones;
• Chevron alignment and stop boards;
• Barriers;
• Other equipment.
Traffic guiding equipment can be:
• Unreflecting;
• Painted;
• Reflecting, provided with adequate foils or plastic material;
• Illuminated, externally or internally (own light source).
Such portion of the surface of internally illuminated traffic guiding equipment as is appropriate
must be translucent. The erection of traffic guiding equipment includes all such earthworks as
may be required, complete supply of appropriate materials, and their incorporation at locations
specified by the design.
5.3 Basic Materials
5.3.1 Foundations
Unless otherwise agreed, foundations for traffic guiding equipment must be constructed by using
appropriate cement concrete. They may be pre-cast (with round cross section pipes of cement
concrete serving as external casing), or may be cast in situ.

5.3.2 Delineation Markers, Marker Posts, and Raised Reflective Traffic Markers
Delineation markers, which can be hollow or solid, must in principle be made of plastic material.
Use of delineation markers of any other material must be approved by the engineer. Delineation
markers must be fixed by means of appropriate steel anchors.
Posts of plastic material, which should be white, must be fitted with markings for guidance by day
and by night. In principle, day markings must be of black plastic material or suitable black paint
coating. For night marking, a flat area of delineation marker must be fitted with squares, either of
reflecting foil or some other reflecting plastic material of appropriate shape: If viewed in the
direction of driving, the squares on the right hand side of the carriageway must be red, and those
on the left hand side white. Marker posts can be made of cement concrete, natural stone, or
wood.
Marker posts may only exceptionally be used as traffic guiding equipment, in justified cases,
however, their use must be approved by the engineer. Raised reflective traffic markers must
consist of a body of permanent flexibility with appropriate reflecting plastic material.
5.3.3 Bollards and Traffic Cones

Bollards can be in the form of plates or cylinders (internally illuminated), with alternating black
and yellow stripes. The backing sheet for bollards must be made of plastic material (glass-
reinforced polyester or acrylic material) or steel, and the markings of reflecting foil or transparent
or ordinary paint.
Portable (temporary) traffic cones must be made of plastic material or rubber of appropriate
colour, the same also applying to the weights. At night, only such traffic cones may be used for
traffic guidance as will reflect light with a portion of its surface.
5.3.4 Chevron Alignment and Stop Boards

In principle, posts for chevron alignment and stop boards must be made of appropriate metal
pipes (steel, aluminium).
The backing of permanent chevron alignment and stop boards must be made of:
• Sheet metal (steel or aluminium); or
• Glass-reinforced polyester.
Other materials may also be used as backing for chevron alignment and closure boards if their
durability is adequate and if their use has been approved by the engineer.

The markings on chevron alignment and stop boards can be provided by:
• Applying ordinary paint (if fitted with reflectors); or
• Reflecting foil.
5.3.5 Barriers
The barriers for stopping the passage of vehicles on roads must be made of such materials as
are specified in the design. In principle, barriers must be made of metal.
5.3.6 Other Equipment

Other traffic guiding equipment includes primarily:
• Reflectors, on fences, obstacles, etc;
• Intermittent guiding lights, independent or supplementary to traffic guiding equipment;
• Mirrors.
Appropriate types of durable materials must be used for other traffic guiding equipment as
mentioned above. The base for reflectors must be made of aluminium or hot-galvanised steel
sheet, while the reflecting elements can be reflecting foils or appropriately shaped plastic
materials or glass of rectangular or round shape, their colour being red, white, or yellow.
5.4.1 Foundations
The specifications concerning the quality of cement concrete for foundations of traffic guiding
equipment are included in these conditions.
5.4.2 Delineation Markers, Markers Posts, and Reflective Traffic Markers

Quality specifications concerning delineation markers and marker posts, including their
reflectors, and raised reflective traffic markers must be agreed between the client and the
contractor or the manufacturer respectively. The quality of plastic materials for delineation
markers (in principle of high-quality PVC) and materials for marker posts and raised reflective
traffic markers must conform to the conditions specified with regard to the durability and shape
retention of such materials. Delineation markers and raised reflective traffic markers must be
flexible and must not break at the temperature of –20°C.


