HM 322 Lecture 9

Lecture 12
First Order Transient Response
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4
Transients
1 Solve
1. S l fifirst-order
t d RC or RL circuits.
i it
2 Understand
2. U d t d th the concepts
t off ttransient
i t
response and steady-state response.
3. Relate the transient response of first-order
circuits to the time constant.
4. Solve RLC circuits in dc steady-state

conditions.
5. Solve second-order circuits.
6. Relate the step response of a second-order

system to its natural frequency and damping
ratio.
Transients
The time-varying currents and voltages

resulting from the sudden application of
sources, usually due to switching, are
called transients. By writing circuit
equations,
q we obtain integro-differential
g
equations.
Discharge
g of a Capacitance through
g
a Resistance
KCL at the top node of the
iC iR circuit:
q dq dv
C = → q = Cv → iC = =C
v dt dt
vC (t)
iR =
R
dvC (t ) vC (t ) dvC (t )
C + =0 RC + vC (t ) = 0
dt R dt
Discharge of a Capacitance through a
Resistance
dvC (t ) dvC (t )
+ vC (t ) = 0 vC (t )
1
RC =−
dt dt RC
We need a function vC(t) that has the same form as it’s
derivative.
vC (t ) = Ke st
S b i i this
Substituting hi in
i for
f vc(t)
()
RCK
RCKse + Ke
K =0 st st
Resistance
−1
Solving for s: s =
RC
Substitutingg into vc((t):

) vC (t ) = Ke −t RC
Initial Condition: Full Solution:

vC (0 + ) = Vi vC (t ) = Vi e −t RC
Resistance
vC (t ) = Ke −t RC
To find the unknown constant K, we need to use the

boundary conditions at t=0. At t=0 the capacitor is initially
charged to a voltage Vi and then discharges through the
resistor.
vC (0 + ) = Vi vC (t ) = Vi e −t RC
Resistance
Discharge
g of a Capacitance through
g
a Resistance
• The time interval t= RC is called the

time constant of the circuit
• RC circuits can be used for timing
applications (e.g.
(e g garage door light)
Larry
y Light-Bulb
g Experiment
iR(t)
v(t ) Vi −t / RC
i R (t ) = = e
R R
Charging a Capacitance from a DC
Source through a Resistance
KCL at the node that joins
the resistor and the capacitor
Current into the
capacitor:
p dvc
C
dt
Current through the
resistor:
it vC (t) −VS
dvC (t ) vC (t ) − VS R
C + =0
dt R
dvC (t ) vC (t ) − VS
C + =0
dt R
Rearranging:
dvC (t )
RC + vC (t ) = VS
dt
This is a linear first-order differential equation with
constant coefficients
coefficients.
The boundary conditions are given by the fact that the
voltage across the capacitance cannot change
instantaneously:
vC ( 0 + ) = v C ( 0 − ) = 0
Try the solution: vC (t ) = K1 + K 2 e st
Substituting into the differential equation:
dvC (t )
RC + vC (t ) = VS
dt
Gives:
(1 + RCs ) K 2 e st + K1 = VS
(1 + RCs ) K 2 e + K1 = VS st
For equality, the coefficient of est must be zero:
−1
1 + RCs = 0 → s =
RC
Which gives K1=VS
Substituting in for K1 and s:
vC (t ) = K1 + K 2 e st = VS + K 2 e −t / RC
Evaluating at t=0 and remembering that vC(0+)=0

vC (0+ ) = VS + K 2 e 0 = VS + K 2 = 0 → K 2 = −Vs
Substituting in for K2 gives:

vC (t ) = K1 + K 2 e st = VS − VS e −t / RC
vC (t ) = Vs − Vs e −t τ
If the initial slope is extended from t=0, when does it intersect the
final value VS?
vC (t ) = Vs − Vs e −t τ
A line with this slope
dvC VS −t /τ dvC VS
= e → = would intersect VS after a
dt τ dt τ
t =0 time τ
Larry
y Light-Bulb
g Experiment
−VS + i (t ) R + vC (t ) = 0
i (t ) R = VS − vC (t ) = VS − (VS − VS e −t ) = VS e −t / RC
VS e −t / RC
i (t ) =
R
DC Steady
y State
dvC (t )
iC (t ) = C
dt
In steady state, the voltage is constant, so the
current through the capacitor is zero, so it behaves
as an open circuit
circuit.
DC Steady
y State
di L (t )
v L (t ) = L
dt
In steady state, the current is constant, so the
voltage across and inductor is zero, so it behaves
as a short circuit.
circuit
DC Steady State
The steps in determining the forced response for

RLC circuits with dc sources are:
1. Replace capacitances with open circuits.
2 Replace inductances
2. ind ctances with
ith short circ
circuits.
its
3. Solve the remaining circuit.
DC Steady
y State
DC Steady
y State
Find the steady state current ia and voltage va
DC Steady
y State
• Open circuit the capacitor
DC Steady
y State
va = ia R = (2 A)(25Ω) = 50V
ia = 2 A
• Short circuit the inductor
DC Steady
y State
Find the steady state currents i1, i2, i3
DC Steady
y State
• Open circuit the capacitor
DC Steady
y State
10 Ω 5Ω
1A
1A
• Short circuit the inductor

• i1=20V/10Ω=2A
• Current divider gives i2=i3=1A

HM 322 Lecture 9

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Lecture 12

First Order Transient Response

4. Solve RLC circuits in dc steady-state

5. Solve second-order circuits.

6. Relate the step response of a second-order

The time-varying currents and voltages

Substitutingg into vc((t):

Initial Condition: Full Solution:

To find the unknown constant K, we need to use the

• The time interval t= RC is called the

For equality, the coefficient of est must be zero:

Evaluating at t=0 and remembering that vC(0+)=0

Substituting in for K2 gives:

The steps in determining the forced response for

Find the steady state current ia and voltage va

• Open circuit the capacitor

• Short circuit the inductor

Find the steady state currents i1, i2, i3

• Open circuit the capacitor

• Short circuit the inductor

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