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Frequency control of isolated wind and diesel hybrid MicroGrid power system by
using fuzzy logic controllers and PID controllers

Conference Paper · October 2011

DOI: 10.1109/EPQU.2011.6128917

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 Frequency Control of Isolated Wind and Diesel
Hybrid MicroGrid Power System by Using Fuzzy
Logic Controllers and PID Controllers
Mousa Marzband
a
Andreas Sumpera,b Mircea Chindrisc
a
Catalonia Institute for Energy Research Oriol Gomis-Bellmunta,b and c
Electrical Power Systems Dept.
(IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, Paola Pezzinib Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
2ª pl. 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs,
b
CITCEA-UPC, Departament 15, C.Daicoviciu st.,
Barcelona, Spain d’Enginyeria Elèctrica; EUETIB, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
mmarzband@irec.cat Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Barcelona, Spain

Abstract This paper presents a new application of fuzzy logic
(FL) to1 an isolated network with a High Penetration, no-storage
wind-diesel (HPNSWD) system. As a result of a study referring
the behavior of an isolated electric system facing frequency
disturbances, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was developed to
improve the system´s dynamic performance. The validity of the
proposed controller is evaluated by computer analysis using
MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results demonstrated that
a small-scale wind turbine generation unit can be freely operated
in an isolated distribution network without creating violation in
power balance and voltage profile. The effectiveness of the fuzzy
logic controller is then compared with that of a proportional-
integral-and differential (PID) controller.
Index Terms—Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), frequency controller,
wind turbine, isolated network, wind and diesel hybrid system,
high penetration no storage wind diesel (HPNSWD) system.
I. INTRODUCTION
The costs of supplying energy for remote communities are
usually very high. As a result, the required electricity is
frequently generated locally by diesel generator sets. In areas
with good wind resources, wind energy can be an attractive
addition to the existing diesel generator system. Due to the
high no-load fuel consumption and recommended minimum
loading of diesel generators, the most effective savings are
achieved when the diesel engines can be shut down. This
matter requires either storage, or very high wind power
penetration. Because of the high capital costs and low
efficiency of energy storage, HPNSWD have been identified
as a favorable approach for adding wind energy to remote
diesel generator systems [l].
In such a power system, the frequency variation produced
by the wind generator output fluctuations represents a serious
problem. Despite this drawback, the utilization of wind energy
is much effective in an isolated power system and brings
environmental benefits by providing the possibility to reduce
the emission of greenhouse gases [2]. Moreover, the price of
diesel fuel is continuously increasing.
1
This work is supported in part by the Catalan government, Generalitat de
Catalunya and by the European regional development fund program (FEDER).
Although the wind energy is a clean and inexhaustible
energy source, it cannot be used as an autonomous source of
generation due to great variations in wind speed [3]. For this
reason, it is necessary to explore possibilities of combining
wind and diesel generators in order to reduce the running cost
per kWh and to increase the reliability of power supply. The
main problem of a HPNSWD system is the complexity of the
required control technique. The wind speed variations, the
dependency of the turbine output power on the cube of wind
speed, and the configuration of the loads make the control
tasks difficult to be achieved. Moreover, the diesel power
plants are difficult to be controlled by means of PI controllers.
Different ways to overcome these problems are presented in
literature. Thus, a k step predictive control scheme, that is an
adaptive speed control, was developed for diesel power plants
[5]; in [7], a robust controller is proposed for the governor
wind-diesel system to improve the system dynamic
performance.
A generic model of the HPNSWD system using MATLAB/
Power system block-set is reported in [6], while a distributed
control system based on the controller area network,
implemented in hybrid wind diesel systems with high wind
penetration is analyzed in [4]. Another method to control the
frequency and voltage in wind and diesel hybrid system is
proposed in [8]; this method is applied for doubly fed
induction generators (DFIGs).
A novel Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) system
consisting of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind
generation, synchronous diesel generator, battery storage and a
dump load is considered in [9].The authors of [10] proposed an
optimal fuzzy logic-PID (FLPID) controller design, based on
bee colony optimization (BCO), for the load frequency control
in MicroGrids. The BCO is implemented to automatically
optimize the FLPID controllers of governor in the diesel side
and blade pitch control in the wind side.
The impact of the system frequency variations on the
steady-state operation point of fixed speed induction
generators is analyzed in [11], as a pitch control design method
to deal with grid frequency deviations has been described in