The different materials (plastic materials and metals) for bollards and traffic cones must be
durable and compatible in all temperature and weather conditions.
5.4.4 Chevron Alignment and Stop Boards

Quality specifications concerning the posts are defined in these conditions.
5.4.5 Barriers
The quality of the materials for barriers must comply with the specified requirements based on
the loads indicated by the EN 1317.

The quality of the materials for other equipment must be compatible and must ensure the
required durability of such equipment as a whole.

Traffic guiding equipment must be provided at such locations as are specified in the design and
in regulations applying to particular conditions.
5.5.1 Foundations
Foundation excavation and backfilling of foundation excavation must be carried out in
accordance with these conditions. The method of execution of cement concrete foundations is
defined in these conditions.
The detailed method of foundation work, as proposed by the contractor, must be approved by
the engineer.
5.5.2 Delineation Markers, Marker Posts, and Raised Reflective Traffic Markers
Delineation markers must be erected in such a way that:
• The top of the marker is 70—110 cm above the level of the ground;
• The marker is 50—90 cm from the edge of the carriageway.
The spacing between delineation markers or marker posts respectively will depend on visibility
conditions and on road elements. For each such delineation or marker post another of the same

kind must be positioned on the opposite side of the carriageway. Raised reflective traffic markers
must be incorporated in compliance with the design for temporary traffic guidance.

Bollards may be erected independently or in combination with traffic signs. In principle, bollards
must be erected at the apex of a traffic island, and portable traffic cones at locations where such
guidance will be required for traffic safety.
5.5.4 Chevron Alignment and STOP Boards

The length of the posts for chevron alignment and STOP boards must be suited to the designee
use and type of equipment. The method of erection of the posts must be specified in applicable
designs. Any changes must be approved by the engineer. The method of execution applying to
chevron alignment and STOP boards is defined in these conditions. The markings on chevron
alignment and STOP boards must be either hatched or chevron stripes of alternating white and
black, as specified in applicable regulations.
5.5.5 Barriers
Barriers must be erected in compliance with the agreed designs. Any changes must be approved
by the engineer.

Reflectors must primarily be fitted on roadside guard rails (white on the left-hand side and red on
the right hand side), on structures, and at all such locations where delineation markers can be
placed. The locations where reflectors, intermittent light, mirrors, etc, are to be fitted must be
specified in applicable design.

The quality of execution of traffic guiding equipment must comply with general conditions set in
these conditions. The equipment as a whole, and its individual parts, must retain the dimensions
within the allowed limits (± 2% from specified).
5.7 Quality Control

Quality control for the completed traffic guiding equipment must be carried out in compliance with
the general conditions set in these conditions. The method and scope of testing during the
placing of traffic guiding equipment must be specified by the engineer on the basis of the
documents submitted and on the basis of work progress.


General conditions for the measurement and take-over of completed traffic guiding equipment
are specified in these conditions.

Cost calculation for the completed traffic guiding equipment must be made in accordance with
these conditions.

6 Traffic Safety Equipment

6.1 General
Traffic protection equipment must be structured, manufactured and installed in such a manner
that it ensures maximum protection of all traffic participants from risks they are exposed to when
driving.
6.2 Description
Traffic safety equipment includes the following:
• Guard rails;
• Safety fences (against wild animals);
• Glare screening fences;
• Warning devices.
The erection of traffic safety equipment includes all such earthworks as may be required,
complete supply of appropriate materials and devices, and their placing at locations specified by
the design.
6.2.1 Guard Rails

The guard rail consists of the following:
• Rails and end pieces;
• Posts and spacers;
• Fixing accessories (bolts, nuts, washers, tie-plates).
Depending on circumstances, guard rails can be provided with:
• One-sided rail;
• Double-sided rail.
The rail may be fixed either:
• Directly to the post;
• Indirectly, by means of spacers.
The rails can be single, or, in exceptional cases, double (one above the other on the same post).

