Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
D IP LOM ACY
NOT JUST
DIPLOMACY
AS USUAL
THE FUTURE
OF STRATEGY
VOLUME 1/ ISSUE 1/ SUMMER 2018
There’s
a whole lot to
experience out there.
Dress accordingly.
Never Stop
Learning.
Real Estate Company Since 1989
FESTIVAL
29 June 13 July
ARMONIA ATENEA ATHENS STATE ORCHESTRA
THE FRIENDS OF MUSIC ORCHESTRA MARTHA ARGERICH
JOSEPH CALLEJA - RAMÓN TEBAR THEODOSIA NTOKOU
Special guest Dora Bakopoulou
2 July
PHILHARMONIA ORCHESTRA 16 July
ESA-PEKKA SALONEN THESSALONIKI
MICHELLE DEYOUNG STATE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
ZOI TSOKANOU
8 & 9 July DANIEL MÜLLER-SCHOTT
ARMONIA ATENEA
THE FRIENDS OF MUSIC ORCHESTRA
GEORGE PETROU Starting time 21:00
COMPANY by Steven Sondheim greekfestival.gr
Odeon οf Herodes Atticus Dionysiou Areopagitou pedestrian street (Akropoli metro station)
Tickets can be purchased at the Athens Festival box office, Panepistimiou 39 (Pesmazoglou Arcade) Monday – Friday 9:00 – 16:00, Saturday 10:00 – 15:00
Εισιτήρια στα
Atκεντρικά εκδοτήρια
the Odeon τουAtticus
of Herodes Φεστιβάλ Αθηνών,
Monday Πανεπιστημίου
– Sunday 39 (Στοά
10:00 – 14:00 Πεσμαζόγλου)
(and 18:00 – 21:00 for that day’s performance only)
Δευτέρα – Παρασκευή
Information9:00 – 16:00,
– Ticket Σάββατο
purchase 10:00
+30 210 – 15:00.greekfestival.gr,
3272000, Πληροφορίες www.viva.gr
και πώληση εισιτηρίων: 210 3272000, greekfestival.gr, www.viva.gr
Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus
Cezaris Graužinis
AGAMEMNON by Aeschylus
6 & 7 July / 21:00
An iconic tragedy about the irrationality
of human fate and the inevitability
of punishment, featuring a stellar cast
and directed by the established
Cezaris Graužinis.
With English surtitles
Cast: Maria Protopappa,
Yannis Stankoglou, Argyris Pantazaras,
Ιovi Fragatou and
Thodoris Katsafados
Vangelis Theodoropoulos
THESMOPHORIAZUSAE by Aristophanes
27 & 28 July / 21:00
A hilarious performance about
the position of women, the claim to
personal identity, and equal civil rights.
A play about the crisis in values, nature,
and the law.
With English surtitles
Cast: Makis Papadimitriou,
Odysseas Papaspiliopoulos,
Giorgos Chrysostomou, Giorgos Papandreou,
Nantia Kontogeorgi et al.
Yannis Kokkos
OEDIPUS AT COLONUS by Sophocles
17 & 18 August / 21:00
Yannis Kokkos, one of the leading
theatre artists in Europe, presents
Sophocles’ classic tragedy, marking
an important collaboration between
Athens & Epidaurus Festival and
Festival del Teatro Greco di Siracusa.
With Greek and English surtitles
Cast: Massimo De Francovich,
Sebastiano Lo Monaco, Roberta Caronia,
Stefano Santospago, Fabrizio Falco,
Eleonora De Luca, Danilo Nigrelli,
Sergio Mancinelli, Davide Sbrogiò, and four
Choruses: elders, youths, soldiers, and women
Tickets can be purchased at the Athens Festival box office, Panepistimiou 39 (Pesmazoglou Arcade)
Monday – Friday 9:00 – 16:00, Saturday 10:00 – 15:00. Information – Ticket purchase: +30 210 3272000, greekfestival.gr, www.viva.gr
EVERYWHERE | CULTURAL CAPITALS
Η
Henry Kissinger once said the art of part not transnational at all, but in their major-
diplomacy is not to outsmart the other ity local and national. Taking this into account, it
side, but to convince them of either would be helpful if the project transitioned into
common interests or disadvantages. In an advisory stage that offers possible solution for
the face of the many con-temporary changes in these issues. In search for a “new diplomacy”, in
international politics, must the fundamental prin- the future the project should focus on the question:
ciples of the art of diplomacy be adjusted? What does diplomacy mean? Is it an assessment of
Diplomacy in the 21st century and its challenges crises or a recipe for dealing with them? During a
should also take into account the implications of crisis, governments lose control. Dealing with the
renationalization, populism and isolationism. crisis, should classic diplomacy open up to increase
Diplomacy is facing a domestic challenge because legitimacy, at the cost of losing control, or should
it finds itself in a legitimacy crisis, which stems it remain closed and maintain control, but endure
from societal elements. The core of diplomacy, a loss of legitimacy?
government and power, is changing. Facing the Above all, the job of diplomats is to advise the
prevailing trends of transnationality on the one government on its foreign policy and to execute
hand and “renationalisation” on the other, new that policy.
norms and rules are needed. Contrary to the
common perception, millennials are for the most Vangelis Chaniotakis
10 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERE | CULTURAL CAPITALS
BE YO N D
D I P LO M ACY NOT JUST
A DIPLMACY
AS USUAL
id
Publisher-Director
Vangelis Chaniotakis
vangelis@vagmamd.com
Editor in Chief
Dr. Kyriakos Kouveliotis
International Telematic University
Uninettuno of Rome, Italy
Creative Director
Babis Melikidis, E6 creativedigitalspot
Advertising Department
Efi Koutsonikoli
kefi@vagmamd.com
Contributors
Thanassis Diamantopoulos, Katerina Papapostolou,
Panagiotis Panagopoulos, Eleftheria Davatzi,
George Lambrou, George Panaritis, Dimitris Charalampous,
Dimitris Nanos, Emilios Hatzidakis, Antonis Theodorou
Copy Editors
Niki Stathia, Komninos Papakyriakou
Photographers
Kosmas Koumianos, Dimitris Karteris, Periclis Merakos
VAGMA MEDIA DEVELOPMENT This magazine is distributed free of charge. Nothing appearing in
the BEYOND DIPLOMACY may be reprinted, reproduced or trans-
23 Posidonos st, Metamorfosi, 14452 mitted, either in whole or in part by any electronic or mechanical
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expressed in the BEYOND DIPLOMACY MAGAZINE
12 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
Contents//Politics, Bussines, Culture
52
The Futire
of Nato
in SE Europe
NATO’s post-Cold
War strategy of
enlargement, aims to
foster closer cooper-
ation among Europe-
an coun- tries, and to
promote democracy,
stability, and peace
in the region.
20 26 36 18. Infographics
34. Hot List
42. Inspirational Speeches
46. Great Diplomats
Fifty years European capital We the people
50. Thessaloniki International
after of culture It’s about elegance
Recall the events of Two new cities and style. The latest Fair
modern history that crowned European of diplomatic com- 56. United Europe?
proved to bring about Capitals of Culture in munity in Athens.
a massive change in the 2018. Leeuwarden in 58. European Defence
world. These are days the northern Neth- 62. Interview:
on which political revo- erlands and Malta’s
lutions and politicians, capital Valletta Elena Kountoura
technological and musical 68. SELONTA. The Greek
breakthroughs, unfore- Fish Farm
seen natural disasters and
sporting triumphs took 74. Bruno Barbey. May 1968
place, and whose effects 78. Politics and World Cup
were felt the world-over.
14 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
Contents//Style & Attitude
84
16 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
INFOGRAPHICS| CULTURAL
EVERYWHERE | COUNTRYCAPITALS
EXPORTS
18 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 19
ANNIVERSARY | 50 YEARS AFTER
Robert F.
Kennedy’s
Funeral Train
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the
death of Robert Kennedy, the senator and
former attorney general who was shot dead in
Los Angeles at the age of 42, less than five years
after his brother John was assassinated. The
Kennedy family continues to exert a fascination
over the American public.
One quote captures how Robert Kennedy accu-
rately predicted the election of Barack Obama,
decades later. Recalling in the 1960s how his
great-grandfather had arrived to a United States
where “the Irish were not wanted,” he reflected:
“Now an Irish catholic is president of the United
States. There is no question about it – in the
next forty years a Negro can achieve the same
position my brother did.” Bobby Kennedy may
not have lived long enough to fulfil his own pres-
idential ambitions, but he was one of the few
people who dared hope that one day an African-
American would be elected to the highest office,
against all odds.
BEYOND 20 DIPLOMACY
BEYOND 21 DIPLOMACY
ANNIVERSARY | 50 YEARS AFTER
BEYOND 22 DIPLOMACY
John Carlos and
Tommie Smith
‘black power
salute’ at 1968
Olympics.
On October 16, 1968 six months after Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr. was assassinated Olympic champi-
ons Tommie Smith and John Carlos each raised a
black-gloved fist during their medal ceremony for
the 200-meters running event, in which Smith won
the gold medal, in a then world record time of 19.83
seconds, and Carlos the bronze medal, clocking 20.10
seconds in Mexico City.
Wearing just black socks and no shoes on the medals
podium in Mexico City, Smith and Carlos were making
a clear statement to the world about the injustices
of America. Smith and Carlos received much dis-
approval from the audience erupting in boos. The
International Olympic Committee (IOC) rejected their
political statement and the U.S. Olympic Committee
expelled Smith and Carlos from the Mexico City
Games. In returning home to the United States Smith
and Carlos received death threats and constant
criticism. Speaking at a news conference in Mexico
City after the event, Smith said the black scarf rep-
resented black pride and the black socks with no
shoes symbolized black poverty in racist America.
In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith said the
demonstration was not a “Black Power” salute, but
a “human rights” salute.
BEYOND 23 DIPLOMACY
ANNIVERSARY | 50 YEARS AFTER
The Sweet
Meaning Behind
The Beatles’
“Hey Jude”
“Hey Jude,” one of the Beatles’ most famous songs,
is an uplifting ballad that’s inspired the masses for
decades. The song, written by Paul McCartney and
also credited to John Lennon for some contributions,
has been long-used as a generally encouraging mes-
sage, and it was specifically inspired as an empathetic
message to Lennon’s son during a tough time for him.
