EC - 304 Electrical Network Theory

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

North-Eastern Hill University
Superposition Principle,
September 12 - 20, 2018 Thévenin- and Norton- Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

1. Determine the current, ix , that passes through RL us- 20 Ω 10 Ω

ing Superposition Principle, Thévenin- and Norton-
equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 1 if RL = 40 Ω. ix
+ +
20 V − RL − 10 V

Fig. 1: Circuit of Q. 1.

Solution: Superposition Principle: We first make the 20 V voltage source active while the 10 V voltage
source inactive as shown in Fig. 1(a). We now apply KCL at node A:
20 Ω 10 Ω
0 0 A
vA − 20 vA v0
+ + A =0 i0x
20 40 10
0 0 0
⇒ 2vA − 40 + vA + 4vA =0 20 V
+
− RL 40 Ω
0 40
∴ vA = = 5.7143 V
7
B(Ref. node)
Therefore, the current through RL , when the 20 V
source is active and the 10 V is inactive, is Fig. 1(a): Shorting A-B terminals at which Nor-
0 ton equivalent is to be obtained.
vA
5.7143
i0x = = = 0.1429 A (1.1)
40 40
Next, we set the 20 V voltage source inactive while the 10 V voltage source active as shown in Fig. 1(b).
We then apply KCL at node A:
20 Ω 10 Ω
00 A
vA v 00 v 00 − 10
+ A+ A =0 i00x
20 40 10
00 00
⇒ 2vA + vA + 4vA − 40 = 0 RL 40 Ω
+
− 10 V
00 40
∴ vA = = 5.7143 V
7
B(Ref. node)
Therefore, the current through RL , when the 20 V
source is active and the 10 V is inactive, is Fig. 1(b): Shorting A-B terminals at which Nor-
00 ton equivalent is to be obtained.
vA
5.7143
i00x = = = 0.1429 A (1.2)
40 40
Therefore, the desired current, ix , is obtained by adding the two individual currents of Eqs. (1.1) and (1.2):

ix = i0x + i00x = 0.1429 + 0.1429 = 0.2858 = 285.8 mA (1.3)

Thévenin Equivalent Network

The given circuit of Fig. 1 is redrawn showing two networks as shown Fig. 1(c). We then remove
the network B from it leaving behind network A alone on which we first try to find its Thévenin
equivalent circuit.
20 Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω 10 Ω

+ + + X +
20 V − ix RL − 10 V 20 V − − 10 V
X0
Network - B i

Network - A Network - A

Fig. 1(c): Given circuit Fig. 1 with Networks Fig. 1(d): Circuit of Fig. 1(c) when Network
A and B specified. - B is removed.

20 Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω 10 Ω

RL RL
+ + + +
20 V − − 10 V 20 V − − 10 V
i
Network - B
X0

Network - A Network - A Network - B

Fig. 1(e): Circuit of Fig. 1 can also be drawn Fig. 1(f): Circuit of Fig. 1(e) is again redrawn
as shown above. specifying the two networks clearly.

Léon Charles Thévenin, French telegraph engineer (1857−1926)

EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

From Fig. 1(d) (or Fig. 1(f)), we compute the current, i, flowing in Network - A when Network
- B is removed :

− 20 + 20i + 10i + 10 = 0 X

10 20 Ω 10 Ω
∴ i= = 0.3333 A
30
VT H
Hence, the voltage, VT H , appeared at the open + +
20 V 10 V
terminals, X – X0 , of the circuit of Fig. 1(g) is − −

given by X0

VT H =20(−i) + 20 ∵ V20Ω + 20V Fig. 1(g): The circuit at which the VT H

is to be determined (Equivalent circuit of
= 10i + 10 ∵ V10Ω + 10V Fig. 1(d)).
= 13.3333 A (1.4)
We now suppress all the independent sources in X
the circuit (Network - A) as shown in Fig. 1(h). 20 Ω 10 Ω
Then, we determine the Thévenin resistance,
RT H as
20 × 10
RT H =
20 + 10 X0
RT H
200
=
30 Fig. 1(h): The circuit at which the VT H
=6.6667 Ω (1.5) is to be determined (Equivalent circuit of
Fig. 1(d)).
Now, we replace the Network - A of the circuit of Fig. 1(c) (or Fig. 1(e) or Fig. 1(f)) with its
equivalent Thévenin equivalent as shown in Fig. 1(j).

RT H RT H
X
6.6667 Ω 6.6667 Ω ix
+ +
VT H − 13.3333 V VT H − 13.3333 V RL 40 Ω

X0

Network - A Network - B Network - A Network - B

Fig. 1(i): Thévenin equivalent network of Fig. 1(j): RL is connected to the Thévenin
Fig. 1(e) (or 1(f) or 1(g)) when RL (Network equivalent network of Fig. 1(i).
- B) is removed.
Therefore, the desired the current, ix , is computed from the simplified circuit of Fig. 1(j) by applying
KVL as
− VT H + RT H ix + RL ix = 0
VT H 13.3333 13.3333
⇒ ix = = = = 0.2857 = 285.7 mA (1.6)
RT H + RL 6.6667 + 40 46.6667

Norton Equivalent Network: We first remove the RL and short out the nodes at which this resistor
was connected as shown Fig. 1(k).
Now, we calculate the current flowing through these 20 Ω 10 Ω
A
two resistors as
20 V
i20Ω = =1A 20 V
+ +
10 V
20 Ω − −
10 V
i10Ω = =1A
10 Ω
B
Therefore, the short-circuit current, isc = IN =
i20Ω + i10Ω = 2 A. Fig. 1(k): Shorting A-B terminals at which Nor-
ton equivalent is to be obtained.
Next, we supress all the independent sources in the 20 Ω 10 Ω
A
circuit to find RT H as shown in Fig. 1(l).

RAB = R20Ω ||R10Ω

RAB = RT H
20 × 10
=
20 + 10
= 6.6667 Ω B

Therefore, we have Fig. 1(l): After suppressing all voltage sources

of Fig. 1.
RN = 6.6667 Ω

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EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

The complete Norton equivalent circuit of Fig. 1 when the RL is removed is then given in the Fig. 1(m).