6.2.2 Safety Fences (against wild animals)

Protective fencing consists of:
• Foundations;
• Columns and anchors for fortification;
• Grid and additional wire;
• Gate;
• Fixing and tensioning materials.
It must be suitable for those wild animals whose access to the carriageway should be prevented.
6.2.3 Glare Screening Fences

Screening fencing consists of:
• Reflective elements for light reflection;
• Reflective element holders;
• Devices for fixing or securing reflective elements to their holders (screws, nuts, washers).
The screening fence must be adapted to ensure protection from vehicles’ dazzling lights and/or
other sources of light.
6.2.4 Warning Devices

In certain circumstances, devices should be provided for warning traffic participants against
the danger of poor visibility (fog), gas hazard, and fire. Detailed designs must be prepared for
making such devices.
6.3 Basic Material
6.3.1 Foundations
Foundations for traffic safety equipment must be made of cement concrete. They can be pre-
cast (cement concrete pipes of round cross section serving as external casing).
6.3.2 Guard Rails

Rails and end pieces can be made of:

• Metal (steel or aluminium sheet);
• Cement concrete;
• Appropriate plastic materials, reinforced as appropriate.
For rails and end pieces, adequately profiled sheet metal is mainly used. In principle, posts and
spacers must be made of particular steel sections (I, U, C). Fixing accessories must be made of
such materials as will be compatible with the two materials they should join.
6.3.3 Safety Fences (against wild animals)

The posts for the safety fence must be made of:
• Steel or aluminium pipe of appropriate cross section;
• Reinforced cement concrete (pre-cast).
Fixing anchors for posts must be made of steel or aluminium wire.
The mesh for safety fence must be suitable for such wild animals as may be expected (deer,
roe deer, wild boar) and must be made of steel or aluminium wire, with such aperture size as
appropriate. Additional wire and wire for fixing the grid to the columns must be made of suitable
steel or aluminium
Gate for protecting fence must be made of suitable steel and aluminium profiles.

The plants for anti-glare fencing must be specified in detail in the design and must be suited for
the given conditions. The elements for glare fencing must be made of metal or plastic materials.
Reflective elements intended for screening fences must be made of synthetic materials or
aluminium and reflective elements holders must be made of metal (aluminium or steel).

Warning devices should ensure the evaluation of certain events on the basis of data obtained as
is appropriate for the circumstances in which the devices will be used.

6.4 Quality of Material
6.4.1 Foundations
The specifications concerning the quality of cement concrete for foundations of traffic safety
equipment are defined in detail in these conditions.
Unless specified otherwise in the design or by the engineer, cement concrete of type C8/10 or of
type C12/15 must be used for foundations.
6.4.2 Guard Rails

All of the materials for guard rails must ensure the designed or agreed mechanical properties.
Appropriate anti-corrosive protection must be provided for all the materials.
Fixing accessories for guard rails must perform their designed function faultlessly during the
entire period of their use, enabling economic replacements.
6.4.3 Safety Fences

All of the materials for safety fences must ensure such mechanical properties as are specified in
safety fence design, or as are agreed upon. The materials subject to corrosive attack must be
protected as appropriate. Screening fence elements must be designed in compliance with traffic
safety regulations and congruent with safety fence onto which they are attached, according to
conditions as defined in SIST EN 1317-2 standard.
Durability of reflective elements with suitable ductility, made of synthetic materials, must be
tested with flexural tensile strength of test samples, according to EN 12676-2 standard, before
and after the ageing of materials. The difference in flexural tensile strength at temperatures
23 ± 3 °C and – 30 ± 3 °C must not exceed 15%. Following ageing procedure, flexural tensile
strength of a tested sample may not be less than 80% of the initial value.
The quality of reflective elements made of aluminium is determined by:
• Tensile strength: Rm = 165 – 205 N7m²;
• Plasticity limit: Rp0.2 ≥ 145 N/mm²;
• Hardness: 50 HB;
• Thickness of sheet metal: ≥ 1.2 mm.
Steel components of screening fences must be made of stainless materials or be hot zinc
galvanised. Following anticorrosion resistance test performed on steel components (according to