McCartney originally wrote a rough version of the
song, called “Hey Jules,” when Lennon abandoned
the five-year old and his mother, Cynthia, when Yoko
Ono entered the picture. And McCartney, knowing
that things were hard for John’s former wife and son,
decided to pay a visit. On the way there, he wrote
a little song intended to cheer up the young Julian:
BEYOND 24 DIPLOMACY
BEYOND 25 DIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERENEWS &NOTES FROM AROUND THEWORLD
Malta
T
he capital city of Malta which celebrated City walks
its 450th anniversary last year was once The peninsula Valletta is built on is only a few kilo-
described as “a city built by gentlemen metres long, making the city easy and rewarding
for gentlemen”. While Valletta retains much of to explore on foot. Travellers looking for a well-ap-
the grandiose atmosphere and architecture from pointed place to stay adore the Palazzo Consiglia,
its early days, today the city is enjoyed by all sorts which is just a short, scenic walk from the city
of travellers. harbours.
BEYOND 26 DIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERE | CULTURAL CAPITALS
BEYOND 28 DIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERE | CULTURAL CAPITALS
Leeuwarden
Shopping
Kleine Kerkstraat was recently voted the best
shopping street in The Netherlands, thanks to
its combination of big name stores and artisan
boutiques. As Leeuwarden is only 90 minutes
from Amsterdam it’s a popular day trip among
North Hollanders, especially those on the lookout
for local crafts.
BEYOND 30 DIPLOMACY
www.apriati.com
EVERYWHERE | CULTURAL CAPITALS
BEYOND 32 DIPLOMACY
The Eagles Resort invites you to one of the most beautiful places in Halkidiki
for an unforgettable holiday experience.
BEYOND 34 DIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERE | WE THE PEOPLE
Couture Zolotas
On Thursday, May 10, the ZOLOTAS House of jewelry presented its new jewelry
collection, COUTURE, at an event hosted at the Embassy of France in Athens.
The evening was inaugurated by the Ambassador of France in Athens Christophe
Chantepy who addressed an honorary speech about the importance of the Zolo-
tas House as “ambassador of Greek tradition in jewelry”, highlighting the artistic
and cultural values that France and Greece have in common.
BEYOND 36 DIPLOMACY
President of
the House,
Marianne Le Clere
Papalexis
BEYOND 37 DIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERE | WE THE PEOPLE
1 2
Τ
hroughout the night, the Papalexis has been bringing in the last codes of fashion and photography. It is to
President of the House, ten years, has assumed the task of creat- this passionate team that we owe the birth
Marianne Le Clere Papalexis, ing a unique collection in that it draws its of the COUTURE collection, the result
had the honor and pleasure of essence from all contemporary forms of of a most certain technical and artistic
welcoming the House’s distinguished expression of modern women’s represen- surpassment.
guests and guiding them through the tations. Thus, the senior master jewelers Natural female silhouettes, fragile
philosophy behind the creation of the of our workshops have joined forces with and free, dress with refined trimmings,
new collection. The artistic direction young visionary designers, carrying a cre- delicately chiseled, unique in time and
of ZOLOTAS House, which Georges ative freedom often inspired by the new space. We are here in front of a true
BEYOND 38 DIPLOMACY
1. George Papalexis,
Olga Kefalogiani
2. Abdulaziz
Ali Al-Naama,
Ambassador Of
Qatar, with his
wife and Cristophe
Chantepy
Ambassador Of
France
3. George
Archimandritis,
Sofia Chiniadou-
Kambani, Mikis
Kambanis
4. The garden of
embassy of France
3 4
fashion designer’s work: The 18KT pureness). sides of the lobe. A ring matching with a
yellow gold threads entangle to compose The COUTURE collection, with its majestic pair of earrings and a necklace in
cords, fringes and edgings, while the complete range of two necklaces, two 18KT gold set with rubies, emeralds and
delicate embroidery is embellished with bracelets, two pairs of earrings and two diamonds make up the Haute Joaillerie
fine gems and stones of suave colors (a rings, embraces skin and body like a true COUTURE collection.
yellow-honey citrine, a mild pink tourma- garment embroidered with fine gold. ZOLOTAS offers you here the highly
line, a green-yellow peridot, a blue-purple The creative audacity of the «tie» style demanding and utmost precious fruit of
iolite) or shiny ones (a ruby scarlet, an for necklaces of different lengths, rivals the house’s contemporary artistic cre-
emerald green, a diamond translucent that of clip-on earrings placed on both ation…its COUTURE collection!
1. Olivier Dovergne,
Marianne Le
Clere-Papalexis,
Cristophe Chantepy,
French Ambassador
to Greece
2. Takis Mavrotas,
Maria Doxiadi,
Irene Daifa,
Panayiotis Dritsakos
3. Enrique Viguera,
Ambassador of
Spain with his Wife,
George Papalexis,
Ambassador of
4 Cuba Zelmys Maria
Dominguez Cortina
4. Alexandra
Drakou, Antonis
Vasilokonstantakis,
Tania Kemou
5. Konstantinos
Sarantopoulos,
Emily Lanara,
Panos Nikolaou
BEYOND 39 DIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERE | WE THE PEOPLE
CHARITY Μ
ale and female timeless collection of the worldwide known
designer and director, member of the Academy of Paris,
Pierre Cardin, was presented at the Charity Fashion show
FASHION SHOW
organized by the general consulate of Ivory Coast in Athens,
Kesesioglou Mero, on the 27th of June at the Great Britain Hotel.
The event aimed to support the children’s villages of SOS in Vari
and included light dinner and the fashion show during which ev-
eryone who attended the event had the opportunity to see unique
Pierre Cardin and Ivory Coast creations stitched entirely by hand. The gold sponsors of the evening
counselor for SOS Villages was Argo Travel Group.
BEYOND 40 DIPLOMACY
1. Julien Balkany, Claude Balkany,
Charitomeni Thomoglou, Loukas
Kilikas 2. Beatrice Erga, Gener-
al Consulate of Ivory Coast in
Athens, Mero Kesesioglou, Lemi
Kontoni, Evripidis Koutsochristos,
Ioanna Euthimiou. 3. Mary and
Christos Kyroglou, Volvo Car
Hellas VIP & Diplomatic sales. 4.
General Consulate of Ivory Coast
in Athens, Mero Kesesioglou,
Claude Balkany, Maryse Gaspard.
5. Nikos Bazigos, General Consul-
ate of Ivory Coast in Athens Mero
Kesesioglou, Vena Bazigou, Vicky
Tsimara. 6. Vera Sekri, Akl Rima,
Leila Jallad. 7. Giannis Kazanidis,
Emy Livaniou, Nina Lotsari
1 2
3 4
6 7
BEYOND 41 DIPLOMACY
INSPIRATION | SPEECHES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
I HAVE A DREAM
Speech by the Rev. MARTIN LUTHER KING at the «March on Washington»
I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in his- all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guar-
tory as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history anteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit
of our nation. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose of happiness.
symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this
Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned.
light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given
the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back
to end the long night of their captivity. marked “insufficient funds.” But we refuse to believe that the
But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there
hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this
the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. nation. So we have come to cash this check — a check that will
One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security
poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind
hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage
of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug
So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of
In a sense we have come to our nation’s capital to cash a democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate
check. When the architects of our republic wrote the mag- valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is
nificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injus-
Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which tice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make
every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that justice a reality for all of God’s children.
| BEYONDDIPLOMACY
BEYOND
42 42 DIPLOMACY
BEYOND
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 43
43 DIPLOMACY
INSPIRATION | SPEECHES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
BEYOND 44 DIPLOMACY
It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live
the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be
discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of self-evident: that all men are created equal.”
freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the
a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will
off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi,
rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with
citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of
shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of freedom and justice.
justice emerges. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live
But there is something that I must say to my people who in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their
stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of skin but by the content of their character.
justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not I have a dream today.
be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its
for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with
We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there
dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to
degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and
to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. brothers.
The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro I have a dream today.
community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted,
for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will
here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight,
with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall
is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. see it together.
As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South
march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain
asking the devotees of civil rights, “When will you be satisfied?” of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to
We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful
of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to
be satisfied, as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to
travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that
the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the we will be free one day.
Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. This will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to
We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped sing with a new meaning, “My country, ’tis of thee, sweet land
of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of
“For Whites Only”. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro the pilgrim’s pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring.”
in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes And if America is to be a great nation this must become
he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New
and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of
and righteousness like a mighty stream. New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies
I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of of Pennsylvania!
great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!
narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California!
quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain
and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been of Georgia!
the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee!
faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.
Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to From every mountainside, let freedom ring.
South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring,
back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from
that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day
not wallow in the valley of despair. when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and
I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands
difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, “Free at last!
dream deeply rooted in the American dream. free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”
BEYOND 45 DIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERE
GREAT DIPLOMATS
| CULTURAL
| ANDREI
CAPITALS
GROMYKO
BEYOND 46 DIPLOMACY
MUST BE NEXT CELEBRATION
MUST BE MOËT & CHANDON
(AP Archive)
President John F. Kennedy, meets
with Minister of Foreign Affairs of
the Soviet Union Andrei Gromyko, 27
March 1961
(AP Archive)
President John F. Kennedy, meets
with Minister of Foreign Affairs of
the Soviet Union Andrei Gromyko, 27
March 1961
In his own memoirs, he insisted: this as in so much else, but he was also The move into Afghanistan sent
‘’Contrary to later assertions made in acquiring stature and authority. American-Soviet relations into a deep
the West, at no time in our conversation Gromyko played a direct role in freeze at the beginning of 1980, and
did Kennedy raise the question of the the Cuban Missile Crisis in his role as thus began the third phase of Mr.
presence of Soviet rockets in Cuba; con- the Soviet Foreign Minister. Gromyko Gromyko’s diplomatic career. About
sequently there was no need for me to helped negotiate arms limitations this time the leaders of the Soviet Union
say whether there were any there or not.’’ treaties such as the ABM Treaty, the began to be crippled by age and poor
The new collective leadership, with Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and SALT I health. First Brezhnev, in 1982, and
Brezhnev and Aleksei N. Kosygin soon and II among others. Under Leonid then his two immediate successors,
emerging at the top, in his key position Brezhnev’s leadership Gromyko helped Yuri V. Andropov and Konstantin U.
at the Foreign Ministry. But the years build the policy of détente between the Chernenko, died in office. Until 1985,
after 1964 saw the emergence of the US and the USSR. Secretary of State when Mr. Gorbachev came to power, the
‘’new Gromyko’’ and of a foreign policy Cyrus R. Vance startled the Russians United States and the rest of the outside
of a different order from the bluster, in March 1977 with new proposals to go world had to go through Mr. Gromyko
blunder and boast of the Khrushchev beyond the Vladivostok agreement. But to deal with the Kremlin.
years. Diplomats noticed that the usu- Mr. Gromyko called a televised news He supported Mikhail Gorbachev’s
ally dour Foreign Minister smiled more conference March 31 and rejected the candidacy for General Secretary in 1985.
often and even made a discreet joke. He proposals. His remarks were polished, Gromyko lost his office as foreign min-
seemed to become more his own man. touched with anger and sarcasm, as ister when Gorbachev became General
Mr. Gromyko was entrusted with he accused the United States of seek- Secretary, and was instead appointed
the details, the negotiations, the treaty ing unilateral advantage. But he also to the largely ceremonial office of head
texts and the technical agreements that said Moscow had ‘’enough patience of state. Gromyko retired from political
gave detente shape and life. Loyally as to continue negotiations on all these life in 1988 and died the following year
always, he did the party’s bidding in problems.’’ in Moscow.
