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structure. A new hydraulic concept for Power Control Units 1 5 0
S la ts /F la p s
II SECONDARY CONTROLLED
HYDRAULIC MOTORS
The principle of secondary controlled hydraulic units or so
called variable displacement hydraulic motors (VDHM)
allows conversion of hydraulic to mechanical power without
pressure losses. It has been successfully applied in a variety
of industrial fields since the early eighties. The use in air-
craft’s hydraulic systems requires reliability and safety under
extreme environmental conditions and life time demands.
M M = VM
( p − pR )
⋅ S (1) - M Coul sign(ω ) − M Stic sign(ω ) ⋅ e
−
ω0
2π
a non-linear, time-invariant ordinary first order differential
with the displacement VM being proportional to the swash equation with the actuating input xP. The system dynamic
plate actuator stroke xP. This leads to depends on the difference between motor torque MM (xP) and
V M ,max ( p S − p R ) load torque ML. Simplified the swash plate actuator is repre-
M M = xP ⋅ . (2) sented by an integral behaviour
x P ,max 2π
Q SV
The motor flow QM for a constant speed ω is given by x P = (9)
AP
VM ,max
QM = VM ⋅ 2π ⋅ ω = x P ⋅ ⋅ 2π ⋅ ω . (3) and the flow through the EHSV by a proportional term
x P ,max
QSV = K SV iSV , (10)
The hydraulic input power of a VDHM Phyd,in at constant
differential pressure supply with a linear approximation for the servovalve gain KSV.
1
xP/xP,max, ω/ωmax
0.5
ω/ωmax
xP/xP,max
0
0 5 10 15 20
Simulation
Figure 6. Hydraulic concept of PCU with VDHM in 4-
1
xP/xP,max, ω/ωmax
quadrant operation
max. load
Phyd,CDHM
Phyd,VDHM
0.8
P
mech,out
Power loss at
P/Pmax
control valve
0.6
0.4
Power loss due to
motor efficiency
0.2
0 5 10 15 20
Time [s]
Figure 7. Block diagram of the cascade control loop design
Figure 9. Comparison of power need between CDHM and
VDHM
3.4 Hydraulic Power Consumption Ivantysynova M., Kunze O. and Berg H. (1995), Energy
Figure 9 shows the theoretical, simulated power consumption Saving Hydraulic Systems in Aircraft - a Way to Save
of a conventional CDHM-driven and the new VDHM-driven Fuel, Proceedings of the 4th Scandinavian
PCU concept. A comparison for a typical flap extension
based on Airbus A340 data is made. The given load profile at International Conference on Fluid Power SICEP '95,
the PCU output shaft considers aerodynamic loads as well as Tampere, Finland, 1995
mechanical losses of the transmission system. This load
profile multiplied with the actuated speed leads to the
mechanical output power Pmech,out at the PCU output shaft. NOTATIONS
The power consumption of the VDHM-driven PCU Phyd,VDHM
adapts to the changing output power Pmech,out and compen- Symbols
sates losses due to the total efficiency ηt of the motor. The A Surface area
flow controlled CDHM-driven PCU has a constant power J Inertia
consumption Phyd,CDHM assuming steady speed. The power K Gain
difference between Phyd,CDHM and Phyd,VDHM is caused by M Torque
pressure losses in the main control valve and the flow limit- P Power
ing restrictor. Q Flow
The comparison shows a possible power reduction between V Displacement
53% and 80% applying VDHM instead of CDHM in the d Viscous friction number
A340 PCU. i Current
p Pressure
x Actuator stroke
CONCLUSION ω Revolving shaft speed
ϕ Transmission position
Introducing variable displacement to power drive units offers η Efficiency
a high potential for hydraulic system power reduction.
At the Section Aircraft Systems Engineering of the Technical Indices and Abbreviations
University of Hamburg-Harburg a first step to investigate CDHM Constant displacement hydraulic motor
this technique has been applied for the PCU of high lift Coul Coulomb
systems. Different hydraulic concepts and controller designs DG Differential gear
have been investigated. Feasibility, practicability and reli- EHSV Electro-hydraulic servovalve
ability have been proved by experimental, numerical and F Friction
analytical results. FPPU Feedback position pick-up unit
This paper has presented theoretical and experimental results hm hydro-mechanical
on a new concept for application in aircraft high lift systems. hyd hydraulic
The comparison to today’s conventional system verifies in Input
power reduction between 53% and 80%. Moreover, valve L Load
block complexity is decreased. A digital controller allows M Hydraulic motor
flexible transfer of hydro-mechanical control functions and mech mechanical
offers all kinds of speed, position, torque or power control out Output
for future concepts. P Piston
The consequent use of hydraulic motors with variable dis- PCU Power Control Unit
placement in aircraft’s hydraulic system architecture could PMT Pressure maintaining
decrease system power requirements. The principle is trans- POB Pressure-off brake
ferable to any other consumers with rotary power drive units, R Return
e.g. Trimmable Horizontal Stabiliser Actuator. S Supply
SPA Swash plate actuator
Stic Stiction
REFERENCES SV Servovalve, Solenoid valve
t total
Biedermann O., Engelhardt J. and Geerling G. (1998), More VDHM Variable displacement hydraulic motor
Efficient Fluid Power Systems Using Variable vol volumetric
Displacement Hydraulic Motors, Proceedings of the
21th Congress of the International Council of the
Aeronautical Sciences ICAS '98, Melbourne, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Australia, 1998
Geerling G. (1997), Secondary Controlled Variable Dis- The authors thank the Liebherr Aerospace Lindenberg
GmbH for promoting and supporting the research project
placement Motors in Aircraft Power Drive Units,
‘Development and Investigation of new PCU concepts’ and
Proceedings of the 5th Scandinavian International the Daimler-Benz Aerospace GmbH for providing typical
Conference on Fluid Power SICEP '97, Ed.1 , pp 167- high lift system loads.
179, Linköping, Sweden, 1997