SIST ISO 9227 standard) by spraying salt water over protection coating, there may be no visible
traces of corrosion, bubbles or any other kind of deformation. The quality of individual
components, made of or coated by synthetic materials, must be verified even prior to the
screening system tests, as defined in EN 12676-2 standard.
Screening fences must be resistant to the impact of stones and other similar objects falling from
vehicles. It may be damaged only by vehicle crashes or other major blows of such nature. The
shape of reflective elements must allow the replacement of individual parts without any removal
of neighbouring elements. Most parts in reflective elements must be enclosed from all sides.

In vertical position, the quality of the materials for glare fencing elements must ensure 70° plastic
bending of the fixed lower part of an element. Fixing accessories must perform their designed
function faultlessly during the entire period of their use, enabling economical replacements.

The measuring devices warning against poor visibility on the basis of light ray transmission and
light scatter measurement respectively must provide measurements within an accuracy of ± 5%,
which also applies to the devices for measuring the concentration of CO in the air (by using the
method of infrared absorption or catalytic oxidation). The measuring devices warning against fire
must respond to temperature height and the rate of temperature rise. The values must be
specified in the design.

Concerning the method of execution of traffic safety equipment, the general conditions set in
6.5.1 Guard Rails

Guard rails must be erected in such a way that:
• The upper edge of the rail is 0.75 m above the level of the edge of the carriageway;
• The face of the rail is removed from the edge of the carriageway by not less than 0.5 m;
• The spacing between the posts is:
o Less than 4 m at an open section;
o Less than 2 m at a structure.

Unless in justified cases specified otherwise by the engineer, posts must be 1.9 m long. For the
posts on over-crossing structures and walls, the length must be specified in the design. End
pieces of rails must be shaped as appropriate: Recessed or rounded.
The joints between rails must overlap in the direction of driving, with the stepping formed in the
direction opposite to driving. In the areas of transitional constructions on structures, the guard rail
must also be constructed in such a way that it will over-bridge the changes caused by outside
impacts without detrimental consequences.
6.5.2 Safety Fences

Post foundations should reach at least 0.85 m deep. Posts must be erected at a spacing of
4—6 m and secured against movement by adequate anchors. The mesh must be fixed to the
carrying wire, strained between the posts, and to the ground.
The height of the mesh for safety fence against deer must be at least 1.10 m and against roe
deer at least 1.50 m. The breaking strength of the wire for the mesh must be at least
1150 N/mm².

The method of execution of glare fence must be specified in detail in the design. Electric fences
in the main must be selected in accordance with biological requirements. The method of
screening fence construction must comply with the requirements, as defined in SIST EN 1317-2
standard.
The reflective elements on screening fence must be attached to suitable holders which must not
be attached to the reflex reflector on the screening fence, unless in the case of concrete safety
fence (CSF) where the bottom edge of the reflective element on screening fence must be placed
100 mm above the top edge of concrete safety fence.
Depending on the envisaged purpose, there must be passage ensured through the screening
fence for persons carrying stretchers:
• Along the entire screening fence, without the need to remove reflective elements (since
there are adequately spaced);
• Only in certain locations, with the possibility of temporary displacement of reflective

elements (within urban areas).
Screening fences must protect traffic participants from dazzling light over the entire surface
extending from the upper edge of safety fence onto which it is attached, up to the top of
reflective elements. The maximum allowed longitudinal spacing between the upper edge of

safety fence and bottom edge of the holder or reflective element of screening fence must not
exceed 20 mm. the height of screening fence, as defined in EN 12676-1 standard, must ensure
adequate protection to all persons engaged in traffic from dazzling light.

The method of incorporating the warning devices must be specified in detail in the design.