BEYOND 48 DIPLOMACY
TIF | USA HONORED COUNTRY
GEOFFREY PYATT
INVESTORS ARE
FOLLOWING GROWTH
nvestors are following growth,» was the Coca Cola promised something very innova-
response of US Ambassador in Greece, tive and the announcement of Thessaloniki as the
Geoffrey Pyatt, when he was asked first city in Greece with a zerowaste perspective!
about his optimism about the arrival IBM will move around emerging cutting-edge
of US funds for investment in Greece’s technologies such as artificial intelligence and
troubled years. cloud, the most recent example of which is the
Perhaps this is the message we recent announcement of the adoption of the IBM
should keep from the Press Conference Watson for Oncology platform by the HYGEIA
given on Thursday, July 12, at the New Hotel by Group. Pfizer, who is already 60 years old in
the Hellenic-American Chamber for the presen- Greece is expected to update, among other things,
tation of the companies at stand 13 of the 83rd how a pharmaceutical industry can offer to the
Exhibition. That growth is really close and inves- development of a country like Greece.
tors follow it. The exhibition begins on September The technology, innovation and start-up com-
8th and the honored country is the US. Stand 13, panies are also expected to focus on hosting a
that extends in 6,000 sq. m., seems to be already large venue by enabling the link between new
earning the impression since it will house 52 mis- entrepreneurs and investment funds.
sions of big American companies and educational The event was opened by Simos
institutions, from the pharmaceutical, technol- The United States will be Anastassopoulos, chairman of the Hellenic
ogy, defense, food and drink industries and also the honored country at the American Chamber of Commerce, who stressed
consultancy companies. upcoming 83rd Thessaloniki the meritorious pace of honorable country in the
International Fair (TIF) to
Many of the companies in the US economy be held in the northern port 83rd TIF as the US, combining the fact of leav-
such as Coca-Cola, Lockheed Martin Corporation, city on September 8-16, ing the country with the memorandums. Apart
Microsoft, Pfizer, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard at the TIF-Helexpo Center from Mr. Anastasopoulos, the event was attended
marking the largest business,
Enterprise, IBM Hellas, Facebook, Google and industry, political and trade by the Minister of Digital Telecommunication
many others have already secured their partici- event in the country. and Information Policy, Nikos Pappas, the
pation in the 83rd TIF. American Ambassador to Greece, Geoffrey Pyatt,
BEYOND 50 DIPLOMACY
the General Director of the Hellenic American The US Ambassador also referred to Avis’s
Chamber of Commerce Elias Spyrtonias and the recent investment in Greece (the acquisition
President of TIF HELEXPO, Tassos Tzikas. of Avis Greece by the Avis Budget Group), the
The American Ambassador to Greece, intense activity of American companies in the
Geoffrey Ross Pyatt, United
Geoffrey Pyatt, praised the good work that the tourism sector, and ExxonMobil’s participation States Ambassador to Greece,
American-American Chamber of Commerce is in exploration for the hydrocarbon deposits Nikos Pappas, Ministry of
doing in the US Pavilion in the 83rd TIF, spoke southwest of Crete. Digital Policy, Media and
Telecommunications, Simos
about the importance of leading US companies at The goal of the TIF’s administration, as Mr. Anastasopoulos,President
the specific time in the TIF, saying that American Tzikas said, is to increase visitors significantly. of the American-Hellenic
investors are turning their eyes on Greece. He also To be more specific more than 290,000 vistiors Chamber of Commerce, Tasos
Tzikas, president of the board
recalled the US government’s «strategic engage- are expected this year, which if achieved will make at Thessaloniki International
ment to help Greece move forward» which the 83rd exhibition the most successful for several Fair - Helexpo S.A
creates even more expectations for investments. years now.
BEYOND 51 DIPLOMACY
ANALYSIS | NATO AND EUROPE IN THE 21ST CENTURY
52 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 53
n 12 July 2018 the General Sec- be seen as an attempt to create a distraction
retary of NATO, Jens Stolten- from domestic problems, but is also in line with
berg, formally invited FYROM the country’s aggressive foreign policy. Russia
into the Alliance, following has long sought to expand its sphere of influ-
the resolution of the country’s ence into post-Soviet space, as indicated by its
long-standing naming dispute recent activity in Crimea and the Donbass. To
with Greece. This move ad- this end, Russia has employed a doctrine of
heres to NATO’s post-Cold War ‘hybrid war’, or ‘guerrilla geopolitics’, according
strategy of enlargement, which aims to foster to which a wide range of instruments, including
closer cooperation among European coun- conventional military force, espionage, cyber
tries, and to promote democracy, stability, warfare, and social media channels, are used
and peace in the region. synchronously to exploit multiple vulnerabil-
in the Aegean.
abortive coup attempt on 15 July 2016, a wave
of purges has taken place in Turkey. On 16
April 2017, a series of controversial constitu-
tional changes were approved by referendum,
With the forthcoming accession of FYROM enabling Turkish President Recep Tayyip
into NATO, Bosnia and Serbia will remain the Erdoğan to assume new powers, including the
last two Southeastern European states outside capacity to appoint government ministers and
the Alliance, though both countries participate senior judges without parliamentary over-
in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme, sight. In the general elections of 24 June 2018,
and Bosnia aspires for full membership. Since which according to Amnesty International
the 1990s, most former Eastern Bloc countries took place in a ‘climate of fear’, Erdoğan was
have sought to join NATO, due to a combi- elected President for a five-year term, while
nation of security concerns, as well as their under the reformed constitution he is eligible
gradual liberal democratic transformation and to run for a second term.
increasing normative affinity to the West. At the same time, there has been a shift in
Turkish foreign policy, and its relations with
the West have deteriorated, due in part to
Russian involvement conflicting interests in the Syrian Civil War,
Despite regular NATO affirmations that its and amid accusations of US involvement in
enlargement poses no threat to Russia, the the 2016 coup attempt. In particular, rela-
latter considers this eastward expansion as a tions with Greece have been damaged due to
major security threat. In addition, there has renewed Turkish claims in the Aegean, while
been a history of Russian subversive activities Turkish authorities continue to detain two
in the West, including alleged involvement Greek soldiers, captured after having mistak-
in the Brexit referendum and the US presi- enly crossed into Turkish territory.
dential election, as well as the Skripal affair. This state of affairs is problematic for
The recent revelations that Russian diplomats two reasons. First, the deterioration of
have been attempting to stir unrest by brib- Greek-Turkish relations increases the likeli-
ing Greek state officials, businessmen, and hood of a crisis between the two NATO mem-
clergymen, in order to sabotage the resolution bers states. Second, Turkey might consider
of the Macedonia naming dispute, and thereby seeking allies elsewhere; indeed, following
prevent (or rather delay) the accession of FY- a period of tense relations, there has been a
ROM into NATO, should not therefore come rapprochement between Russia and Turkey.
as a surprise. Temporary collusion is in the interest of both
Russian meddling in European affairs could countries, especially with regards to the Syrian
54 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
President Trump tweeted:
conflict; Russia is also given an opportunity Turkey’s situation is more complicated. Its “What good is Nato if Ger-
to weaken NATO, and to even potentially lure critical strategic location makes it a valuable many is paying Russia billions
Turkey out of the Alliance. member of NATO, and the country’s possible of dollars for gas and energy?
Why are their only 5 out of 29
withdrawal could severely limit NATO’s reach countries that have met their
The Road Ahead in the Caucasus, Black Sea, and Middle East re- commitment? The US is paying
NATO should be expected to continue its gions, as well as set a dangerous precedent for for Europe’s protection, then
loses billions on Trade. Must
policy of enlargement in the near future. other member states. A Russo-Turkish alliance pay 2% of GDP IMMEDIATELY,
While it seems unlikely Serbia will be seeking could further upset the regional balance of not by 2025.” Photo: REUTERS
closer cooperation with NATO, talks regard- power, by providing Russia with a foothold in
ing the membership of FYROM should soon Southeastern Europe and easier access into the
be underway, and an invitation to Bosnia Eastern Mediterranean. Fortunately, Erdoğan
may soon be expected. On the other hand, it has much to lose by forsaking his Western
is likely Russia will continue to interfere with allies, risking diplomatic isolation and further
the membership talks. There may be further economic downturn, while a Russo-Turkish
Russian plans to incite nationalist unrest both alliance would remain fragile, as the two coun-
in Greece and FYROM; in the case of Bosnia, tries have few shared values and little mutual
future Russian efforts may focus on inciting trust. NATO leaders should therefore take a
unrest among the country’s Serb population. firm, proportionate, and unified stance against
Vigilance is therefore in order, on the part of Turkey, in order to discourage the country’s as-
both NATO and the states of Southeastern sociation with Russia, as well as its aggressive
Europe. foreign policy in the Aegean.
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 55
OPINION | UNITED EUROPE?