IN 2A RT H 6.6667 Ω IN 2A RT H 6.6667 Ω RL 40 Ω

Fig. 1(m): Norton equivalent network of Fig. 1 Fig. 1(n): RL is connected to the Norton equiv-
when RL is removed. alent network of Fig. 1(m).
Using current division method in Fig. 1(n), we get the current, ix , flowing through RL as

6.6667
i40Ω = iRL = IN = 0.1429 × 2 = 0.2858 = 285.8 mA (1.7)
6.6667 + 40

Verification of the result using the Graph theory with KCL

From the given circuit of Fig. 1, a graph is

drawn by selecting an appropriate tree as shown +
+
+
in Fig. 1(o). We then label branch voltages and vx
20 V − 10 V
apply KCL on the top middle node as
− −
     
vx − 20 vx vx − 10
+ + =0 Fig. 1(o): A selected tree on which the volt-
20 40 10 age, vx , across 40Ω resistor is be computed.
⇒ 2vx − 40 + vx + 4vx − 40 = 0
80
∴ vx = = 11.4286 V
7
Therefore, the current, ix , passing through 40Ω resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1 is

vx 11.4286
ix = = = 0.2857 = 285.7 mA (1.8)
RL 40

Verification of the result using the Graph theory with KVL

From the given circuit of Fig. 1, a graph is

drawn by selecting an appropriate tree as shown in
i1
Fig. 1(o). We then identify and label the loops for
each corresponding link and apply KVL around i2
these loops as

Loop 1: 20(i1 + i2 ) + 40i1 − 20 = 0 Fig. 1(p): A selected tree on which the volt-
∴ i2 = 1 − 3i1 (1.9) age, vx , across 40Ω resistor is be computed.

Loop 2: 20(i1 + i2 ) + 10i2 + 10 − 20 = 0

⇒ 2i1 + 3i2 = 1
⇒ 2i1 + 3(1 − 3i1 ) = 1 ∵ Using Eq. (1.9)
1−3
∴ i1 = ix = = 0.2857 = 285.7 mA (1.10)
−7

P.S. Use graph theory in Link or Loop Analysis, we assign currents including reference current to
each link in the co-tree, instead of assigning branch voltages to twigs of the chosen tree. This will
give us l numbers loops for l number of links.

2. Practice Problem: 5.2/pp107/ECA6e::/pp129/ECA8e

15 Ω
For the circuit of Fig. 2, use superposition to obtain
voltage across each current source.
7Ω

2A 5Ω 4i
+
− 3V

Fig. 2: Circuit of Q.2

We can apply: nodal and mesh analysis over and above the superposition principle on the given circuit. Not
only this, we further use Thévenin- and Norton Equivalent circuits to find the voltage across each source.

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EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

Solution: Given circuit of Fig. 2 is redrawn as

v10 15 Ω v20 v100 15 Ω v200

7Ω i0 7Ω i00

5Ω 4i0 2A 5Ω 4i00
+
− 3V i0x

Fig. 2(a) Fig. 2(b)

We now open circuit the 2-A source as shown in Fig. 2(a). Writing the mesh equation for the leftmost
mesh with the current i0x , we get

− 3 + 7i0x + 15i0x + 5(i0x + 4i0 ) = 0

∴ 27i0x + 20i0 = 3 (2.1)

Also, from 5Ω branch, i0 = i0x + 4i0

∴ i0x = −3i0 (2.2)

Solving above two Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2), we have

27 × (−3i0 ) + 20i0 = 3
⇒ i0 = −0.0492 A.

Thus, i0x = −3 × (−0.0492) = 0.1476A. Therefore, the voltages across each current source when 3 V source
is active are given by

v1|3V = v10 = 7(−i0x ) + 3 = 7(−0.1476) + 3 = 1.9668 V

v2|3V = v20 = 5i0 = −0.2460 V.

Next, we short circuit the 3-V source while the 2 A current source is active as shown in Fig. 2(b). Applying
KCL at node 1,

v100 v 00 − v200
+ 1 =2
7 15
∴ 22v100 − 7v200 = 210 (2.3)

Also at node 2,

v200 − v100 v 00 v 00 v 00
+ 2 = 4i00 = 4 2 ∵ i00 = 2
15 5 5 5
v200 − v100
⇒ + v200 = 4v200
3
∴ v100 + 8v200 = 0 (2.4)

Solving above two Eqs. (2.3) and (2.4),

v100 = v1|2A = 9.1803 V and v200 = v2|2A = −1.1475 V

v200 −1.148
Thus, i00 = = = −0.2295 A. Therefore,
5 5

i = i0 + i00 = i3V + i2A = −0.0492 − 0.2295 = 0.2787 A

v1 = v10 + v100 = v1|3V + v1|2A = 11.1471 V and

v2 = v20 + v200 = v2|3V + v2|2A = −1.3935 V

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EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

Verification of the result using Nodal Analysis

Given circuit of Fig. 2 is redrawn by identifying 15 Ω
1 2
the nodes in the circuits as shown in Fig. 2(c).
We now apply KCL at nodes 1 and 2 as : 7Ω
i

v1 − 3 v1 − v2 2A 3 5Ω 4i
Node 1: −2+ + =0 +
7 15 − 3V
⇒ 22v1 − 7v2 = 255 (2.5)
0

Fig. 2(c)
and
v2 − v1 v2
Node 2: + − 4i = 0
15 5
v1 v2 v2 v2 v2
⇒− + + −4× =0 ∵ i=
15 15 5 5 5
⇒ v1 + 8v2 = 0 (2.6)

Solving above two Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6), we get

   
 255 −7   22 255 
   
 0 8  2040  1 0  −255
v1 =   = = 11.1475 V and v2 =   = = −1.3934 V
 22 −7 
 183  22 −7 
 183
 1 8   1 8 

Another solution using Thévenin Equivalent

The given circuit has been redrawn so that we can divide the circuit into two networks as shown
below:
15 Ω 15 Ω

i i
7Ω 7Ω

2A 5Ω 4i 2A 5Ω 4i
+ +
3V − − 3V

Network - A Network - B Network - A Network - B

Fig. 2(d): Circuit from which the voltage Fig. 2(e): Circuit from which the voltage
across 2 A current source to be determine across 4i current source to be determine us-
using Thévenin equivalent (of Network - B). ing Thévenin equivalent (of Network - A).

Now, we shall find out the voltage appeared 15 Ω

across the 2 A current source using Thévenin
equivalent. For this, we first find out the value i

of VT H from Network - B of Fig. 2(f). By in- VT H 2A 5Ω 4i

spection into this circuit, we see that
2A 4i
i = 2 + 4i
2 Fig. 2(f): Network - B of Fig. 2(d) from which
⇒ i = − = −0.6667 A VT H is to be obtained.
3
Therefore, the VT H which is appeared across 2 A current source is given by

VT H = v15Ω + v5Ω = 15 × 2 + 5i = 30 + 5 × −0.6667 = 30 − 3.3335 = 26.6665 V

Next, we suppress all independent sources in the Network - B of the circuit of Fig. 2(d) as shown
in Fig. 2(g) to find the value of RT H . However, because of the 4i dependent current source, we can
not find out the value of RT H straight away. Therefore, we inject a 1 V source into the circuit as
1
shown in Fig. 2(h) from which we can find the Thévenin resistance using RT H = .
itest
15 Ω 15 Ω

i itest i
+
5Ω 4i 1V − 5Ω 4i

RT H

Fig. 2(g): Network - B of Fig. 2(d) from Fig. 2(h): Network - B of Fig. 2(d) from
which VT H is to be obtained. which VT H is to be obtained.
Our aim in the circuit of Fig. 2(h) is to find the value of itest first so that we can in turn determine
the value of RT H .