Concerning the quality of execution of traffic safety equipment, the general conditions set in
6.7 Quality Control

For the entire system of screening fences the following amendments apply with respect to the
implementation of quality testing:
The contractor must prove the suitability of envisaged screening fence materials by presenting
proof of the tests carried out:
• For screening fence resistance to wind;
• For screening fence resistance to ageing;
• With dazzling light measurements;
all in accordance with EN 12676-1 standard.
For traffic safety equipment, the method and scope of quality control testing must be specified by
the engineer on the basis of the documents submitted and on the basis of work progress.

General conditions for the measurement and take-over of completed traffic safety equipment are
specified in these conditions. Such conditions may be amended by the engineer as appropriate.
According to these conditions, the guarantee period for screening fences is ten years.

Cost calculation for the completed traffic safety equipment must be made in accordance with
these conditions.

7 Road Equipment for Snow Removal and Ice Control

7.1 General
Road equipment for snow removal and ice control must be provided primarily as an aid to road
maintenance in winter, and as a warning indicating winter road conditions to traffic participants.
7.2 Description
Traffic engineering equipment of the roads for snow removal and ice control mainly comprises
the following:
• Marker posts for snow removal;
• Snow drift fences;
• Snow-slide fences;
• Warning devices indicating road conditions.
The erection of road equipment for snow removal and ice control includes all such earthworks as
may be required, complete supply of appropriate materials and devices, and their incorporation
at locations specified by the design, or their storage at a specified location.
7.3 Basic Materials
7.3.1 Foundations
Foundations of road equipment for snow removal and ice control must be made of cement
concrete.
7.3.2 Marker Posts for Snow Removal

Marker posts for snow removal can be made of wood or adequate plastic material.
7.3.3 Snow Drift Fences

Basic materials used for snowdrift fences include wood, metal, and plastic materials. Wooden
fences must be made of vertical wooden bars or off-cuts joined as appropriate. Such elements of
2—2.5 m in length must be fixed to wooden posts driven into the ground. Meshes of plastic
material must be fixed either to metal or wooden posts. Such fences must be anchored or fixed
as appropriate. As in the case of snow drift fences, electric fences, tree plantations, or
appropriate constructional elements (embankment, structure) can also be used.

7.3.4 Snowslide Fences

In principle, snowslide fences are constructed as permanent structures. They can be vertical or
inclined (approximately perpendicular to the slope), massive (freestanding or filled up wall, cones
of soil and/or rock material), discontinuous (gratings of vertical and cross beams, reinforced
mesh), and, as a rule, additionally protected by appropriate anchors.
Basic materials used for snowslide fences include:
• Supporting part – supports of steel or aluminium sections, discarded railway rails,

supporting structures or walls of cement concrete or stone;
• Grating – round timber and railway crossties, wire ropes and/or interlacing, meshes of
plastic material.
The height of snowdrift fences will depend on the volume of wind-transported snow:
• In case of small volumes of snow, the fence must be 1.0—1.5 m high;
• For great volumes of snow, the fence must be 1.5—2.0 m high;
• Exceptionally, it may be up to 2.0 m high.

The devices for warning against certain conditions on the road are mainly those for determining:
• Weather conditions (temperature, humidity, air pressure);
• Glazed frost hazards;
• Snow volume on the carriageway;
• Salt quantity remaining on the carriageway.
Such devices operate on the principle of measurement or detection of certain physical properties
found on carriageway surface.

With regard to the quality of the materials used for road equipment for snow removal and ice
control, the contractor must observe the requirements specified in general conditions set in
section 6.0.3 of these conditions.

7.4.1 Foundations
Quality requirements applying to cement concrete for foundations of road equipment for snow
removal and ice control are defined in detail in these conditions. Unless specified otherwise in
the design or by the engineer, non-reinforced cement concrete of type C8/10 or of type C12/15
must be used for foundations.

Marker posts for snow removal must be made of materials of appropriate durability and flexibility,
with round cross section and diameter of not less than 5 cm, and the length of 1—3 m
(depending on snow conditions), painted with alternating red and yellow stripes 33 cm wide.
Conformance of a marker post for snow removal to the quality specification must be determined
by the engineer.
The conditions set for the quality of wooden elements, posts, anchors, and meshes of plastic
material used for snow drift fences is that they should be durable as appropriate for the given
conditions of their use. Quality criteria are not specified.