è
PROFESSOR
KYRIAKOS
KOUVELIOTIS
Dr. Kyriakos Kouveliotis
is a Professor at the
International Telematic
University Uninettuno of
Rome, Italy.
The
strengthening
of the deepening
process should
be the EUs
response to its
challenges
BEYOND 56 DIPLOMACY
T
he idea of the “United Europe” the Arab Spring, the Ukraine crisis, towards the deepening process and
has always been and contin- the conflict in Syria, the migrant crisis, not just a new enlargement which will
ues to be a revolutionary and etc. With each successive event, the further strengthen eurosceptic voices
innovative vision especially European Union’s capacity for adap- very shortly2.
if we take into consideration the first tation and action was put to the test. Pierre Moscovici, recently point
moves towards the development of The dynamism and the very nature out: Europe is in a deplorable state
European integration mechanisms that of the integration process within the and doing little to right itself. And
took place into the turmoil that existed EU were called into question1. If we this paralysis comes precisely at a
in the European continent just after also consider the aftermath of the moment when huge challenges lie
the end of the Second World War. In global economic crisis in Europe the ahead. Moscovici called it the unbear-
essence, when the six founding mem- whole perspective looked extremely able European paradox: “On one hand,
bers of the European Coal and Steel problematic. Europe is stalling, is disenchanted even
Community created this Organization In this framework, European disillusioned. On the other hand, the
in 1951, what they actually did was to Integration has turned from a revo- need for Europe is as powerful as it is
merge their industries of war. Just six lutionary, innovative and, why not, unsatisfied.” Moscovici is right. For
years ago they were enemies and took radical movement to a regime with years, the European Union has tried
part to the most catastrophic war that symptoms of a decline. Inevitably, it to widen and deepen in parallel. But
the human race has ever encountered. has lost a huge percentage of its dyna- since the Treaty of Maastricht took
Gradually and with the creation of the mism and also of its popularity and effect in 1992, the deepening process
EEC, the Euratom, the EC and the public acceptance. Additionally, its has stumbled, puttering ahead with
European Union at the end, huge mile- inadequacies, eurozone problems and the Amsterdam and Nice treaties, but
stones regarding integration have been the austerity measures that are imposed making little real progress. The EU
achieved: the free movement of people, on Member States, gave impetus to will therefore have to quickly work out
capital and goods, the harmonization of enormous criticism. In this framework, the tensions between wider enlarge-
legislation, all big infrastructure proj- a lot of eurosceptic and antisystemic ment and deeper integration. To put it
ects to name of few. Above all stands movements have been developed. It is simply, the enlarged EU has to answer
of course peace and security that very easy for them to find appeal and the question of whether it can be a
European citizens enjoy ever since. support to the european citizens espe- political union after this and subse-
Following this reference though, the cially from south European Member quent enlargements3. However, the
European Union is a victim of its suc- States that have suffered from the EU has to solve its internal problems
cess. All these great achievements today hard-economic policies that they feel and find again its momentum other-
are to be taken for granted. It is very are dictated by Brussels and Germany. wise if new members join in there will
difficult for young europeans to imagine Nevertheless, it was a German, be even more problems. More members
the situations and the living conditions Liverpool’s football club manager mean more opinions which inevitably
that their grandparents and great great Jurgen Klopp that has mentioned means more disagreements. There is
grandparents have encountered in the something very true: “the EU is not also another perspective which argues
previous century. Even the Cold War perfect, was not perfect, will not be that the European economic crisis will
sounds remote today. perfect. But it is the best idea we have spur the development of new gover-
Our current decade was full of global had so far.” Sometimes you do not need nance mechanisms that will ultimately
challenges for European integration. an expert to see the reality. deepen EU integration.
Especially the period 2010–2014 was The European Union has to face in In any case, the European Union
a highly eventful one, with the imple- the near future, but also today, seven needs definitely a reform towards inte-
mentation of the new constitutional very important challenges: immigra- gration. The Commission could initiate
framework established by the Treaty tion, energy, internal and external a new intergovernmental conference
of Lisbon, the European elections, the security, banking and fiscal unifica- as in the past which, if productive, will
affirmation of the European Council’s tion, ethnicism, Brexit and the future move things forward4.
role as a crisis-management institution, enlargement. The only viable solution Let us conclude by saying that the
the formation of the new European as a strategic plan but also as a remedy Union is at a crossroad. This and the
Commission, the sovereign debt crisis, to these challenges is a new route following years are critical.
1 https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a-d4686a3e68ff/4941fe5b-104e-4f4a-993d-b7c5fe78f687
2 http://www.ert.gr/eidiseis/diethni/evropi/k-koyveliotis-i-emvathynsi-kai-ochi-i-dieyrynsi-einai-i-lysi-gia-tin-ee-audio/
3 https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-european-paradox-widening-and-deepening-in-the-european-union/
4 https://www.larazon.es/internacional/la-union-europea-asaltada-por-el-euroescepticismo-CN18512909
BEYOND 57 DIPLOMACY
OPINION | DEFENCE RELATIONSHIPS
The Future
of European
Defence
BEYOND 58 DIPLOMACY
Defence relationships in the West
appear to be becoming more
transactional and influenced not only
by shared political or cultural values
and strategic alignment, but by
financial and economic considerations.
CHRIS CRADOCK
he future of NATO, the UK’s Before considering what has been It would appear, therefore, that
support to the EU in terms of suggested and what may transpire, it something needs to change. The
defence and security and the is worth remembering the threat envi- question is, is it the EU itself, as the
barriers that exist to France ronment western Europe finds itself preferred mechanism for institutional
and Germany, as the EU’s in, as earlier mentioned. The EU faces innovation and coordinated European
largest defence actors post- an increased terror threat both exac- collaboration or does the potential for
Brexit, potentially forging the core of erbated and, alternately, facilitated change lie with individual countries,
an enhanced EU defence and security by the various effects of the Schengen bi-lateral arrangements between ‘the
pillar, are all likely to be influenced by Agreement, the EU policy of open willing’ and ‘the capable’, ultimately,
this element of transactional financial borders. This in turn has served to perhaps, coalescing in a strengthened
and economic imperatives. This will undermine the EU bloc’s credibility NATO alliance?
likely force changes within the western in the eyes of many of its citizens as Since Brexit, the EU has taken
European defence and security com- they ask the legitimate question, “Are some moves at strengthening the EU
munity and will be positive ultimately you keeping us safe?”. At the same in defence. EU High Representative
for the defence and security industry time, an aggressive and obstreperous Frederica Mogherini proposed
more generally. Russia has heightened tensions signifi- Security and Defence Implementation
The UK, while also contributing a cantly through its undermining of the Programme (SDIP) proposes estab-
great deal to actual credibility of an Ukraine’s territorial integrity and the lishing a joint planning HQ for EU
EU Defence and Security pillar, had entire Ukrainian government’s legit- operations, improving funding mecha-
for many years attempted to obstruct imacy, as well as increasing intrusive nisms for EU joint operations (Athena),
many aspects of further development military activity in the Baltic and the strengthening the European Defence
of defence cooperation suggested from North Atlantic. Lastly, the cohesion Agency (EDA) which is designed to
time to time. Does the exit of the UK of NATO, the most credible guarantor help identify and coordinate opportu-
from the EU mean that the brakes are of peace and security in Europe over nities for joint equipment development
now off and moves towards a deepening the past 50 years, has been called into and improve equipment plan trans-
EU-wide defence and security policy question by the alliance’s largest con- parency across member states. These
will accelerate? tributor, the United States. broad aims have been endorsed by the
BEYOND 59 DIPLOMACY
European Council. when push comes to shove. the conflicts…don’t concern them…So
However, these measures are very A further example of the EU’s those European countries must be told
meagre when put beside the scale of the inability to develop a credible defence – and I won’t stop doing so – that if
challenges European security faces and, policy is the attitude of what is now the they don’t defend themselves they will
even then, these measures have already most capable EU member militarily no longer be defended.”
been watered down. For example, the after the UK’s departure, France. For Sound familiar? The accession of
joint planning and operations HQ many years, France pursued Germany France to NATO was, in some respects,
envisaged will only address ‘non-ex- in particular to develop a credible EU a comment simply on the practical
ecutive’ military missions, as opposed defence through innovations such as limits of EU military capability and
to actual military operations. Some the Euro Corps and others. Indeed, it willingness to use force although there
further changes at the periphery of the was France who suggested a European remain French politicians and govern-
European defence market will attempt Defence Community as far back as ment functionaries alike who would like
to make EU defence procurement more 1950 as part of the Pleven Plan. But to see France withdraw from NATO,
transparent within member states as the French became increasingly frus- including Mélanchon and Le Pen from
well as a modest budget increase for trated with the unwillingness of the the cast of French Presidential hopefuls
the EDA. German government to invest in for the last presidential election. In any
However, none of this amounts capability and the further reluctance case, the experience with its European
to a new departure for the EU nor a to actually deploy military personnel partners was also instrumental in
threat to NATO, despite some of the and assets, something the French are moving the French to agree with the UK,
more fevered imaginings of Leave cam- much more willing to do. Not only who also share a high level of capability
paigners during the referendum. For, does any deployment have to approved alongside a willingness to deploy force
when needed, the Lancaster House
BEYOND 60 DIPLOMACY
engage on behalf of NATO allies with
Brexit and a changed threat
environment have certainly set
the US, especially in the era of Trump
and his insistence on NATO partners
paying their way. Already Theresa May
was able to modify Trump’s posture the pieces in motion as far as
towards NATO allies and it may well
European defence and
security is concerned.
be that there is a role for Britain as the
link between the US and the EU, a role
it attempted to play previously at times
but can perhaps now play with more
freedom and the conviction that comes
from necessity.
Brexit and a changed threat envi-
ronment have certainly set the pieces
in motion as far as European defence and more recently KMW and Nexter close relationship with the US in order
and security is concerned. However have merged to become KMNS (Krauss to enhance its standing in the wider
they coalesce, it seems reasonable that Maffei-Nexter Systems). This may world (as well as with European NATO
both the UK and its partners on either mean UK firms are more likely to be partners) a credible defence capability
side of the Atlantic may begin to appre- excluded in some areas such as com- is essential. Given the growing threat
ciate the pivotal role the UK can now munications, space and land vehicles, environment, there is at least a fair
potentially play, if they have not done especially after the Article 50 process wind behind the defence and security
so already.[6] is completed. budget in the UK in the medium term.