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EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

Fig. 2(h) is redrawn showing mesh currents as 15 Ω

in Fig. 2(i). Now, applying KVL on the leftmost
itest i
mesh, we have
+
1V − 5Ω 4i
− 1 + 15itest + 5(itest + 4i) = 0
itest
⇒ 20itest + 20i = 1 (2.7) 4i

But we know from 5Ω branch through which the Fig. 2(i): Network - B of Fig. 2(d) from which
current, i, flows VT H is to be obtained.

i = itest + 4i
1
⇒ i = − itest
3
Using the above equation in Eq. (2.7), we get RT H

20 13.3333 Ω
20itest − itest = 1
3 +
26.6665 V VT H
3
−
⇒ itest = = 0.075 A
40
Hence, the RT H is given by
Fig. 2(j): Thévenin equivalent of Network -
1 1 B of Fig. 2(d).
RT H = = = 13.3333 Ω
itest 0.075
We now replace Network - B of Fig. 2(d) by its RT H
Thévenin equivalent as shown in Fig. 2(k). If
the current flowing in this complete simplified 7Ω 13.3333 Ω

circuit is ix , then it can be obtained by applying 26.6665 V

+
− VT H
KVL in clockwise direction around the circuit as +
3V −

− 3 + 7ix + 13.3333ix + 26.6665 = 0

Network - A Network - B
23.6665
⇒ ix = − = −1.1639 A
20.3333 Fig. 2(k): Thévenin equivalent of Network -
B of Fig. 2(d).
Therefore, the required voltage appeared across
the 2−A current source of the circuit of Fig. 2(d)
is calculated as

v2A = 7 × −ix + 3 = 7 × 1.1639 + 3 = 8.1473 + 3 = 11.1473 V (2.8)

We now move to the circuit of Fig. 2(e) to determine the voltage appeared across the 4i dependent
current source. It is worth noting here that the 5Ω resistor alone can not be put in Network -
B because the current, i which is flowing through it, is the controlling variable of the dependent
current source. Hence, the 4i dependent current source and the 5Ω resistor are put together in
the Network - B. From Fig. 2(l), the other terminal of 15Ω is floating and there is no current flow
through this register. Thus, the 2 A current flows through 7Ω resistor. Therefore, VT H is given by

15 Ω 15 Ω

7Ω 7Ω

2A VT H
+
− 3V

RT H

Fig. 2(l): Network - A of Fig. 2(e) from which Fig. 2(m): After suppressing all independent
VT H is to be determined. sources in the Network - A of Fig. 2(e) to
determine RT H is to be determined.
RT H

VT H = 7 × 2 + 3 = 14 + 3 = 17 V
22 Ω i

and it’s clear from the Fig. 2(m) for the VT H

+
− 17 V 5Ω 4i
Thévenin resistance

RT H = 7 + 15 = 22 Ω
Network - A Network - B

From Fig. 2(n), the voltage appeared across the Fig. 2(n): Simplified circuit of Fig. 2(e) to
5Ω resistor is 5i V . Now, applying KCL at determine the voltage appeared across the 4i
the top right node of the circuit considering the current source.
lower bottom node as a reference node, we have

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EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

5i − 17
+ i − 4i = 0
22
⇒ i = −0.2787 A

Hence, the voltage appeared across the 4i dependent current source in the given circuit is

v4i = 5i = 5 × −0.2787 = −1.3935 V (2.9)

Verification of the result using Graph Theory with KCL

15 Ω
1 2 1 + vy − 2
+
i 0
7Ω i

2A 3 5Ω 4i 3 + vz
+
− 3V vx
− −
0 0

Fig. 2(o) Fig. 2(p)

Given circuit of Fig. 2 is redrawn by identifying the nodes in the circuits as shown in Fig. 2(o) and
its graph is shown in Fig. 2(p). We now apply KCL at nodes 1 and 2 as :

(vy + vz ) − vx vy
Node 1: −2+ + =0
7 15
⇒ 15vy + 15vz − 15vx + 7vy = 2 × 7 × 15
⇒ 22vy + 15vz = 210 + 15 × 3 ∵ vx = 3 V
⇒ 22vy + 15vz = 255 (2.10)

and
−vy vz
Node 2: + − 4i = 0
15 5
−vy vz vz vz
⇒ + −4× =0 ∵ i=
15 5 5 5
⇒ vy + 9vz = 0 (2.11)

Solving above two Eqs. (2.10) and (2.11), we get

vy = 12.5410 V and vz = −1.3934 V

Hence, from tree paths

v1 = vy + vz = v7Ω + v5Ω = 12.5410 − 1.3934 = 11.1476 V and

v2 = vz = v5Ω = −1.3934 V

Verification of the result using Graph Theory with KVL

15 Ω

i
7Ω

2A 5Ω 4i ix
+
3V 2A 4i
−

Fig. 2(q): The given circuit from which v1 Fig. 2(r): A graph of the circuit Fig. 2(q) is
and v2 w.r.t. reference node 0 are to be de- drawn specifying loop currents after selecting
termined. a tree.
We have seen from the graph of Fig. 2(r) that KVL can be applied only on the middle loop. Applying
KVL on the middle loop, we have

− 3 + 7(ix − 2) + 15ix + 5(ix + 4i) = 0

⇒ 27ix + 20i = 17
⇒ 27 × −3i + 20i = 17 ∵ i = ix + 4i ⇒ ix = −3i
17
∴ i=− = −0.2787 A
61

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EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

Given circuit of Fig. 2 is redrawn by identifying the nodes in the circuits as shown in Fig. 2(o) and
its graph is shown in Fig. 2(p). We now apply KCL at nodes 1 and 2 as : And

ix = −3 × −0.2787 = 0.8361 A

Therefore,

v2A = 7(2 − ix ) + 3 = 7(2 − 0.8361) + 3 = 11.1473 V (2.12)

v4i = 5i = 5 × −0.2787 = −1.3935 A (2.13)

3. Practice Problem #: 5.8/pp122/ECA6e::pp148/ECA8e:

100 V
Determine the Thévenin equivalent for the circuit of Fig. 3

−
+
+

0.01V1 20 kΩ V1

Fig. 3: Network of Q. 3.