The quality of the materials used for snow drift fences must be specified in detail in the design. If
not, the specifications defined in relevant parts of these conditions must apply.

The quality of the materials used for snowslide fences must be specified in detail in the design. If
not, the specifications defined in relevant parts of these conditions must apply.

Prior to actually using any warning device, the quality of all such warning devices must be tested
as appropriate under conditions in which they will be used, unless the contractor has submitted
adequate documentary evidence to the engineer.

The method of execution of road equipment for snow removal and ice control must comply with
general conditions in these conditions.


As a rule, marker posts for snow removal must be positioned at least 50 cm from the edge of the
carriageway (next to delineation markers), except in the case where an obstacle into which snow
removers could bump is located nearer to the edge of the carriageway.

Snowdrift fences must be built perpendicular to the predominant wind direction, either as
continuous fences or as stepped sections covering smaller areas. The distance between the
fence and the road must be approximately 12—15 times the height of the fence, and the spacing
between parallel (stepped) fences ten times the height of the fence. The length of a fence can be
up to 100 m, with overlapping of approximately 10 m in case of stepped fence sections. At the
lower edge of the fence, a 0.3 m high clearance for the wind to pass through must be provided.

Snowslide fences must be built perpendicular to the direction of snow pressure (parallel with
contour line). They can be constructed as continuous, in chain, or in steps. The spacing between
individual elements of the fence must not be more than 2 m; if more, it must be protected as
appropriate (cluster of trees, stone cone, etc.).
Snowslide fences must be built throughout the area of snowslide hazard. Details concerning the
method of execution must be specified in the design, and the following must be taken into
consideration:
• Slope inclination, snow height, and predominant wind direction;
• Density, packing coefficient (creep) and snow movement;
• Roughness of slope surface, and exposure to sun.
When selecting the method of execution of snowslide fences, the hazard of simultaneous
creeping of stony material must be taken into consideration.

The method of incorporating the warning devices must conform to the conditions set by the
manufacturer and to terrain conditions, and must be specified in the design.


General quality requirements for road equipment for snow removal and ice control are specified
in these conditions. Any additional conditions must be set in the design.
7.5.6 Quality Control

Unless quality control requirements for individual works are specified in applicable parts of these
conditions, the quality of the completed road equipment for snow removal and ice control must
be specified in detail in the design.
7.5.7 Measurement and Take-over of Work

General conditions for the measurement and take-over of completed road equipment for snow
removal and ice control are specified in these conditions. In justified cases, the conditions
applying to such measurements and take-over of work can be amended as appropriate by the
engineer.
7.5.8 Cost Calculation

Cost calculation for the completed road equipment for snow removal and ice control must be
made in accordance with these conditions.

8 Other Road Equipment

8.1 Description
Other road equipment dealt with in these conditions includes:
• Noise barriers;
• Urgent call equipment;
• Traffic counting equipment.
The execution of the above mentioned equipment must include all such earthworks as may be
required, complete supply of adequate materials and devices, and their incorporation at locations
specified by the design. In principle, all of the equipment mentioned above must be constructed
or incorporated as permanent equipment.
8.2 Basic Materials
8.2.1 Noise Barriers

Noise suppression provided by the barrier must not be less than 25 dB, this depending mainly on
the type of material used and on the method of its preparation. Noise barriers can be:
• Belt with vegetation cover – shrubs and trees;
• Embankments of soil and/or rock material;
• Steep embankments with revetment, of cement concrete units or other appropriate

materials;
• Walls of brick, wooden elements, plastic materials, cement or asbestos-cement concrete,

or metal elements with appropriate filler material.
The efficiency of the barrier for the suppression of reflected noise, which is shown in Table 7.1,
will also depend on the type of material used and on the method of its preparation.
Noise attenuation at
Type of barrier
reflection, dBA
Reflecting 4 or under
Absorbing 4—8
Highly absorbing 8 or over
Table 7.1: Noise Suppression Efficiency of Barriers