Implications for the Defence However, in other areas the It has been said that the impact of
Industry in France, Germany and the increase in spending in France and the weak pound will diminish the UK’s
UK Germany may offer some opportuni- defence budget in real terms as it will
Can we draw any conclusions from ties that otherwise were not there. The be less able to procure equipment and
all this as far as the prospects for the Franco-German defence industrial base systems from abroad, especially the
British, French and German defence is limited in some respects and cannot US. Most of these predictions extrap-
markets are concerned? I think there cover all aspects of military capabil- olate out the current value of the pound
are some ways in which we can ten- ity that a modern military requires. over the course of the current MoD
tatively point to potentially positive This means that they will need to look Equipment Plan, some 10 years. It is
developments. abroad for some niche capabilities but prudent to assume a weak pound will
For Germany and France, recent also for certain complete platforms. continue over the course of the next two
terrorism, the threat from Russia and This may mean that these markets will years as the Article 50 negotiations take
pressure from the US will mean that not be a completely closed shop (not their course. The MoD already has ade-
defence spending is likely to rise sig- that they were ever very open in the quate hedging mechanisms in place for
nificantly. This is especially the case past!) for the UK, especially given the this period but, in any case, how pru-
with France as almost all the leading extensive number of UK-based subsid- dent it is to assume the pound will stay
presidential candidates in the cur- iaries of French and German defence at this level for the next 10 years is more
rent election have expressed a desire businesses. Defence support services open to question.
to see the defence budget increase. are another area where UK businesses Of course, one of the immediate
The incumbent CDU government in have long experience and the recent advantages of a weak pound is to make
Germany likewise pledged to increase win by Babcock in France to supply UK defence exports more competitive
spending during the election in flight training to the French Air Force and in an era of rising defence budgets
September, although if the blueprint is perhaps a sign of a gradually more not just in Europe but in the US, the
for a coalition with the SPD remains open market for UK defence businesses Middle East and Asia Pacific this can
unchanged German defence spending than previously. only assist the UK defence industry as
as a proportion of GDP will remain As for the UK itself, although it seeks to become more successful in
unchanged over the next 4 year bud- spending has been maintained at 2% terms of exports. But their may also
getary period. of GDP, there is a possibility that the be a domestic competitive advantage
As the two countries improve their logic of Brexit and Britain’s attempts for UK suppliers relative to their US
capabilities, it may also be likely that to find a new place in the world puts and EU counterparts; even if the overall
they look to increase the number of upside pressure on the government to budget is constrained by the lower pur-
joint development programmes. The increase spending. If the UK wants chasing power of the MoD, it makes it
two countries already have a shared to trade on its so-called ‘defence and all the more likely the share of defence
defence industrial base represented by security surplus’ with the EU in the exit spending with domestic suppliers is
Airbus’ defence and security businesses negotiations and if it wants to renew its likely to rise.
BEYOND 61 DIPLOMACY
EVERYWHERE |
INTERVIEW CULTURAL CAPITALS
TOURISM
IS A DRIVING
FORCE OF
THE GREEK
ECONOMY
Elena Kountoura, Tourism
Minister of Greece, talks about
the tourism development in
Greece, the variety of the
coastline and its islands,
the culture and cuisine – …
and Greece as a year-round
destination.
BY ELEFTHERIA DAVATZI
62 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 63
n 2015, we designed our try’s GDP. In 2018 the contribution of with our proposals we participate
national and regional tourism to GDP is about to increase in the five strategic priorities for
tourism policy over a by 5.3%. innovation and digital transition,
four-year period, with Still, we have plenty of things to investment and entrepreneurship,
which we are strategical- achieve. In August, the many-year cy- education and employment, security
ly pursuing tourism 365 cle of strict austerity and constraints and the uninterrupted development
days a year. Three years is closing. This is why we now have to of tourism and travel, social policies,
of continuous success look out of our borders. We need to cultural and environmental sustain-
with recorded facts, certainly prove, deepen our co-operations, organize ability.
the effectiveness of our program. ourselves and put in action dyamic In addition, we call for the
We have increased our tourism policies of development. strengthening of tourism in Europe-
by 25%. We lengthened the summer For example we can not talk about an funding programs in the Multian-
tourist period, following a specific the enhancement of tourism 365 nual Financial Framework for 2020
plan. In the three-year period 2015- days a year without asking support and after.
2017 we increased 27% the interna- from individuals and private compa-
tional arrivals between March and nies. Greek tourism must be united. What are your expectations for
May, and 33% from September to It is a highly productive and a pure this summer?
November. export business, and the industry In the first five months of 2018 the in-
We also boosted 20% each year that can provide immediate extra crease in tourism was 20% over com-
in winter tourism. We developed income for the country, new job paring to the same period in 2017. It
thematic tourism and promoted positions and sustainable, fair and is a year of double-digit growth in ar-
new Greek destinations so that the balanced growth in local economies. rivals and bookings and the demand
economic and developmental bene- continues to move dynamically in
fits spread throughout the country. Greece participated for the last minute bookings. We have built a
We opened new foreign markets for first time as an elected member relationship of trust with the leading
high purchasing power visitors, and for 2018-2021 at the Executive players in the international tourism
in 2017 we recorded tourist revenue Council Meeting of the World market, and with our negotiations
records of all time. Tourism Organization, held in and agreements, the tourist packages
We also created the framework for San Sebastián in Spain. How to our country have been strength-
attracting new investments of high important is this for Greece? ened for four consecutive year. 3 mil-
standards to meet the new needs cre- Since the beginning of our mandate, lion extra “seats” were added to flight
ated by the growing tourist activity in we wanted to strengthen the extro- planning, an impressive 18% increase
the coming years. With these actions version of Greece. We have strength- over the previous year. Overall, we
and through other more direct activi- ened our institutional role in inter- expect an increase of more than 10%
ties, we have overcome the challenges national organizations and global compared to last year’s record of 30.1
of geopolitical developments that decision-making centers for tourism, million international visitors.
have affected tourism in a negative where our positions are eventually We have been prepares for our
way. Last but not least we’ve achieved heard. We are actively reconcil- tourism to continue to grow at high
for the first time a place among the ing policies for the future of global rates in the years to come. Interna-
top 10 tourist destinations of the tourism development so that our new tional operators are publishing very
world and among the to 5 European long-term strategic planning for the positive predictions for our country,
destinations. next day of Greek tourism is in full such as the World Travel and Tourism
harmony with international trends Council (WTTC), which estimates
Is there anything that did not and priorities. a further 5.3% increase in tourism’s
have the success you wanted to? We have strengthened our coop- contribution to GDP in 2018, a 5.1%
I think we are in the middle of our eration and our relations with the increase in the cost of foreign visitors
“journey”. Through our systematic World Tourism Organization, the to our country, but also a steady rein-
work, the industry of tourism has, OECD and the European institutions, forcement of the income, investment
for the first time been upgraded to which recognize and push tourism and employment for a decade.
a national priority. Greek tourism now high on the agenda of govern- One factor that may negatively
is one of the most important pillars ments and politicians at national, affect the number of arrivals is the
of national strategic planning for regional and international level, as situation in Turkey that has become an
growth and is also a motivating force well as for the development of syner- even more enticing destination after
for the economy. In 2017 the total gies between the public and private the pound collapse. The geopolitical
contribution (direct and indirect) of sectors. developments of the past few years in
tourism to Greece’s GDP amounted to We support the strategy of the the wider region have led to the reclas-
35 billion euros - 19.7% of the coun- World Tourism Organization and sification of tourist shares from the
64 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
Eastern Mediterranean to other areas.
The most representative example is
In 2015, we designed our
the cruise sector since international
national and regional tourism
policy over a four-year period,
groups have changed their programs
to further destinations.
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 65
66 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
tage of our international promotion
of «Western Silk Road» in tourism,
For Greece the strategic
within the initiative of the Chinese
government, «One Belt, One Road
opening of the Chinese
«and as you rightly said, we are orga-
nizing an International Meeting for
tourist market is a priority.
Tourism on Silk Road in Thessaloniki
in October, in cooperation with the
World Tourism Organization.
China is the largest market for
outgoing tourism worldwide. For
Greece the strategic opening of the
Chinese tourist market is a priority.
With a continuous presence in China’s ment Institutions and the private pleased that the significant increase
international tourism fairs through sector, we exploit and highlight the in tourism over the last three years
the Greek Tourism Organization, the comparative tourist advantages of has led to a direct increase in de-
dynamic promotion of Greece as a each region. mand for such professions.
world-renowned tourist destination We develop thematic tourism that
365 days a year and investing in the creates new investments, and new Are there any new investments
development of strong partnerships job positions. We support small and in Greek tourism today?
with leading travel groups in the medium-sized tourism businesses We have created an attractive envi-
Chinese market, we aim to gradually across Greece, with the two pro- ronment for new investments in tour-
increase movement from China. grams through “Operational Program ism and have mobilized significant
However, we think that high-level “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship domestic and international interest
international meetings such as the and Innovation” for upgrading and throughout Greece in popular and
one in Thessaloniki are conducive to modernizing , with subsidy up to new destinations we are promoting.
building in-depth bilateral relations 50% for start-ups. We have invited international hotel
and enable agreements involving It is a governmental priority to and investment groups to invest in
the public and private sectors with link tourism to primary production, our country by promoting Greece as
immediate and long-term results. agri-food and processing. We en- a world-class investment destination
At the same time, we are sup- courage the inclusion of the unique in tourism and are now launching
porting the European Union-China Greek products in the hotel and specific investment projects.
Tourism Year and take advantage of tourism chain and the development As far as we are concerned we
the common European business co- of synergies between these sectors to have simplified licensing procedures,
operation framework to promote new strengthen producers, professionals, we have established modern operat-
Greek destinations, promote their family businesses and support local ing criteria and standards. We have
competitive advantages and promote communities. codified tourism legislation for more
Greece as a top destination offering It is very important to mention than 100 years in a single digital plat-
unique travel experiences 365 days a that a high priority of ours is the up- form for immediate and easy access
year, with a substantial boost to the grading of public tourism education and we have legislated to fill in gaps
tourist flow from China to Greece. that has been discarded in the past. and eliminate pathogens of the past.