Solution: Since one of the +ve terminal of the 100 V voltage source is floating in the network, there is
no current flow through this branch. Therefore, voltage drop across 20kΩ resistor is give by

−
+
+
v20kΩ = 0.01V1 × 20 × 103 = 200V1 + 100 V
0.01V1 v20kΩ 20 kΩ voc = V1
and hence
−
V1 = 100 + v20kΩ = 100 + 200V1 −

100
⇒ V1 = = −0.5025125 Fig. 3(a)
1 − 200
∴ voc = −502.5125 mV . (3.1)

Another method for finding voc is to transform the dependent current source into a dependent
voltage source as shown in Fig. 3(b).
Applying KVL in the transformed network, 100 V
−
+

− 200V1 + 20 × 103 (0) − 100 + V1 = 0 20 kΩ

+

100 +
⇒ V1 = = −0.5025125 200V1 voc = V1
−199
−

∴ voc = −502.5125 mV . (3.2) −

Voltage drop across 20kΩ is zero as no current Fig. 3(b): After transforming the depen-
passes through it. dent current source.

Next, we turn our attention to find the value of

Thévenin resistance, RT H , which can be obtained
from either Fig. 3(a) or Fig. 3(b).
0.01V1 20 kΩ
Consider the first circuit of Fig. 3(a) which is re-
drawn after suppressing all independent sources in it
resulting the circuit of Fig. 3(c). In this network (of
Fig. 3(c)), we find a dependent source which prevents
Fig. 3(c)
us to find the RT H directly.
In such cases, RT H can be calculated with either one of the following techniques:
voc
a) Seek Isc in the given circuit of Fig. 3 and find RT H using RT H = = VT H /Isc .
Isc
b) Apply a 1 V source externally to the circuit that contains only dependent source(s)(as in Fig. 3(e)),
1V
measure the current itest that results, and then set RT H = .
itest
c) Apply a 1 A source externally to the circuit that contains only dependent source(s)(as in Fig. 3(f)),
vtest
measure the voltage vtest that results, and then set RT H = .
1A

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EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

However, the given circuit contains only dependent sources, the last two techniques can be applied to
obtain RT H in which either a 1 − V source or a 1 A source is externally applied as shown in Figs. 3(e) and
3(f).

Finding RT H using short-circuit current, Isc technique

Consider the first circuit of Fig. 3(a) and suppress the independent source in it resulting the circuit
as shown in Fig. 3(c). Since the resulted circuit has a dependent source, we use the first technique
to find RT H from Fig. 3(a); we therefore seek ISC . Upon short-circuiting the output terminals in
Fig. 3(a), it is apparent that V1 = 0 and thus the dependent current source is not100active.
V Hence,

−
+
20 × 103 Isc − 100 = 0
20 kΩ ISC
100
⇒ Isc = = 0.005 = 5mA
20000
voc −502.5125
∴ RT H = = = −100.5025Ω (3.3)
Isc 5 Fig. 3(d): Given network after defin-
ing voc and v20kΩ .

Finding RT H using 1 V source applied externally

By applying an external 1 V source to the network of Fig. 3(c) as shown in Fig. 3(e).
itest
We now apply KCL at the upper node:
+
V1
− 0.01V1 + − itest = 0 +
20 × 103 0.01V1 20 kΩ V1 − 1V
⇒ itest = −0.01 + 0.05 × 10−3 ∵ V1 = 1V
−
⇒ itest = −0.00995A
Fig. 3(e): A hypothetical measurement to ob-
We can now calculate Thévenin resistance as tain RT H in Fig. 3(c).

1 1
RT H = = = −100.5025Ω.
itest −0.00995

This value matches with that of Eq. (3.3).

Finding RT H using 1 A source applied externally

By applying an external 1 A source to the network of Fig. 3(c) as shown in Fig. 3(f). We now apply
KCL at the upper node:
+ +
V1
− 0.01V1 + −1=0
20 × 103 0.01V1 20 kΩ V1 vtest 1A
⇒ − 0.00995V1 = 1
⇒ V1 = −100.5025V − −

Fig. 3(f): A hypothetical measurement to ob-

tain RT H in Fig. 3(c).
Since V1 = vtest as in Fig. 3(f), we have

vtest = −100.5025V

We can now calculate

vtest −100.5025
RT H = = = −100.5025Ω.
1 1

This value also matches with that of Eq. (3.3).

The Thévenin equivalent of the network of Fig. 3(a) is shown below in Fig. 3(g).
RT H

−100.5025 Ω
+
VT H − −502.5125 mV

Fig. 3(g): Thévenin equivalent network of Fig. 3.

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EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

Finding RT H using short-circuit current, Isc technique

Consider the first circuit of Fig. 3(b) and suppress the independent source in it resulting the circuit
as shown in Fig. 3(h). Since the resulted circuit has a dependent source, we use the first technique
to find RT H from Fig. 3(a); we therefore seek ISC . Upon short-circuiting the output terminals in
Fig. 3(b), it is apparent that V1 = 0 and thus the dependent current source is not active. Hence,
100 V
3
20 × 10 Isc − 100 = 0

−
+
100 20 kΩ
⇒ Isc = = 0.005 = 5mA
20000
ISC
voc −502.5125
∴ RT H = = = −100.5025Ω
Isc 5
(3.4)
Fig. 3(h): Given network after defining voc
and v20kΩ .

Finding RT H using 1 V source applied externally

After suppressing the independent source and applying an external 1 V source to the network of
Fig. 3(b), we redraw the circuit as shown in Fig. 3(i).
itest
We now apply KVL in the loop:
+
20 kΩ
− 200V1 − 20000itest + 1 = 0 + +
−199 200V1 − V1 − 1V
⇒ itest = ∵ V1 = 1V
20000
−
⇒ itest = −0.00995A
Fig. 3(i): A hypothetical measurement to ob-
We can now calculate Thévenin resistance as
tain RT H in Fig. 3(c).

1 1
RT H = = = −100.5025Ω.
itest −0.00995

This value matches with that of Eq. (3.4).

Finding RT H using 1 A source applied externally

After suppressing the independent source and applying an external 1 A source to the network of
Fig. 3(b), we know the from the following circuit of Fig. 3(j):
+ +
20 kΩ
+
− 200V1 + 20000 × (−1) + V1 = 0 200V1 − V1 vtest 1A
⇒ 199V1 = −20000
− −
20000
⇒ V1 = − = −100.5025V
199 Fig. 3(j): A hypothetical measurement to ob-
tain RT H in Fig. 3(c).
Since V1 = vtest as in Fig. 3(j), we have

vtest = −100.5025V

We can now calculate

vtest −100.5025
RT H = = = −100.5025Ω.
1 1

This value also matches with that of Eq. (3.4).

