BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI,

HYDERABAD CAMPUS
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Project Report on

VIBRATION SUPRESSION IN METAMATERIAL BEAMS WITH VISCOELASTIC

CORES

Submitted by
VENKATRAMANA REDDY K – 2017H1410090H

Submitted to

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI,

HYDERABAD CAMPUS

In partial fulfilment of Research Practice

Master of Engineering (ME)

In
Design Engineering

Carried out Under Guidance of

Dr. Y.V.DASESHWAR RAO

Assistant Professor
Birla Institute of Technology and Science,
Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
ABSTRACT

A metamaterial is often understood based on the purpose hence there is no

universally accepted definition. This paper focuses on carrying an insight to the
metamaterial cores filled with visco elastic material and its importance in
vibration damping. Viscoelastic materials are associated with hysteresis losses
when loaded and unloaded unlike perfect elastic materials. Visco elastic
material behaviour is studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, applying a
small oscillatory stress and measuring the resulting strain. The storage and loss
modulus in visco elastic materials is measured by using complex modulus
approach. Damping design is discussed using viscoelastic materials.

1.METAMATERIAL
The term metamaterial was introduced by Rodger M. Walser University of
Texas at Astin in 1999. A metamaterial is often understood based on the
purpose hence there is no universally accepted definition.

To define the metamaterial we have classified some themes of definition.

1. In one such definition metamaterial is understood as engineered

composites.

2. Metamaterial exhibits properties are derived from their physical properties

but not the chemical properties.

3. Metamaterial are such materials which exhibit properties which are not
observed in nature.

4. Metamaterials are also defined as such materials which are not observed in
constituent materials.
5. In general to brief all the themes of definition our understanding of
metamaterial is such that it is a composite material that is purposely
engineered to provide material properties that are not attainable with ordinary
material.

The recent innovations in the field of metamaterial are

1.A material which twists in transverse direction when load is applied in

longitudinal direction1

2.Atoms and meta-atoms have one difference in particular is that the

properties of atoms are understood from quantum mechanics whereas meta
atoms are understood by classical physics equations2.

3.Acoustic impendence a sound barrier meta surface is created which acts as a

pass through for water and air interface allowing the sound waves pass from
water to air3.

2.METADAMPING
Aim is to demonstrate the context of how local resonates within the internal
structure of a material lead to enhance in dissipation. Damping is a inherent
property of a material. They are crucial in understanding that structural
response of a particular material. In some practical applications the damping is
desirable and there are some applications where damping is completely
undesirable. Enhancement of damping characteristics often lead to
compromisation of stiffness to understand it in a simple way a material which
has more damping characteristic than a metallic material are supposed to have
lesser stiffness properties. Higher damping properties imply high levels of
dissipation and low values of stiffness. So fabrication of such material which
has enhanced properties of dissipation without the compromisation of
stiffness led to the development of metadamping criterion. Before
understanding the desired properties of metadamping materials one such
material which exhibits higher dissipation properties without the
compromisation of stiffness is thermos elastic martensitic phase of steel has
high damping capacity without compromisation of stiffness.

Metadamping involves periodic acoustic metamaterials with local resonance

properties these are such materials which exhibits higher levels of dissipation
without compromising on stiffness. The principle which explains the
attenuation of vibration due to dissipation is more profound at the resonance
frequency.

“The whole is greater than sum of its parts” the termed periodic acoustic
metamaterials which are basically mass in mass statically equivalent periodic
change consisting of masses, springs and viscous damping elements will
obviously exhibit enhanced properties than a mass and mass statically
equivalent periodic chains generally termed as phononic crystals.

Fig. Unit cells of statically-equivalent periodic chains consisting of masses, springs and
viscous damping (dashpot) elements: (a) acoustic metamaterial (mass-in-mass), (b) phononic
crystal (mass-and-mass).
Reference: Metadamping: An emergent phenomenon in dissipative metamaterials Mahmoud I. Hussein , MichaelJ. Frazier
 3.METAMATERIAL BEAM
Materials have periodic nature. Material often behave differently under static
characteristics when compared to dynamic characteristics. The dynamic
characteristics of a material is always is a point of discussion which arises the
need of discussion wave propagation characteristics. Materials under dynamic
environment often act as mechanical filters for wave propagations. The waves
propagate only for specific set of frequency band termed as “pass band”. The
frequency bands for which the waves are completely blocked are termed as
stop bands.