With the reforms that we are pro- Investment in Greece has exceed-
Returning to the rapid growth moting, we are pursuing lasting and ed 3.1 billion euros in 2017. In total
of tourism percentages, can high-level education and training, so over three years, more than 25,000
Greece respond to these high as the graduates about to enter the new beds have been added by in-
growth rates of tourism? Both market will be skilled professionals. vestments in existing and new 4 and
on the infrastructure and on We completed our commitment and 5-star hotels, of which 12,000 last
the tourism education field. reopened the Athens Tourist Guards year. 254 hotel plans were submitted,
The focus of our tourism policy is School after 7 years. amounting to almost 1 billion euros.
sustainable and balanced devel- Also, with a great effort, we have The projects are in progress and are
opment, so that the economic and secured the resources for implement- gradually being completed in 2018
development benefits to spread as ing the three-year 2018-2021 train- and 2019. Top foreign travel groups
evenly as possible in all Regions, ing programs for unemployed and are building and operating privately
to all destinations and local com- seasonal workers in tourism in the owned hotels. At the same time we
munities. In close cooperation with 13 Regions. We have to mention that accept a large amount of requests
the Regions, the Municipalities, the until recently the programms were from international groups and tourist
Chambers of Tourism and Develop- addressed to just 4 cities. We are very business chains.
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 67
BRIGHT STORY
BEYOND 68 DIPLOMACY
INTERNATIONAL MARKET
SELONDA
A GREEK FISH FARMING
Selonda operates 55 sea-cage fish farms thanasios Skordas has been a
political executive and deputy
in Greece with an annual production minister of Development for a
capacity of over 40.000 tons of period that has not gone unno-
ticed since he tried to translate
Mediterranean Sea Bream and Sea into the Greek market exam-
Bass, 14 packing stations, 2 processing ples that have successfully been
applied abroad, such as the modern working
plants and 6 hatcheries in Greece with hours of the shops, the expiring dates of the food-
an annual production capacity of over products, the modernization of the markets and
consumer protection. As Selonta’s President
180 million fry. Selonda is the largest last year, he has made a significant contribution
restructuring sector in Greece to the succession of the Selondas fish farming
company. A company that has been troubled
for a long time by failures and omissions of the
A discussion with Athanasios previous administration, which has been under
the control of the banks, and which, following
Skordas* President of Selonda a courageous restructuring program, went into
*Athanasios Skordas is former Deputy Minister of safe waters, achieved an increase in exports, won
Development and President of SELONDA.
its viability and achieved something even bigger:
not only got restructured, but the company also
BEYOND 69 DIPLOMACY
85%
Over
BEYOND 70 DIPLOMACY
Experience in politics is
a benefit for the open market
and the market is for politics,
and that is not a form of speech.
hired over 100 people in conditions of unprec- particular, biomass grew by 35%, turnover by
edented recession. 18%, from 148 million in 2015 to 175 million in
More than two years have passed since the 2017, production costs decreased by 13%, and
start of an unprecedented undertaking for the all this was done within a strict framework cor-
Greek project, the completion of one of the porate governance, an excellent development
largest restructuring of listed companies by the stemming from very well-coordinated trade pol-
banks. The results show a vindication of this icies. And all these during a period when the fish
model and are an example that the tortured sales of subsidiary Perseus were not integrated.
market can follow. Simultaneously, Selonda brand became
As Mr Skordas points out, “Indeed, almost known in the markets, sales of the company’s
three years ago, equity control of the three larg- products to European supermarkets have more
est aquaculture companies passed to creditor than doubled. An investment program of €14
banks. At first a reorganization of the companies million was implemented to upgrade production
was attempted with the participation of the old operations. In fact, over the past two years, two
administrators. When this effort did not produce companies have been unified in Selonda and
the results we had expected, we went through a have entered a path of sustainable profitable
phase where administrative responsibilities in growth, the market shares were increased and
Selonda were entrusted to people who were not the costs were reduced. And this in an unfavor-
connected with the companies’ past. able international environment with fish prices
And indeed! With a viable business plan, dropping 8% internationally due to the aggres-
the help from the banking sector and a hard sive policy of Turkish producers.
effort, Selonda managed to do a lot of things. At the same time, the new management has
The beginning was made two years ago when stimulated Selonda’s networks, significantly
Selond absorbed the third similar largest com- reducing production costs, blocking unneces-
pany DIAS. It was a nodal action that mutated sary processes, with one single orientation: the
Selonda and gave the company the foundations sustainability of the company. Clearly, therefore,
for a better start. “This plan was embrased with the path that was followed was not easy. Or, as
trust by the shareholders and creditors. It was the President of Shelton himself points out, the
analyzed to the executives and employees of the word “difficult” is not enough to describe the path.
company, who in the overwhelming majority Especially when fish populations are living
embraced it and served it with dedication and organisms that must be fed and grown safely.
corporate conscience. Customers and suppliers “The sensitivity of aquaculture makes the solu-
strengthened their belief in our goal and sup- tion of the problem extremely complex, but
ported our efforts. Today, almost a year and a yes! Once we succeed in aquaculture, we can
half later, we can say that tranquility returns and do it everywhere. In the economy, but also in
a renewed aura in methods and attitudes gives the country. It is enough to have a realistic and
the new pace. The company is growing again, workable plan, and a group of people who will
earning new customers daily, implementing new believe in it and implement the project with hard
investments. Seltona returned and will remain, work and sense of responsibility. This is because
“says Mr. Skordas. when the life of even the last worker depends on
What Selonda has achieved in the past two your decisions and actions, you are not allowed
years has been to achieve sustainable growth to fail “he tells us.
and growth in the value of the company. In Why, however, Selonda, who today presents
BEYOND 71 DIPLOMACY
The sensitivity of aquaculture
makes the solution of the problem
extremely complex, but yes! Once
we succeed in aquaculture, we can
do it everywhere.
a totally different and positive image due to the confirmed that international practice, political
intervention of the banks and a new manage- people going to the market and vice versa, has
ment, was found three years ago in such a bad reached our country and has positive results.
condition? The explanation is simple: What «Experience in politics is a benefit for the
happened in the country happened to many open market and the market is ---------- for pol-
businesses and households. The same pathogens itics, and that is not a form of speech. A human
are the cause of evil. Over-lending and wasting is the amount of experiences gained during his
of money in unproductive settings, complacency, or her life. The bet for each and every one of
inability to predict combined with incomplete us is to be able to combine these experiences
operation of control mechanisms, is the explo- harmoniously. My experience in these two fields
sive mixture that led to the crisis. “But the issue shows that policy produces better results when
is not to stay one-dimensional in finding the the person in position , among other things, has
problems of yesterday, but to use this knowl- technocratic competence. On the other hand, the
edge so that businesses and society as a unity market also works successfully when business
not to repeat the mistakes that have brought us executives are employed by executives who have
here,” says mr. Skordas and continues: “We are a political ability, «he says. He also welcomes
working the restructuring of Selonda, not only his cooperation with the other members of the
without downsizing the number of our employ- Board of Directors.
ees, but instead we have created more than 100 However, the discussion of the next day of
new job positions in a wounded Greek region. the business has already begun, after complet-
The completion of the restructuring plan will ing the sale process with Nireas, as a result of
create new job positions not only in the company its consolidation, but in terms of benefit to all
but also in the environment of our suppliers and parties. Two major funds, AmerraCapital and
satellite companies, transport, packaging, etc. MubadalaInvestment undertake to lead Greek
Everything depend on choice, because I firmly fish farming to the next phase.
believe that both politics and economy gain value Besides, we should not forget that the
when they serve people. Therefore, at a time when aquaculture industry has excellent prospects.
unemployment in our country is the largest in Population growth worldwide, generates a cer-
Europe and threatens social cohesion, every new tain increase in food demand in general but also
job we create satisfies us twice. One of the main in fish. World fishing is already 2.5 times more
reasons Greece has reached its current situation than the oceans worldwide can bare. And of
is that its politicians, with few exceptions, have course, this Greek field will always have a future,
exercise politics in the absence of citizens.” despite the sharp competition from countries
For Mr Scorda and the placement of a politi- like neighboring Turkey.
cal person in the management of a company, the The successful completion of the sale of the
bet was multiple. Some have considered the fact two largest companies Sheldona and Nireas has
that he was as Deputy Minister of Development multiple and multipling benefits for both the
potentially as an inhibiting factor, ignoring that Greek economy and all the corelated companies:
he had a great experience in the market before positive climate and confidence in the interna-
becoming a politician with experience in the tional markets for new investments, maintaining
insurance industry and business consulting. But and developing jobs, enhancing bank liquidity
he himself proved exactly the opposite, and he and providing extroversion.
BEYOND 72 DIPLOMACY
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BRUNO BARBEY
IMAGES
NARRATE
A LONG
50 years after the
events of May ’68,
this special mo-
ment in time still
LASTING
has a strong impact
in the collective
visual memory and
the popular culture.
STORY
PANAGIOTIS PANAGOPOULOS
ay of ’68 has been a time, a series of events, documentary films. His latest book, “Au Coeur de Mai ’68”
that formed a generation, offered a context (In the Heart of May ‘68), revisits that period with photos that
but also an alibi for political careers. Half were never published before. Barney had shot 240 reels of
a century later, we are still discussing how film that were never edited and were kept in his archive. The
did this collective event influence young 50th anniversary of the events gave him the chance to make
people that were discovering themselves a new selection and his memories of those turbulent days,
and the world. The effect of May ’68 has “I started covering May ’68 from the first big demonstra-
been powerful and enduring. It has affected tion on May 6th”, he remembers. “I was in Paris, I had no
a whole generation of French filmmakers and then even more orders, it was an event to photograph. The riot Police wasn’t
European ones, writers, artists, even fashion designers. just attacking the demonstrators on the street. I remember
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of that particu- along Luxembourg the bourgeois, with the battle on the road
lar May that produced tons of images that became icons, we behind their windows, trying not to inhale the tear gas. A Riot
have contacted a person that defined that era. Bruno Barbey, Police aimed a hand grenade to the window and crashing
the world renowned photographer of Magnum Agency, has the panel, it landed in the living room of the flat. Not just
published numerous books about that period alongside two the students but the locals were also shocked by the violence
BEYOND 74 DIPLOMACY
BEYOND 75 DIPLOMACY
The most astonishing
aspect of May ’68
for me is that I was
fascinated to see all
those open discussions
among every social
milieu
applied to the protestors and the passers-by as well. Pregnant people in their dressing gowns and slippers were out, look-
women were not spared and the inoffensive professors with ing for bread. They were totally frightened walking around
files under their arms were being trashed down. Naturally, chopped trees and toppled cars. It seemed to me incredible
locals were on the students side. When they went inside to and miraculous that after such violence there were so few
hide at stairwells, the apartment doors were opening to rescue victims.” So what was the essence of those days in May?
them in from the bashings. Thus the movement spread and “From the beginning, this need to speak for everyone and
became a popular uprising.” everybody was fascinating. People came out in the streets
Barbey remembers vividly the tension on the streets. “I and they were not just students. It was a rare social crowd
have never seen such violence in a western capital. Any time that needed to discuss, to reform the world, a search for
you could have a cobble stone, or a truncheon, or a steel ball freedom. An explosion. The most astonishing aspect of May
thrown in your face. Next to me, a photographer received ’68 for me is that I was fascinated to see all those open dis-
a chimney on his head. So with the photographer Cartier- cussions among every social milieu.”