978-1-4673-0378-1/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

[12]. The method is based on reserving a percentage of power
extracted from the wind turbine.
In this paper, a detailed model for representation of
HPNSWD system in an isolated network is presented; the
dynamic simulation study was performed by the
MATLAB/SIMULINK software package. The paper also
analyzes a new application of fuzzy logic controller into an
isolated network with HPNSWD system for improving the
network frequency quality. The FLC is used to control some
additional loads especially installed in the network for the
purpose of network frequency control. These additional loads
consist of some sets of three phase resistors connected in series
with GTO thyristor switches; the switches can be controlled by
triggering signal fed from the FLC.
A basic HPNSWD system is shown in Figs 1 and 4. It
consists of six major components: the diesel engine and speed
governor, the synchronous generator (SG) and its excitation
system, the wind turbine (WT), the village load, the dump load
and dump load controller, and the interconnecting grid.
This paper develops a nonlinear dynamic model of the
wind-diesel system, and provides simulation results obtained
by SIMULINK. At the first, the mathematical model of wind
turbine generation is sequentially developed to support the
model of isolated distribution network. Then, by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK, the simulation targets such as the
behavior of induction machine, balance of active and reactive
power and bus voltage profile are simulated.
II. MODEL DESCRIPTION
The model implemented in the paper is based on the wind-
diesel system developed by Hydro-Quebec (IREQ). The IREQ
has a 480 V, 300 kVA synchronous machine, a wind turbine
driving a 480 V, 275 kVA induction generator, a 50 kW
customer load, and a variable secondary load (0 to 446.25
kW). Each component of the HPNSWD system is dynamically
modeled using MATLAB\SIMULINK. The transfer functions
of the components are identified and implemented in
SIMULINK. In order to simplify the analysis, all models and
variables (except time and wind speed) are normalized to a per
unit basis. The studied system, as shown in Fig. 4, consists of
two kind of electrical power sources: a synchronous generator
driven by a diesel engine and an induction generator which is
rotated by the wind turbine rotor.
The mathematical relations for the mechanical power
extracted from the wind and the mechanical torque produced
by it, tip speed ratio, and power coefficient can be expressed as
presented in [13] and [14]. The turbine power characteristics
are illustrated in Fig. 2, plotted for pitch angle ȕ=0 (deg).
In this study, the conventional pitch controller shown in
Fig. 3 is implemented. The purpose of using the pitch
controller is to maintain the output power of wind generator at
rated level by controlling the blade pitch angle of turbine blade
when wind speed is over the rated speed.
III. ISOLATED POWER SYSTEM MODEL
The power system used for analyzing the dynamic response
of HPNSWD system is shown in Fig. 4. Here, the HPNSWD
system uses a 480 V, 300 kVA synchronous machine as a
diesel power plant, a wind turbine driving a 480 V, 275 kVA
induction generator, a 50 kW constant customer load and a
variable secondary load (0 - 446.25 kW). The technical data of
the wind turbine, IG, and the diesel power plant are illustrated
in Tables I - IV. At low wind speed, both the induction
generator and the diesel driven synchronous generator are
required to feed the load. When the wind power exceeds the
load demand, it is possible to shut down the diesel generator.
A secondary load bank is used to regulate the system
frequency by absorbing the wind power exceeding consumer
demand; it consists of eight sets of three phase resistors
connected in series with GTO thyristor switches. The control
signal m(t ) provided by the frequency controller is converted
to 8-bit digital signal to control the thyristor switches.
IV. CONTROL STRATEGIES
A. PID Controller
The frequency is controlled by the frequency controller
block. This controller uses a standard three-phase locked loop
(PLL) system to measure the system frequency. The measured
frequency is compared to the reference one (60 Hz) to obtain
the frequency error; this error is the input of a PID controller.
The output signal of the controller is converted to an 8-bit
digital signal controlling switching of the eight three-phase
secondary loads. In order to minimize the voltage disturbance,
switching is performed at voltage zero crossing. The equation
of the PID controller can be written as follows:
de(t )
m(t ) = K p ⋅ e(t ) + K i e(t ).dt + K d ⋅
³ (1)
dt
where, e(t ) is the frequency error, m(t ) is the controller
output signal, K p is the proportional gain, K i is the integral
gain, and K d is the derivative gain.
B. FLC Controller
For a better performance of HPNSWD system, the
possibility to use fuzzy logic controller is analyzed; in this
case, the PID frequency controller is replaced by a FLC. In the
FLC, the reference frequency f ref is compared with the actual
frequency f to obtain the frequency error e(t ) as shown in Fig.
5. This error is also compared with the previous error
e(t − 1) to get the change in error Δe(t ) , so that the inputs of
FLC are e(t ) and Δe(t ) . The output of the proposed controller
is Δm(t ) that, added to the previous state m(t − 1) , get the
output signal m(t ) .
This output signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal
controlling switching of the eight three-phase secondary loads.
The membership functions were defined off-line, and the
values of all linguistic variables were selected according to the
behavior observed during simulations using the PID controller.
The selected fuzzy sets for input and output signals are shown
in Fig. 6; every linguistic variable has seven values defined as of the induction machine contributes to supply the load and
NL (negative large), NM (negative medium), NS (negative maintain the active power balance. In Fig. 14, at t = 2.5 s, main
small), ZR (zero), PS (positive small), PM (positive medium) load and secondary load powers consumption (in the case of
and PL (positive large), respectively. The control procedures using FLC controller) are about 75 kW and 12.7 kW,
of the FLC are represented by a set of chosen IF … THAN respectively. In this condition diesel generator doesn’t produce
rules. The designed fuzzy rules used in this work are given in active power, while wind turbine generator produces more
Table V. than 200 kW; the power losses of the system are less than 1.3
kW. Since the induction machine is working as a generator, it
V. SIMULATION RESULTS absorbs reactive power from the network in order to produce
In this study, the wind speed is 10 m/s such that the wind active power.
turbine produces enough power to supply the whole load.
Here, the diesel generator is used as a synchronous condenser
and its excitation system controls the grid voltage at its
nominal value. The dynamic performance of the frequency
control system is illustrated when an additional 25 kW
customer load is switched on. For the IG mode, its speed is
slightly above the synchronous speed (1.011 p.u.). According
to the turbine characteristics, for a 10 m/s wind speed, the
turbine output power is 0.75 p.u. (206 kW); however, because
of the IG losses, the IG produces only 200 kW. As the main
load is 50 kW, the secondary load has to absorb 150 kW to
maintain a constant 60 Hz frequency. At t = 0.2 s, the
additional load of 25 kW is switched on. Momentarily, the
frequency drops and the frequency controller reacts to reduce
the power absorbed by the secondary load in order to bring the
frequency back to its rated value; the voltage also keeps its
rated value without any fluctuations. The optimal values of the
PID controller gains are K p = 255, K i = 5, and K d =10.
Figures 7 to 12 show the dynamic response of HPNSWD Fig. 1. The High Penetration No-Storage Wind Diesel
system under the above operating conditions when provided
with the proposed fuzzy logic controller as compared with the
PID controller of optimal gains. By inspection of the dynamic
response, it can be realized that the fuzzy logic controller
offers an improved dynamic response of the HPNSWD system
than using the PID controller: the response is faster, with
minimum overshoots. This fast response allows the system to
reach the steady state after 3 s, while in the PID technique the
steady state is reached only after 5 s.
In general, the outputs of the induction machine, such as
electrical torque and rotor speed are directly proportional to
the variation of wind speed. The behavior of the induction
machine corresponds to the generator mode. For instance, the
rotor speed is always above the synchronous speed of the
machine; this means that the slip and torque values are always
negative. The small value of electrical torque is obtained by
the gearbox function. With a gearbox, a slow rotation and high
Fig. 2. The turbine power characteristics
torque power from the wind turbine rotor can be converted to
high speed and low torque power, which is used for generator.
Fig. 13 shows the electrical torque and rotor speed in both two
cases, namely the PID and Fuzzy controller.
The balance of active and reactive power is one of the
factors that maintain the required values for the system
frequency and voltage, respectively.
Both active and reactive power outputs of the induction
machine are proportional to the wind speed, whereas the
power output of the diesel generator is significantly influenced
by the variation in load consumption. In fact, the power output Fig. 3. Pitch controller
 Fig. 5. Block diagram of the FLC