Metamaterials are equipped with multiple local resonators that act as local
absorbers of mechanical vibrations. To understand the above in simple way
the base structures are fabricated with cavities housing resonating masses
connected to the cavity with the provision of springs.

The design of a metamaterial often realized based on below mentioned

objectives.

1) Metamaterial should exhibit stop bands for low as well as high frequency’s.

2) Provide broadband reduction of amplitude of propagating waves beyond

stop bands due to damping constituent.

3) The metamaterial should be exhibiting higher dissipative properties without

compromising stiffness and load bearing characteristics.

4.DESIGN FOR VIBRATION SUPRESSION

The crucial step in achieving Metadamping is to fabricate a material which has
enhanced properties of dissipation without the compromisation of stiffness.
This is achieved by building a base structure provided with cavities filled by a
viscoelastic membrane that supports a small mass to form a source of local
resonance.

One of the most effective methods to solve the vibration problems is to

dampen the system with the help of local resonators. The damping can be
either active or passive damping. Devices such as electronic actuators are used
to dissipate energy in active damping.

In passive damping we use add-on solutions such as viscoelastic materials.

Typical applications include aerospace, marine, transport and many other
structural applications. Upon using viscoelastic materials in the junction of the
structure results in dissipation of vibrational energy of the structure due to
cyclic searing of the viscoelastic material. Viscoelastic materials are used in the
form of inserts in beams, which are called as mass in mass structures or
photonic crystals.

In general, the traditional application of Viscoelastic damping material focuses

on the following.

1) Embedding viscoelastic materials directly in structures that require

vibration mitigation and control at specific locations.

2) Reducing vibration and energy transmission, particularly by altering the

vibration transmission paths and by enhancing the vibration energy
absorption without compromising on strength and stiffness.

4.1 VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS:

Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic
characteristics when undergoing deformation. Te viscosity of a Viscoelasticity
substance imparts the substance a strain rate dependence on time.

The difference between elastic and viscoelastic material behaviour is

compared in above figure. If we load elastic material and release we observe
no energy dissipation but when we load viscoelastic material and unload, it
suffers from energy loss. Since viscosity is the resistance to thermally activated
plastic deformation, a viscous material will lose energy through a loading cycle.
Plastic deformation results in lost energy, which is uncharacteristic of a purely
elastic material's reaction to a loading cycle.

Viscoelastic materials include amorphous polymers, semi crystalline polymers,

bio polymers and metals at high temperatures are also considered as
viscoelastic materials. The scope of this paper is limited to usage of poly urea
membrane as viscoelastic material.

4.2: CHARACTERIZATION OF VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS:

Diffusion of atoms or molecules leads to material damping whereas system

damping is related to energy dissipation in the total structure due to joints and
interfaces. Here the Viscoelasticity in the material damping is studied as the
property of the material that exhibits both elastic and viscous characteristics
when it is subjected to deformation.

4.2.1: LINEAR VISCOELASTIC MODEL:

Elastic materials deform instantaneously when it is subjected to stretching and

returns to their original state as quickly as possible. The viscoelastic materials
like honey resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when stress is applied.
When elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic
planes, viscosity s the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside an
amorphous material.

Let’s take an example of steel specimen of thickness “T” and cross section area
“A”. When it is subjected to cyclic loading of magnitude “F(t)” the steel
specimen will expand or contract based on the loading, the displacement
function is given by “x(t)”. The stress is given by dividing load and area, strain
on the material is found by dividing the displacing by the thickness “t”. For
elastic material, hook law is obeyed the modulus “E” can be related to stress

and strain are shown by the relation of .

If we consider the case of purely viscous material, It does not return any of the
energy stored during loading cycle, the energy is lost when load is removed
and unlike elastic material, stress is proportional to rate of strain and the
ration of stress to strain is known as viscosity.

Viscoelastic materials that posses both elastic and viscous nature such as
rubber and plastic materials some of the energy stored is recovered upon
removal of the load and the remaining energy is dissipated in the form of heat.
The stress strain relationship of the viscoelastic material is given by

Where

= Applied stress.

E = Modulus of elasticity.

= Viscosity.
 = Strain rate.