Bresson we tried to take some precautions. We bought
motorcycle helmets from a shop on Grande Armee Avenue, History as a exhibit and a pop reference
perfect ones that covered our ears. But after ten minutes, we The French National Library (BnF) celebrates the anni-
discovered they were not so practical, because we couldn’t versary with an exhibition of pictures, files and posters
hear what was going on so well, or take pictures. The barri- telling the story of May ’68. “Icônes de Mai ’68” (Icons
cades were being built with anything at hand. The easiest were of May ’68), running until 26 August at the François-
the portable cabins with wheels, cars, and even movie advert Mitterrand space of the Library, consists of nearly two
boards. Once I came over a poster of the Henry Fonda film hundred pieces, photographs, contact sheets, magazines,
“Madigan”. The French title was “Police sur la Ville” (Police in audiovisual documents. The exhibition examines how
the City). When it started burning it became totally surreal.” our collective visual memory of the events of May 68
As Barbey recalls, “The next day, very early in the morning, was constructed. Two photos of that specific period are
BEYOND 76 DIPLOMACY
Daniel Cohn-Bendit
centerpieces of their transformation into iconic status. and messages about Egalité! Liberté! Sexualité! (Equality!
The portrait of Daniel Cohn-Bendit facing an officer of Freedom! Sexuality!), one of the prominent slogans of the
the National Police by Gilles Caron and Jean Pierre Ray’s students uprising, and running in the streets, trying to escape
“Marianne de 68”. The curators of the exhibition note that police violence. Dressed in Gucci of course. It might be sur-
the photograph of Daniel Cohn-Bendit by Gilles Caron prising, or even shocking to a more conservative audience,
was not immediately distinguished it has been circulated however the youthful image Michele created for Gucci, has
more widely since 1978 and on the occasion of decennial invested consistently to art and a social dialogue with strong
anniversaries. Jean-Pierre Rey’s “Marianne de ’68” has political messages.
also evolved into an icon status. Originally published in On a similar note, Dior and its creative director Maria
small format in 1968 in the French press, it was then Grazia Chiuri, designed a hall covered in political posters for
reused several times with a more tight frame, causing the the Fall-Winter 2018 show. Chiuri has projected a feminist
loss of its historicity. So, the exhibition projects questions content in her collections and sent out models in a catwalk
about the way a historic moment is covered and the pres- papered with words and phrases including “protest” and
ervation of authenticity. “women’s rights are human rights”. Political statements
May of ’68 is enjoying a moment on the 2018 catwalk in for fashion houses are a way to remain relevant and reach a
a more controversial attribute of the anniversary. Is it con- younger clientele, as the younger generation is increasingly
flicting and ironic the reference of May ’68 as a reference to interested in politics. The link between 1968 and today has
fashion shows and campaigns from luxury fashion houses, or been noted even by fashion bible Vogue; “In little over a year
is it a sincere tribute to a moment in time? Gucci, the most since Trump’s election, the subversive possibilities of visual
successful house in recent years, under the artistic direc- communication in clothing have unleashed an astonishing,
tion of Alessandro Michele, has produced a series of videos uplifting, do-it-yourselves level of creativity. The like hasn’t
with the title “Gucci dans les Rues” (Gucci in the streets), been seen since the marches and protests of the youth upris-
presenting students in classrooms exchanging poems ings of 1968.”
BEYOND 77 DIPLOMACY
THE
M O S T
POLITICAL
MATCHES
I N W O R L D C U P
HISTORY
Here are eight World Cup games that were fuelled by political tension.
BY DIMITRIS CHARALAMPOUS,
eople love to talk about how much they love rivalries. We gussy up the
bad feelings between schools or cities as though there’s real difference
there, or actual conflict, instead of just two similar demographics clash-
ing over one material difference. This isn’t a bad thing. It’s the theater
of the games, what gives them their Grecian pomp and spectacle, until
those tragic times when it does becomes too real. But there are other
times when sport becomes impressionistic, taking on the qualities of the
world around it. This most often happens in international play, where
the whole tenor of the competition can adopt jingoistic and sovereign implications, emo-
tional as they might be. The fiercest venue for this sort of geopolitical gamesmanship is the
World Cup, when two teams of countrymen are pitted against each other for nationalistic
glory in Earth’s most popular game.
78 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
BEYOND 78 DIPLOMACY
PHOTO: GETTY IMAGES
FRANCE, 1938: ITALY VS. FRANCE time in their history to wear black,” Goldblatt says.
“They gave a very self-conscious fascist salute to the
The first reaction to hearing about any year between
crowd, and then they beat the French.” It’s said that
1935 and 1950 is pretty much always, “That’s really
the decision to wear black came directly from Musso-
close to World War II!” This goes double for ’38, a year
lini, as did a rumored message sent to his players at
in which the final World Cup took place before normal-
the beginning of the tournament: “Win or die.”
cy was restored enough to play again in 1950. Musso-
lini’s Italians traveled to France as the reigning World
Cup champions, and Mussolini had recently made
remarks critical of the French and supportive of Gener-
al Franco in the Spanish Civil War.
In the quarterfinals, the French ran up against Vittorio Pozzo holds the Jules Rimet Trophy after Italy’s 4-2 vic-
tory over Hungary in the 1938 World Cup final.
the Azzurri; both teams normally wore blue, so they Benito Mussolini, centre, in white, poses with the Italian team at
drew lots to determine which would wear white. Italy the Palazzo Venezia in Rome following their success at the 1938
World Cup. Italy’s Alfredo Foni, left, launches himself at the ball
lost. Instead, “The Italians decided for the one and only during the 1938 World Cup final against Hungary.
BEYOND 79 DIPLOMACY
CHILE, 1962 W.GERMANY, 1974
ITALY VS. CHILE WEST GERMANY VS.
Known as the “Battle of Santiago,” the meeting be-
tween Italy and hosts Chile in 1962 was one of many
EAST GERMANY
During the Cold War and the decades in which Ger-
violent games in the tournament, but it was the most
many was forcibly separated into two countries, the
egregious. Italian newspapers had criticized the deci-
democratic West Germany (three World Cup wins,
sion to play the World Cup in Chile, and the Chileans
three-time runners-up) was far more successful than
had a fanatic zeal for their national team. Tensions
the communist East. In fact, East Germany (GDR) only
were so high that FIFA flew in English referee Ken
managed to qualify for the World Cup once, in 1974,
Aston to avoid accusations of bias. It didn’t help.
when the tournament was held in — you guessed it —
Players literally boxed with each other on the field
West Germany.
and remained in the game, while an Italian who was
It was a peculiar tournament. The powers of Eng-
ejected stopped play for 10 minutes until armed police
land, France, Spain and Portugal all failed to qualify, so
removed him from the field. Chile won the game, but
the European spots were taken by communist coun-
nobody came out looking well. Many Chilean bars and
tries like Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and East Germa-
other businesses banned Italians afterward, while the
ny, which was naturally drawn in the same group as its
Italian papers raged back in Europe.
capitalist neighbor.
The BBC’s pre-broadcast note on the game’s replay
Both teams were already assured of a place in the
is legendary:
next round before the game, which was the last of
Good evening. The game you are about to see is the
the first group phase. However, it was still a symbolic
most stupid, appalling, disgusting, and disgraceful
occasion. In contrast to the professional atheletes from
exhibition of football in the history of the game. This is
West Germany, East Germans held regular jobs. Some
the first time these countries have met; we hope it will
East Germans supported the other side, and only 1,500
be the last. The national motto of chile reads, ‘by rea-
specially selected GDR fans were allowed to make the
son or by force.’ Today, the chileans weren’t prepared
train journey to Hamburg to watch the match. The re-
to be reasonable, the italians only used force, and the
sult was a shock 1-0 win for the East Germans, but the
result was a disaster for the world cup. If the world cup
West had the last laugh, defeating the Netherlands in
is going to survive in its present form, something has
the final to win its second World Cup.
got to be done about teams that play like this. Indeed,
after seeing the film tonight, you at home may well
think that teams that play in this manner ought to be
expelled immediately from the competition..
June 22, 1974 At a World Cup final tournament, the 28-year-old
captain of West Germany, FRANZ BECKENBAUER (5) of Bayern
Munich, shakes hands with the skipper of the East Germany,
BERND BRANSCH (3) of FC Carl Zeiss Jena, prior to the start
of the history-making 1974 World Cup First Round, Group One
game at the VOLKSPARKSTADION in HAMBURG.
BEYOND 80 DIPLOMACY
ARGENTINA,1978:
ARGENTINA VS.
HOLLAND
In 1978, the World Cup was held in Ar-
gentina, which was then controlled by
a military dictatorship. The team, which
featured talismanic striker Mario Kempes,
reached the final to face the Netherlands
(which had considered boycotting the
tournament because of Argentina’s lead-
ership) after a campaign that included a
6-0 win over Peru, which has been the
subject of match-fixing speculation ever
since.
But the final was a hugely political
affair, and Argentina’s 3-1 win gave the
junta a huge propaganda victory, causing
a wave of nationalistic celebration across
the country. But it did much to cover up
some of the regime’s atrocities, and a
soccer game commemorating the junta’s
victims was played in 2008, 30 years after
the 1978 final.