Wall foundations must be constructed of cement concrete. They can be constructed of pre-cast
units.
As supporting elements for noise barriers, poles of adequate section, made of metal (steel,
aluminium) or cement concrete, must be used. Unless specified otherwise in the design, the
flange of metal l-beam must not be less than 120 mm wide.
Bricks and cement concrete units must be made of the materials with the highest possible
porosity (lightweight materials) which provide the highest possible ratio between the developed
and projected face surface. Metal elements of the barrier must in principle be made of
appropriately perforated steel or aluminium sheet, while as filler material, self-supporting glass or
mineral wool panels must be used, their thickness being as follows:
• 40 mm, to ensure noise absorption;
• 60—80 mm, to ensure high noise absorption.
8.2.2 Urgent Call Equipment

Urgent call equipment comprises:
• Telephone exchange (in maintenance depot);
• Telephone posts (by the road);
• Power supply and telecommunications system.
The types of materials that are required for the construction of an urgent call system must be
specified in detail in the design.
8.2.3 Traffic Counting Equipment

In principle, automatic traffic counting equipment must be of electric type, and only exceptionally
of pneumatic type. The materials required for this equipment and for its incorporation in the road
foundation must be specified in detail in applicable designs.

All the materials used for the above mentioned road equipment must be resistant to weathering
and traffic impacts and as durable as possible. The materials used must be characterised by
appropriate strength, ensuring dimensional accuracy and stability. They must be resistant to
moisture, temperature, impacts of industrial atmosphere, salt, oil, and light, and they must also
be flameproof.


The quality of the materials incorporated in embankments of soil or rock material must conform
to these conditions.
The quality of the materials and elements for revetment of steep embankments of soil or rock
material (in principle cement concrete) must conform to work requirements specified in these
conditions. The cement concrete grade must not be less than C30/37 or C35/45. Foundations for
noise barrier walls must be constructed either of plain or reinforced cement concrete. The type
and quality of cement concrete must be specified in the design.
The quality of the materials for barrier posts and supporting elements must conform to design
requirements. The quality of the wood for noise barrier elements must conform to the designed
use. Wood must be resistant to, or protected against, wood pests. Wood thickness must not be
less than 8 mm. Plastic materials for noise barrier elements must be painted as appropriate and
resistant to micro-organisms, rodents, fungus attack, and protected against ultraviolet irradiation.
When burning, they must not produce noxious gases in such concentrations as would be harmful
to the environment. The minimum thickness of plastic material must be:
• 2.5 mm (-10%), in the case of glass-reinforced polyester resin;
• 6 mm (-10%), in the case of other plastic materials.
The quality of the materials for bricks, posts, cement concrete units, and elements made of metal
must conform to the requirements set in the design, such requirements to be detailed separately
in each particular case.

The quality of the materials for urgent call equipment must be specified in the design. If not, it
must be specified by the engineer.

The quality of the materials for traffic counting equipment must be specified in the design. If not,
it must be specified by the engineer.

Noise barriers must be dimensioned so as to withstand wind loads listed in Table 7.2 and suction
wind loads listed in Table 7.3.

Barrier Location Wind load, KN/m²
On embankment of retaining wall 1.45
On structure up to 20 m high 1.45
On structure 20—50 m high 1.75
On structure over 50 m high 2.10
Table 7.2: Barrier Wind Loads
Location of element Suction, KN/m2
Internal side (next to carriageway),