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of an isolated power system

TABLE I PARAMETERS OF WIND TURBINE ROTOR

Parameters Value
Air density ( ρ ) 1.168 kg/m3
Blade radius ( Rbld ) 1.8 m
Blade pitch angle ( θ ) 10 degrees

TABLE II INDUCTION GENERATOR DATA

Parameter Value
Nominal apparent power 275 kVA
Nominal line-line voltage ( Vrms ) 480 V
Nominal frequency ( f ref ) 60 Hz

Stator resistance ( rs ) 0.016 p.u.

Stator inductance ( Ls ) 0.06 p.u.
Rotor resistance ( rr ) 0.015 p.u.
Rotor inductance ( Lr ) 0.06 p.u.
Number of pole pairs 2
Inertia constant ( H ) 2s
Friction factor ( F ) 0

TABLE III WIND TURBINE DATA Fig. 6. The membership functions of FLC
Parameter Value
Nominal mechanical power 275 kW
Base wind speed 11 m/s

TABLE IV DIESEL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR DATA

Parameter Value
Nominal apparent power 300 kVA
Nominal line-line voltage ( Vrms ) 480 V

TABLE V THE RULES OF FLC

NL NM NS ZR PS PM PL
NL PL PL PM PM PS PS ZR
NM PL PM PM PS PS ZR NS
NS PM PM PS PS ZR NS NS
ZR PM PS PS ZR NS NS NM
PS PS PS ZR NS NS NM NM
PM PS ZR NS NS NM NM NL
PL ZR NS NS NM NM NL NL Fig. 7. The frequency response
 Fig. 8. The IG speed response
Fig. 11. The main load power response

Fig. 9. The load bus voltage Fig. 12. The secondary load power response

Fig. 10. The output power of induction generator Fig. 13. The behavior of induction machine
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obtained results demonstrated that the operation of a small- IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting PESGM, 2010.
scale wind turbine generator in an isolated distribution
network can be maintained at a certain level without violation
in the output power balance and voltage profile of the network.
The effectiveness of the FLC is compared with that of a PID
controller.
Simulation results are performed and analyzed under
different operating conditions. From the comparative study
between the proposed controller and the conventional PID
controller, it has been shown that the proposed FLC is very
effective on the stabilization of network frequency in an
isolated small power system. Therefore the proposed method
can contribute to expand wind energy utilization into isolated
power systems like small islands.
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