The Thévenin equivalent of the network of Fig. 3(b) is shown below in Fig. 3(k).
RT H

−100.5025 Ω
+
VT H − −502.5125 mV

Fig. 3(k): Thévenin equivalent network of Fig. 3.

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4. Practice Problem: 5.9/pp123/ECA6e::pp151/ECA8e

Find the Thévenin equivalent for the network in Fig. 4. 10 Ω 5Ω

i1
No independent sources in the circuit! An inactive cir- +
20i1 30 Ω
cuit!! Thus, VT H = 0, however, RT H can still be found
−
out! Let’s see how.

Fig. 4: Circuit of Q.4

Solution: Since there is no independent source in the given network, the current i1 = 0. Consequently,
the dependent source is inactive, so voc = 0. So does, isc = 0. That is, VT H = 0 and IN = 0 .
Next, since voc and isc are zero in the given network, we take help of externally applied sources of either
1 V or 1 A sources for finding the value of RT H .

Finding RT H using 1 A source applied externally :: Nodal Analysis

We apply a 1 A source externally in the given cir-

10 Ω 5Ω
cuit of Fig. 4 and redraw the circuit as shown in v1
Fig. 4(a). In this circuit, we will measure the volt-
vtest i1 +
age vtest and then set RT H = .
1 +
Applying KCL at node 1, we have 20i1 − 30 Ω vtest 1A
−

Fig. 4(a)
v1 − 20i1 v1 − vtest v1
+ + =0
10 5 30
v1 − 20i1 v1
⇒ + v1 − vtest + =0
2 6
2
⇒ 3v1 − 3 v1 + 6v1 − 6vtest + v1 = 0 ∵ v1 = 30i1
3
⇒ 8v1 = 6vtest
∴ v1 = 0.75vtest

The voltage across 5Ω resistor is given by,

vtest − v1 = 1 × 5
⇒ vtest − 0.75vtest = 5 ∵ v1 = 0.75vtest
5
∴ vtest = = 20 V
0.25
Now, we can determine
vtest 20
RT H = = = 20 Ω . (4.1)
1A 1

Finding RT H using 1 A source applied externally :: Mesh Analysis

Applying KVL in mesh 1, 10 Ω 5Ω

− 20i1 + 10ia + 30(ia − ib ) = 0

i1
⇒ − 2i1 + 4ia = −3 ∵ ib = −1A (4.2) +
20i1 − ia 30 Ω ib 1A
We also know that,

i1 = ia − ib
Fig. 4(b)
⇒ ia = i1 − 1 (4.3)

Using Eq. (4.3) in Eq. (4.2), we get

−2i1 + 4i1 − 4 = −3 ⇒ i1 = 0.5A

Therefore, vtest appeared across 1 A current source is given by

vtest = v1A = 5(1) + 30(0.5) = 20V

Hence,
vtest 20
RT H = = = 20 Ω . (4.4)
1A 1

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Finding RT H using 1 A source applied externally :: Loop Analysis

In this method, we have identified loops in the 10 Ω 5Ω

circuit of Fig. 4(a) as shown in Fig. 4(c). Here, x
application of KVL in the outer loop is not pos-
i1
sible because of the independent current source. +
But we find that 20i1 − 30 Ω 1A
ib = −1 A (4.5) ia ib

Fig. 4(c)
Now, writing KVL in loop-a (leftmost loop)

− 20i1 + v10Ω + v30Ω = 0

⇒ − 20ia + 10(ia + ib ) + 30ia = 0 ∵ i1 = i30Ω = ia
⇒ 20i1 − 10 = 0 ∵ ib = −1 A
⇒ i1 = 0.5 A

Therefore, vtest can be calculated as

v5Ω vx − vtest
ib = =
5 5
⇒ vtest = vx − 5ib
⇒ vtest = 30 × i1 − 5 × (−1) ∵ ib = −1 A
⇒ vtest = 30 × 0.5 + 5 = 20 V

Therefore,

vtest 20
RT H = = = 20 Ω . (4.6)
1A 1

Finding RT H using 1 V source applied externally :: Nodal Analysis

Since there is no independent source in the given 10 Ω 5Ω

1 2 3
network of the circuit of Fig. 4, the current
i1 = 0. Consequently, the dependent source is itest
i1
inactive, so voc = 0. + +
Another method using 1-V source for hypotheti- 20i1 − 30 Ω − 1V
cal measurement of RT H is to apply a 1 V source
externally as shown in Fig. 4(d), measure the
0
Fig. 4(d)
1
current itest that results, and then finally set RT H = . In the circuit of Fig. 4(d), nodes in the
itest
circuit is identified and numbered. We now apply KCL at node 2 as
v2 − v1 v2 v2 − v3
+ + =0
10 30 5
⇒ 3v2 − 3v1 + v2 + 6v2 − 6v3 = 0
⇒ − 3 × 20i1 + 10v2 − 6 = 0 ∵ v1 = 20i1 and v3 = 1 V
60 v2
⇒ − v2 + 10v2 − 6 = 0 ∵ i1 = A
30 30
6
⇒ v2 = = 0.75 V
8
We can then calculate itest as
v3 − v2 1 − 0.75 0.25
itest = = = = 0.05 A
5 5 5
Therefore, the Thévenin resistance of the circuit of Fig. 4 is computed as

1 1
RT H = = = 20 Ω . (4.7)
itest 0.05

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Finding RT H using 1 V source applied externally :: Mesh Analysis

Another method using 1-V source for hypotheti- 10 Ω 5Ω

cal measurement of RT H . Since there is no inde-
pendent source in the given network, the current itest
i1
+
i1 = 0. Consequently, the dependent source is
+
20i1 − ia 30 Ω ib − 1V
inactive, so voc = 0.
We apply a 1 V source externally, measure the
voltage itest that results, and then set RT H =
1
. We know Fig. 4(e): labelfig:th3e
itest

i1 = ia − ib

as seen at the branch with 30Ω.