The equation above contains elastic and viscous components; where viscous
Component contains viscosity of material, η multiplied by time derivative of
strain. This term is related to material damping; the ability of material to
dissipate energy or absorb vibration.

Fig 4.2.1: Elastic behavior versus viscoelastic behavior.

Purely elastic materials do not dissipate energy (heat) when a load is applied,
then removed. However, a viscoelastic substance loses energy when a load is
applied, then removed. Hysteresis is observed in the stress-strain curve, with
the area of the loop being equal to the energy lost during the loading cycle.
Being specific Viscoelasticity is a molecular rearrangement. If we take a
polymer viscoelastic material and apply stress, long polymer chains change
their positions. This movement is called as creep. Rearrangements of polymer
chains create back stress in the material, when the back stress is the same
magnitude as the applied stress, the material no longer creeps. When the
original stress is taken away the
Accumulated back stresses will cause the polymer to return to its original form.
The material creeps, which gives the prefix visco, and the material fully
recovers and also gives the suffix -elasticity.

4.2.2 DYNAMIC MODULUS OF VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL:

Viscoelastic behavior is studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, applying a
small oscillatory stress and measuring the resulting strain. If we compare stress
strain behavior of elastic, pure viscous and viscoelastic material we observe
the following behavior.
1) Purely elastic materials stress is proportional to strain; the response of
one to other is quick. Stresses and strains are in same phase.
2) In case of pure viscous material strain lags stress by 90 degrees.
3) Viscoelastic material exhibits behavior somewhere in the middle of pure
viscous and pure elastic material.
Stress and strain in a viscoelastic material is can be represented using the
following expressions
Strain =
Stress =
Where
Where = frequency of strain oscillation.
t=time.
= phase lag between stress and strain.
Visco elastic materials are modeled using the complex modulus approach
which is modeled as
The storage and loss modulus in visco elastic materials measure the stored
energy, representing the elastic portion, and the energy dissipated as heat
representing the viscous portion. The tensile storage and loss moduli are
defined as follows.

Storage modulus = .

Loss modulus = .
Where and are the amplitudes of stress and strain and is the phase
shift between them.

5. DAMPING DESIGN USING VISCOELASTIC

MATERIALS
Damping is often introduced to dissipate energy or to perform vibration
suppression. In structural problems the damping is enhanced by introducing
viscoelastic cores. The reduced vibration is achieved by converting the
vibration energy into heat energy dissipated by the viscoelastic material to the
surroundings. As the structure is subjected to cyclic forced/free vibrations
shearing action is imparted to the viscoelastic core material. This mechanism
creates the damping effect as these shear strains are converted to heat energy
with in viscoelastic material.
Parameters of main vibrating system can be varied to control the excitation
level. Considering a symmetric system of form , Where
M,D,K are the mass, damping and stiffness matrices that can be adjusted to
have desired modal damping ratios.

6.CONCLUSION
The properties of metamaterial and the themes of its definition are discussed.
Meta damping characteristics of a metamaterial and mathematical formulation
of the same is provided. Comparison of elastic, viscous and viscoelastic
material is discussed. Viscoelastic material properties and the importance of
visco elastic materials towards damping is discussed. Hysteresis losses, storage
and loss modulus are discussed in visco elastic materials. Damping design of a
structure using viscoelastic material is presented.

6.REFERENCES
1.Three-dimensional mechanical metamaterials with a twist By Tobias

Frenzel,1 Muamer Kadic,Martin Wegener (DOI:

10.1126/science.aao4640)
2.Magnetically induced transparency of a quantum metamaterial
composed of twin flux qubits K.V. Shulga, E. Il’ichev, M.V. Fistul, I.S.
Besedil, S. Butz, O.V. Astafiev, U. Hübner& A.V. Ustinov (DOI:
10.1038/s41467-017-02608-8 )
3. Metasurface for Water-to-Air Sound Transmission Eun Bok,Jong
JinPark,Haejin Choi,Chung Kyu Han,Oliver B. Wright,and Sam H. Lee
(DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.044302)
4. Ferry, J. D. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd edition,
1980 (John Wiley, New York).
5. Research and applications of viscoelastic vibration damping
materials: A Review, X.Q. Zhou , D.Y. Yu , X.Y. Shao , S.Q. Zhang , S.
Wang.(DOI: 2015.10.01).