distance from the edge of carriageway:
– up to 4 m 0.65
– more than 4 m 0.55
External side 0.55
Table 7.3: Barrier Suction Wind Loads
The method of execution of the belt with vegetation cover of shrubs and/or trees must conform to
biological and technical requirements. The types of plants and trees to be used, and the method
of planting them, must be specified in the design.
The shape of embankments of soil or rock material, on which a suitable barrier will be provided,
must be specified in the design. The method of execution of an embankment is specified in these
conditions. The embankments must be planted with grass.
Units of cement concrete or any other appropriate material for the revetment of steep
embankments of soil and/or rock material must be joined in such a way that the specified stability
of the embankments will be ensured. Soil and/or rock material must be placed in the
embankment in compliance with these conditions. In principle, the shape of revetment elements
must allow placing of the soil required for planting with grass of the reveted steep embankment.
The detailed method of execution of steep embankments with revetment must be specified in the
design. The method of constructing the foundations for noise barriers is outlined in applicable
parts of these conditions. Appropriate holes or plates must be provided in foundations, to enable
erection or fixing of prefabricated supports that will afterwards be protected as appropriate.
Brick walls must be built by using suitable mortar, as defined in these conditions, with expansion
joints provided at a spacing of 8 m. The posts that will serve as supports for prefabricated
elements of a barrier must be made in accordance with the requirements of the design, this
applying to all of the elements as well. In principle, the elements must be:
• 4 m long, when located on pavement structure;

• 2 m long, when located on a structure.
If the contractor should propose any changes or amendments to the design for posts or for noise
barrier elements, he must provide an appropriate design. However, such changes may only be
carried out after having been approved by the engineer.

Urgent call equipment must be executed in accordance with the design. Any changes must be
approved by the engineer.

The method of incorporating traffic counting equipment must be specified in detail and carried
out in accordance with the design.

General requirements for the quality of execution of the above-mentioned equipment are
specified in these conditions.
8.4.5 Quality Control

For the above-mentioned road equipment, quality control must be performed on the basis of
general conditions specified in these conditions.
8.4.6 Measurement and Take-over of Work

The method of measurement and take-over of work is specified in these conditions.
8.4.7 Cost Calculation

Cost calculation for the above-mentioned road equipment must be made in accordance with
these conditions.

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Albanian Road Design Manual – ARCS 6 – Road Equipment

Albanian Road Design and Construction Standards

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 1

4.2 Description .........................................................................................................25

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 2

6.3 Basic Material.....................................................................................................43

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 3

8.2.1 Noise Barriers...................................................................................................54

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 4

Backing sheeting. Support given to the sheet of the road sign.

Bollard. One of a series of posts preventing vehicles from entering an area.

Cost Calculation. Calculation of the completed construction cost of a work item.

dBA. Decibels (audible).

EN. European Norms.

Earthing. The ground of an electrical circuit.

Guard Rail. A protective railing, as on a staircase or along a highway.

Inflammation point. The ignition point of a fire.

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 1

MN. Mega Newton.

Refraction. The change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed.

Safety device. An item of road equipment designed to prevent:

• The vehicle driving into fixed objects;

• The vehicle falling when there is a difference in level;

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 2

• The vehicle running into unprotected road-users;

• The vehicle driving into road works areas.

Stand. A structure which serves as part of fixing road signs.

Take-over of work. To obtain, as through measurement or a specified procedure, the completed

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 3

• Guide traffic participants;

• Warn them in case of permanent or temporary hazards;

• Communicate to them traffic restrictions, prohibitions, and obligations;

• Provide them with necessary and useful information;

• Ensure other conditions for safe, comfortable, and unobstructed traffic.

Traffic engineering equipment must be specified in detail in applicable design, in accordance

These conditions contain general requirements for:

• Roadside and overhead road equipment;

• Traffic guiding equipment;

• Traffic safety equipment;

• Road equipment for snow removal and ice control;

• Other road equipment.

2.2 Basic Materials

• Items made of steel and aluminium;

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 4

2.3 Quality of Materials

2.4 Method of Execution

2.5 Quality of Execution

If resistance to corrosion and other adverse environmental impacts is naturally lacking in a

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 5

2.6 Quality Control

2.7 Measurement and Take-over of Work

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 6

2.8 Cost Calculation

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 7

3 Roadside and Overhead Equipment

3.3 Basic Materials

3.3.2 Supporting Structures

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 8

• Semi-portal and portal structures;

• Stands (for temporary traffic signs).

3.3.3 Traffic Signs

• Danger warning signs (equilateral triangle);

• Regulatory signs, i.e. prohibitions, restrictions and obligations (circle, octagon);