Applying KVL in meshes, we get

mesh a: − 20i1 + 10ia + 30(ia − ib ) = 0

⇒ − 20(ia − ib ) + 40ia − 30ib = 0
⇒ 2ia − ib = 0 (4.8)

mesh b: 30(ib − ia ) + 5ib + 1 = 0

⇒ − 30ia + 35ib = −1 (4.9)

Multiplying Eq. (4.5) by 15 and add it to Eq. (4.6), we have

20ib = −1
⇒ ib = −50 mA

But we know that itest = −ib . Thus

itest = 50 mA

Thus, we now calculate the value of RT H

1 1
RT H = =
itest 50 × 10−3
∴ RT H = 20 Ω (4.10)

It is found from Eqs. (4.1), (4.4), (4.6), (4.7), and (4.10) that RT H of the given circuit, Fig. 4, is
confirmed to be 20 Ω while voc and isc is 0(zero). Thus, the Théveinin equivalent network of the
given network of Fig. 4 is given by

RT H 20 Ω

Fig. 4(f): Thévenin equivalent to the original network of Fig. 4

5. Find VT H and RT H in the circuit of Fig. 5. 12 Ω

Dependent source(s) appear(s) in the circuit after sup-

+
pressing all independent sources! An inactive circuit that
0.05vx
contains dependent source(s)!! However, RT H can still be 24 A vx 10 Ω
found out! Let’s see how.
−

Fig. 5: Circuit of Q.5

Solution: Finding VT H in the given circuit of Fig. 5

Given circuit is redrawn specifying VT H or voc on it as shown below. We have seen from the circuit that
terminal a is floating and thus no current flows from this terminal towards circuit. Hence, VT H is

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equal to vx which appears across 10 Ω reistor. Thus,

12 Ω
24A flows only through this resistor. Now,
x v12Ω +
− a
vx = 10 × 24 +
+
= 240 V 0.05vx
24 A vx 10 Ω VT H
But −
−
b
VT H = v12Ω + vx = 12(−0.05vx ) + vx 0
= (12 × −0.05 × 240) + 240 Fig. 5(a): Given circuit is redrawn to
find VT H .
= −144 + 240 = 96 V .
Finding RT H in the given circuit of Fig. 5

Given circuit is again redrawn by suppressing all in- 12 Ω

dependent sources in it as shown on left (Fig. 5(b)). x
We have seen from this network that the dependent
current source, 0.5vx , prevents us from determining +
RT H directly for inactive network through resistance vx 0.05vx
10 Ω
combination. Therefore, we seek help of any one of
the following methods to get the value of RT H : −
RT H
0

Fig. 5(b)

Method-1: Short circuit current, isc , method: For this method, we short circuit terminals (of Fig. 5)
at which we are interested to find its Thévenin equivalent as shown in Fig. 5(c). [Note: This is much
alike what we do to get Norton’s equivalent circuit].
Applying KCL at node x, we have 12 Ω
vx vx x
− 24 + + − 0.05vx = 0
10 12 +
⇒ − 2880 + 12vx + 10vx − 6vx = 0 0.05vx
24 A vx 10 Ω isc
2880
⇒ vx = = 180 V −
16
Therefore, 0

vx Fig. 5(c): When terminals at which Thévenin

isc = 24 − =6A equivalent is to be found are shorted.
10
Thus, the Thévenin’s resistance, RT H , is calculated as

voc 96
RT H = = = 16 Ω
isc 6

The following two related techniques can be applied to any circuit with dependent source(s) only,
that is, all independent sources are not there or set to zero.

Method-2: Using 1 V source method: In this method to find the value of RT H , we suppress all the
independent sources of Fig. 5 and after that, the circuit is redrawn by applying 1 V source externally
as shown in Fig. 5(d). From this circuit, we measure itest from which we set, RT H = 1/itest .

Applying KCL at node x, we have 12 Ω

itest
vx vx − 1 x
+ (−0.05vx ) + =0
10 12 +
⇒ 12vx − 6vx + 10vx − 10 = 0 vx 10 Ω
0.05vx +
− 1V
10
⇒ vx = V −
16
But we can’t apply KCL at node y because of 1 V 0
source. Thus, Fig. 5(d)

vx 1
itest = = A
10 16
Therefore, we get

1V 1
RT H = = = 16 Ω
itest 1/16

Method-3: Using 1 A source method: Here, we apply 1 A source to the circuit externally after sup-
pressing all independent sources in the given circuit of Fig. 5. This yields a circuit of Fig. 5(e) in

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which RT H is to be calculated using RT H = vtest /1. Note that vtest is the voltage appeared across
the externally applied 1 A current source, i.e., vy = vtest .

Applying KCL at node x, we have 12 Ω

x y
vx vx − vy
+ − 0.05vx = 0 +
10 12 +
⇒ 12vx + 10vx − 10vy − 6vx = 0 vx 0.05vx vtest
10 Ω 1A
⇒ 16vx − 10vy = 0 (5.1)
−
−
Now, KCL at node y gives
0
vy − v x
+ 0.05vx − 1 = 0 Fig. 5(e): A given network whose Thévenin
12 equivalent is desired.
⇒ vy − 0.4vx = 12
⇒ vy = 12 + 0.4vx (5.2)
Therefore, using Eq. (5.2) in Eq. (5.1), we have

16vx − 120 − 4vx = 0

⇒ 12vx = 120
⇒ vx = 10 V

vtest vy 16
Hence, vy = 12 + 0.4 × 10 = 16 V and RT H = = = = 16 Ω .
1A 1A 1

200 Ω
6. Find the Thévenin equivalent in the network shown in
Fig. 6. i
+
+ +
2V − vab − 5i 20 Ω vab

Fig. 6: A network where voc and RT H is to be cal-

culated.

Solution: Determination of voc or VT H ! From the given network, the current, i, through 200 Ω resistor
is given by
2 − vab
i=
200
Now, on the right hand side of the network, we see that there is another loop and thus the voltage across
20 Ω is given by

vab = 20 × −5i
2 − vab
= −100 ×
200
2 − vab
=−
2
Therefore,

vab = −2 V

Hence, VT H = vab = −2 V .

200 Ω
Now, RT H is to be obtained at a − b terminals : a
For this, we have suppressed all independent sources i
+
in the network and have redrawn the given network +
vab 5i 20 Ω vab
as shown in Fig. 6(a). In such scenario, we have seen −

earlier that we can use various method(s). Few such −

methods are again explained below on this network. b

Fig. 6(a): A network from which RT H is desired.

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Method - 1: Short circuit the a − b terminals in the given network of Fig. 6

For this method, we short circuit terminals (of Fig. 6) at which we are interested to find its Thévenin
v2
equivalent resistance, RT H = , from the circuit of Fig. 6(b). [Note: This is much alike what we do
isc
to get Norton’s equivalent circuit].
From right hand side loop, we have isc = −5i. Also
200 Ω
see that the dependent source on left hand side is
short circuited since vab = 0. Thus i
+
+ +
2V vab 5i 20 Ω vab isc
2 1 − −
i= = A −
200 100
Therefore, Fig. 6(b): A given network when ter-
minals at which Thévenin equivalent is
1 1 to be found are shorted.
isc = −5 =− A
100 20
Hence, the Thévenin’s resistance, RT H , is calculated as

voc −2
RT H = = = 40 Ω
isc −1/20

The following two related techniques can be applied to any circuit with dependent sources, as long as
all independent sources are set to zero first.

Method - 2: Using 1 V source at a − b terminals of Fig. 6(a)

In this method to find the value of RT H , we suppress all the independent sources of Fig. 6 and afterthat,
the circuit is redrawn by applying 1 V source externally as shown in Fig. 6(c). From this circuit, we
measure itest from which we set, RT H = 1/itest .
Since vab = 1 V , therefore i = −1/200 A. Hence,
itest can be calculated as 200 Ω itest

i
vab +
itest = 5i + + +
20 vab − 5i 20 Ω vab − 1V

−1 1 −
=5 +
200 20
Therefore, Fig. 6(c): A given network whose
Thévenin equivalent is desired.
itest = −0.025 + 0.05 = 0.025 A
Therefore, we get

1V 1
RT H = = = 40 Ω
itest 0.025

Method - 3: Using 1 A source at a − b terminals of Fig. 6(a)

Here, we apply 1 A source to the circuit externally after suppressing all independent sources in the given
circuit of Fig. 6. This yields a circuit of Fig. 6(d) in which RT H is to be calculated using RT H = vtest /1.
Note that vtest is the voltage appeared across the externally applied 1 A current source, thus, vab = vtest .
vab
We know i = − A. Now applying KCL at top
200
right node, we have 200 Ω

i +
vab +
5i + −1=0 +
20 vab − 5i 20 Ω vab vtest 1A
vab vab −
⇒ −5 + −1=0 −
200 20
vab vab
⇒ − + −1=0 Fig. 6(d): A given network whose
40 20 Thévenin equivalent is desired.
⇒ − vab + 2vab − 40 = 0
∴ vab = 40 V
Therefore,

vtest vab 40
RT H = = = = 40 Ω
1A 1A 1

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1
7. Determine the Thévenin equivalent network
at terminal 1 − 10 of the network A in the
following circuit of Fig. 7. v1
+
− i1 R1 R2 αi1 R3 i2

N etwork A 10 N etwork B

Fig. 7

Solution: Determination of voc or VT H !

We know from the left hand side loop of the network,

v1 1
i1 =
R1
+
Now, voc = VT H at terminals 1 − 10 is v1 − i1 R1 R2 αi1

VT H = −R2 αi1
10
αR2
∴ VT H =− v1 . Fig. 7(a): Network A of Fig. 7.
R1

Determination of RT H !

1
When the independent voltage source, v1 , is reduced
to zero, i1 = 0. Thus, the dependent current source
is also reduced to zero. Therefore, RT H , the resis- v1 = 0 i1 = 0 R1 R2 αi1 = 0
tance at terminals 1 − 10 is

RT H = R2 . 10

Fig. 7(b): Network A of Fig. 7.

Hence, the Thévenin equivalent network of Fig. 7 is

R2 R3
1

αR2 + +
− v1 − − R3 i2
R1

10

Fig. 7(c)

8. The network shown in Fig. 8 is a simple representa-

tion of a transistor. For this network, determine the 1Ω 3is
Thévenin equivalent network for the load RL .
is 4Ω
+
5V − 2Ω 5Ω

Fig. 8

Solution: Determination of voc or VT H !

In the open circuit of Fig. 8(a),
3is
5 5 1Ω
x
is = = A
1+2 3 is 4Ω
+
+
Now, voc = VT H at opened terminals can be calcu- 5V − 2Ω voc

lated as −

VT H = v4Ω + v2Ω = 4 × 3is + 2is = 14is = 23.3333 V Fig. 8(a): Network A of Fig. 8.
We can also take other path from which VT H can be calculated as
5
VT H = v4Ω + v1Ω + 5 = 4 × 3is − is + 5 = 11is + 5 = 11 × + 5 = 23.3333 V
3

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An alternative way using Nodal analysis: Applying KCL at top middle node, say node x, we have
vx − 5 vx vx − voc
+ + 3is + =0
1 2 4
vx vx − voc 5 − vx
⇒ − is + + 3is + = 0 ∵ is =
2 4 1
⇒ 5vx + voc = 40
voc
⇒ vx = 8 − (8.1)
5
From top right node, we have
voc − vx
= 3is
4
⇒ voc − vx = 12is = 12(5 − vx )
⇒ voc + 11vx = 60
11
⇒ voc + 88 − voc = 60 ∵ Using Eq. (8.1)
5 
5 5
⇒ voc = −28 = 28 × = 23.3333 V
5 − 11 6

Therefore, we get

VT H = voc = 23.3333 V

Given network A has an independent voltage source, vs , as well as a dependent current source, αis . Hence,
any one of the following techniques may be applied to obatin the value of Thévenin resistance, RT H :
i) Seek isc in the given network A of Fig. 8 to obtain the network of Fig. 8(b) and find RT H using
voc
RT H = = VT H /isc . [Note: This technique is possible only when one or more independent sources
isc
are available in network A along with one or more dependent sources.]
ii) Apply a iT source externally to the circuit that contains only dependent source(s)(as in Fig. 8(c)),
vtest
measure the current vtest that results, and then set RT H = . [Note: This technique is to be
iT
applied only after all independent sources available in network A are suppressed while keeping all
dependent source(s) in the network active.]

iii) Apply a vT source externally to the circuit that contains only dependent source(s)(as in Fig. 8(d)),
vT
measure the voltage itest that results, and then set RT H = . [Note: This technique is also to
itest
be applied only after all independent sources available in network A are suppressed while keeping all
dependent source(s) in the network active.]

Method - 1: Using short circuit technique

Here, we sorted the terminals where Théveinin equivalent is to be found out as shown in Fig. 8(b).
Applying KCL at node x, we have
vx − 5 vx vx 1Ω 3is
+ + 3is + =0 x
1 2 4
is 4Ω
⇒ 7vx + 12is = 20 +
5 − vx 5V − 2Ω isc
⇒ 7vx + 12(5 − vx ) = 20 ∵ is =
1
⇒ − 5vx = 20 − 60 ∴ vx = 8 V
Fig. 8(b)
Thus, from top right node

vx 8
−3is − + isc = 0 ⇒ isc = 3(5 − 8) + = −7 A
4 4

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Therefore,

voc 23.3338
RT H = = = −3.3334 Ω (8.2)
isc −7

Method - 2: Applying 1 A source at output terminals of network A

On reducing 5 V to zero and applying 1 A at the output terminals. We now apply KVL in mesh 1:

1ia + 2(ia + ib ) = 0
1Ω 3is
⇒ is + 2is + 2 = 0 ∵ ia = is and ib = 1 A
+
⇒ is = −0.6667 A is 4Ω

2Ω vtest 1A
Now, we know that ia ib
−
vtest = v4Ω + v2Ω
= 4(3is + ib ) + 2(is + ib ) Fig. 8(c)
= 14is + 6 vtest can also be obtained from
= 14 × −0.6667 + 6
= −3.3338 V vtest = v4Ω + v1Ω
= 4(3is + ib ) + 1(−is )
Therefore, = 12is + 4 − is
vtest = 11 × −0.6667 + 4
RT H = = −3.3338 Ω (8.3)
1A = −3.3337 V

Another way at pp.21.

Method - 3: Applying 1 V source at output terminals of network A

Here, we apply 1 V source to the circuit externally after suppressing all independent sources in
the given circuit of Fig. 6. This is shown in Fig. 6(d) from which RT H is to be calculated using
RT H = 1/itest . Note that itest is the current externally supplied to the circuit from 1 V voltage
source.
Now applying KCL at node x, we have
vx vx vx − 1 3is
+ + 3is + =0 1Ω
x
itest
1 2 4
⇒ 4vx + 2vx + 12ix + vx − 1 = 0 is 4Ω
−vx vx 2Ω
+
1V
⇒ 7vx + 12 = 1 ∵ ix = − −
1 1
1
⇒ vx = − = −0.2 V
5
Fig. 8(d)
Therefore, Alternative for finding itest :
vx vx
itest = i1Ω + i2Ω = + −vx 1 − vx
1 2 itest = −3is + i4Ω = −3 +
1 4
= −0.2 − 0.1 1 vx
= −0.3 A = 3vx + − = −0.6 + 0.25 + 0.05
4 4
= −0.3 A
Hence,

1V 1
RT H = = = −0.3333 Ω (8.4)
itest −0.3

From Eqs. (8.2), (8.3) and (8.4), we know that RT H = −0.3333 Ω. Hence, the Thévenin equivalent network
of Fig. 8 is
−0.3333 Ω
1

+
23.3337 V − 5Ω

10

Fig. 8(e)

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300 mΩ
9. Determine the Thévenin equiva-
lent network of network A in the
+
circuit of Fig. 9. +
2.5sin440t mV − 15 kΩ 5 kΩ vπ 0.03vπ 1 kΩ RL

N etwork A N etwork B

Fig. 9

Solution: Determination of voc or VT H !

300 mΩ
We consider the network of Fig. 9(a) which is
Fig. 9 with RL removed. From the rightmost +
+
mesh, we may write +
2.5sin440t mV − 15 kΩ 5 kΩ vπ 0.03vπ 1 kΩ voc

voc = −1000 × 0.03vπ = −30vπ −

−

where vπ may be found from simple voltage

Fig. 9(a): Network A of Fig. 9.
division.

Thus,

15000 × 5000
 

vπ =  15000 + 5000   × 2.5 × 10−3 sin440t
 15000 × 5000 
300 +
15000 + 5000
 
3750
= × 2.5 × 10−3 sin440t
300 + 3750
= 2.3148148 × 10−3 sin440t (9.1)

Therefore, the Thévenin voltage is given by

VT H = voc = −30 × 2.3148148 × 10−3 sin440t = −69.4444sin440t mV.

Determination of RT H !

300 mΩ
When the independent voltage source,
2.5sin440t mV , is reduced to zero, the network +
is inactive having one dependent current source, 15 kΩ 5 kΩ vπ 0.03vπ 1 kΩ
0.03vπ , as shown in Fig. 9(b). We can use three
−
methods: RT H

a) Short circuit method on Fig. 9, Fig. 9(b)

b) 1 − V voltage source method on Fig. 9(b),
c) 1 − A current source method on Fig. 9(b).

Method-1: Short circuit current, isc , method: For this method, we short circuit the output terminals
which is shown in Fig. 9(c). Therefore, isc = −0.03vπ . Now using Eq. (9.1) for vπ ,
300 mΩ

+
+
2.5sin440t mV − 15 kΩ 5 kΩ vπ 0.03vπ 1 kΩ isc
−

Fig. 9(c): When terminals at which Thévenin equivalent is to be found are shorted.
We get,

isc = −0.03 × 2.3199 × 10−3 sin440t

= −69.597 × 10−6 sin440t A

Thus, the Thévenin’s resistance, RT H , is calculated as

voc −69.4444 × 10−3 sin440t

RT H = = = 1 kΩ
isc −69.4444 × 10−6 sin440t

ECE, NEHU, Shillong−22 Page 20 of 21 September 12 - 20, 2018

EC - 304 ENT Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Prof. L. Joyprakash Singh

Method-2: Applying 1 − V at the output terminals of network A: Suppress the independent source
of Fig. 9 and the circuit is redrawn by applying 1 V source externally as shown in Fig. 9(d).
300 mΩ itest

+
+
15 kΩ 5 kΩ vπ 0.03vπ 1 kΩ − 1V

Fig. 9(d): A 1 − V source is applied at the output terminals of network A.

We see in the circuit of Fig. 9(d) that there is no source on the left side of the network and thus
vπ = 0. Thus, the dependent current source, 0.03vπ , becomes open circuited being vπ = 0. Hence,
1
itest = A
1000

Therefore, the Thévenin’s resistance, RT H , is calculated as

1V 1
RT H = = = 1 kΩ
itest 1
1000

Method-3: Applying 1 − A at the output terminals of network A: From Fig. 9(e), we know that
there is no voltage/current sources on the left side subcircuit. Thus, vπ = 0. And the dependent
current source, 0.03vπ , becomes open circuited.
300 mΩ

+
+
15 kΩ 5 kΩ vπ 0.03vπ 1 kΩ vtest 1A

−
−

Fig. 9(e): A 1 − A source is applied at the output terminals of network A.

Therefore, we can write

vtest = 1000 × 1 = 1000 V

Thus, the Thévenin’s resistance, RT H , is calculated as

vtest 1000
RT H = = = 1 kΩ
1A 1

Hence, the Thévenin equivalent network of Fig. 9 is

1 kΩ
1

+
−69.5961sin440t mV − RL

N etwork A 10 N etwork B

Fig. 9(f)

Continued from pp.19: We have two current sources in the circuit. Applying KCL at node x and y, we
have
vx vx vx − vy
node x: + + 3is + =0 3is
1 2 4 1Ω
x y
1 vx
⇒ vx = − vy ∵ is = − = −vx is 4Ω +
5 1
vy − vx 2Ω vtest 1A
node y: − 3is + −1=0
4
20 −
⇒ vtest = vy = − = −3.3333 V
6 0

Fig. 7(d)

ECE, NEHU, Shillong−22 Page 21 of 21 September 12 - 20, 2018