BEYOND 81 DIPLOMACY
SPAIN, 1982 MEXICO, 1986
WEST GERMANY VS. ARGENTINA VS.
AUSTRIA ENGLAND
Algeria made its first trip to the World Cup in 1982, If you’re trying to determine the amount of bad feel-
and in its first game there, the North Africans upset a ing in a match-up between two countries, there’s one
heavily favored West German side 2-1. After the rest of question you should ask first: Did they just fight a war?
the games in the group stage played out, Austria faced In the case of Argentina’s quarterfinal against England,
West Germany with a very specific scenario in play. If the answer was a resounding yes—four years prior, two
the West Germans won 1-0, both they and the Austri- nations had fought in the Falklands War, when British
ans would advance. If either team won by any other troops reclaimed the Falkland Islands following an Ar-
score, the Algerians would move on. Guess what the gentinian invasion. “The game had the Malvinas written
score was? all over it, certainly as far as the Argentinians were
“The Germans duly scored their goal after about concerned, as well as the small group of English fans
15 minutes, and the rest of the game was played at a in the crowd in Mexico,” Goldblatt says. A win would
painful pace—not even a practice game,” Goldblatt have been small revenge for the Argentians, but small
says. “The crowd, both Spanish and Algerian, went revenge is better than nothing.
completely bonkers, and by the end of it you’ve got The still-fresh bullet-holes of a recently fought war
Algerians screaming from behind the fence, waving would normally be enough to vault a game into history,
money, waving bills and notes in their hands at the but Argentina’s 2-1 victory turned out to be a hell of a
Germans and the Austrians.” As a result of that con- soccer match. Diego Maradona scored both Argentin-
test, the last games in the group stage are now played ian goals, each in opposite fashion: On the first, now
simultaneously. known as the Hand of God, he punched the ball into
Fans watching the “Shame of Gijón” in Spain in the the net, the use of his hand obvious to everyone in the
1982 World Cup made sure that the West German and world but the referee; only four minutes later, the sec-
Austrian players heard their disgust. ond, now known as the Goal of the Century, saw him
dribble through five Englishmen and the goalkeeper
with only 11 touches. Maradona scored or assisted on
10 of Argentina’s 14 goals en route to defeating West
Germany in the finals in Mexico’s Estadio Azteca, where
a statue of him still stands.
BEYOND 82 DIPLOMACY
FRANCE, 1998 GERMANY,2006
USA VS. IRAN ANGOLA VS. PORTUGAL
In 1979, the Iranians ousted the U.S.-backed Shah Before independence in 1975, Angolans had lived under
and installed the Ayatollah-led Islamist Republic. This Portuguese colonial rule for almost 500 years. The two
did not do wonders for the relationship between the countries have a difficult relationship, mixed with mutual
United States and Iran, and when the two were paired bitterness and resentment. These feelings boiled over
in the group stage in the 1998 tournament in France, during an insanely violent “friendly” in 2001. The match
meeting for the first time on a soccer field, it was, Gold- was abandoned in the 67th minute after Angola picked
blatt says, “all set up to be the tensest game in World up its fourth red card, with the score 5-1, Portugal.
Cup history.” Five years later, they were drawn in the same group
Because of how the draw played out, the Iranians at the 2006 World Cup, and the Angolans had the
were supposed to walk toward the Americans for the chance to bring their former masters down with the
pre-game handshake; after protests by the Ayatollah, it whole world watching. But an early goal from Pedro
was decided that the Americans would make the walk, Pauleta took the sting out of Angola, and the game
but that didn’t do anything to help the fact that an Iraqi stayed at 1-0. Both teams managed to finish with 11
terrorist organization purchased 7,000 tickets in order players.
to protest at the game. French riot police entered the
stadium to help keep the peace. It all ended in ... flow-
ers. The Iranians presented the Americans with white
roses as a gift, the two sides posed for pictures, and
then Iran triumphed 2-1, eliminating the U.S. from com-
petition. It was Iran’s first-ever World Cup victory, and
despite the loss, American defender Jeff Agoos has
said, “We did more in 90 minutes than the politicians
did in 20 years.”
Both sets of players line up for a photograph ahead
of the game starting
BEYOND 83 DIPLOMACY
attitude
style &
BEYOND 84 DIPLOMACY
CURVE
APPEAL
W
ith a sinu-
ous body
deserving
of double
takes, the
Essence of Strength
Chaise Longue (start-
ing at $69,000 ) first
appears as a stun-
ning if not elegantly
bonkers scribble that
leapt straight from
concept to construc-
tion, sidestepping
the typical design
checkpoints. It also
gives the rest of the
furniture in the house
an inferiority complex.
Conceived by indus-
trial designer Kristian
Arens, who cofound-
ed the British furni-
ture brand with engi-
neer Clive Johnson,
the dynamic piece
owes nearly every-
thing to carbon fiber.
The company’s use of
the lightweight but
durable material is in
keeping with its de-
sign manifesto: “We
aim always to push
design and structural
tolerances in
order to produce
pieces of furniture
that would simply
not be possible using
more traditional ma-
terials.”
Inspired by Arens’s
passion for the sea,
the limited-edition
chaise longue—fin-
ished with hand-
stitched leather—re-
sembles rolling waves.
Achieving such a fluid
shape is a highly tech-
nical proposition.
It takes more than 2
months to create one
chaise. Each example
is customizable, from
leather options to the
weave pattern seen in
the finished, undulat-
ing design.
BEYOND 85 DIPLOMACY
we love shapes
BEYOND 86 DIPLOMACY
Aesthetics & sensitivity
Diana Karvouni and Vivian Philippa founded Two
is Company, a world where aesthetic values, archi-
tecture, design and art co-exist in harmony.
BY ELEFTHERIA DAVATZI
BEYOND 87 DIPLOMACY
1
rather than free time and money. Aesthetics are musical theme are all equally necessary and vital
a component of life, a connective tissue that links and aren’t any more of an art form than a house
building blocks and allows them to stand strong, designed by Adolf Loos, for example.
with courage and optimism. Aesthetics encom-
pass the way you talk and think, are evident in What are your primary concerns when
your intentions, attitude and are everywhere faced with a new design?
in the immaterial world like an aura, even in For it toexist, to be born. We have a rich archive
material: in the pens Aris Konstantinidis used to of ideas in our minds that are eager to “move”
sketch, in the simple houses on the Cyclades, in into material existence. Our jobs involve inter-
African woodwork, in haiku poetry… acting with matter, and we feel like explorers, like
intermediaries between the physical and virtual
Is there a distance between architecture worlds. It is exciting to observe the realisation of
and art? What is the difference? the central idea of a project, when the spaces and
In terms of architecture and design, we believe furniture we design take on a life of their own,
that there is a kind of misunderstanding: this is are “inhabited” or used. We are proud when we
because people either live in it (architecture) or discover a new application for our inspiration in
next to it (design) in the literal sense, its use and different scales and levels of production.
utility. Because we live in a house and it offers us
1. Kion, candle holders shelter, from the rain for example, we don’t con- Every artist or even every person tries to
2. The Lychnos Series,
candle holders sider it art but see it is a necessity and practicality. pass on a message through their work.
3. Ilios, table lamp Conversely, because a painting doesn’t have an What is the message of Two is Company?
obvious use other than being a feast for the eyes, Our production design on a whole, on every level,
36 Loukianou St.
106 75 Athens, Greece it is perceived as being more of an art form than a moves between archaic geometry and modern-
Tel.: +30 210 72 54 844 house… The usefulness of architecture and design ism, local and international style. It combines
www.anaktae.com doesn’t bring them either closer to or more dis- stringent elements with harmonious ones with a
contact@anaktae.com
tant from art. For us, a painting, a sculpture, a simple yet sensual luxury.
BEYOND 88 DIPLOMACY
2
3 4
BEYOND 89 DIPLOMACY
the purity of a classic
Escapement to Victory
To acquire a Laurent Ferrier is to own a timepiece steeped in Swiss watchmaking tradition.
But against a tide of ostentation, how does an independent watchmaker stay true to its
classic codes? BY KATERINA PAPAPOSTOLOU
WITH ITS CLEAN DESIGN, legibility and makers in his family. Father and grandfather
ease of use, the Laurent Ferrier Galet Annual were also not the only prominent ‘family’ in
Calendar was the darling of Salon Interna- his life; a decision to join watchmaking nobil-
tional de la Haute Horlogerie Genève (SIHH ity at the ranks of Patek Philippe also proved
2018), capturing the imagination and resonat- invaluable.
ing with an industry. In the 1970s, Ferrier had another passion
The man behind the eponymous Swiss – motor racing – and competed at 24 hours
house is accustomed to such plaudits. When of Le Mans with co-pilot François Servanin.
Laurent Ferrier debuted his first timepiece in They worked so well as a duo they promised,
March 2010 (the Galet Classic Tourbillon), a ‘one day we will make a watch’. Cut to 30
mere eight months later it scooped an award years later: “Servanin came to Laurent with
at Grand Prix d’Horlogerie de Genève – the a serious proposition: ‘I have some money to
‘Oscars’ of watchmaking. This was not a brand invest in a new venture, are you in or not?’ It
emerging from the wilderness, though. Ferrier was a once in a lifetime opportunity to create
is a watchmaker by education, and also by his own watches from scratch.” The idea was
‘DNA’ – he’s the third generation of watch- to create ‘creatively classic’ pieces – “because
BEYOND 90 DIPLOMACY
outfit creating just 120 pieces per year, our Ferrier is a
spirit is to have one person focused on his or watchmaker by
education, and also
her ‘baby.’” by ‘DNA’ – he’s the
What they accomplish is outstanding; a third generation of
Laurent Ferrier watch is beautiful from every watchmakers in
his family.
single angle. “It must be a pleasure in every laurentferrier.ch
sense; It’s a question of weight, comfort, and
of daily interaction,” she reinforces. “For
instance, a driver has their wrist at an angle,
there is always a modern touch to every single and looking at the watch profileon, sees all the
creation, but we are heavily grounded in reflections – even this engagement has to be
watchmaking tradition.” beautiful. We resisted putting anti-reflection
The business model requires further con- coating, otherwise it looks completely flat.”
text. At present, the company comprises just Sound plays a crucial part too; for instance,
10 people in total – Ferrier and his son, four in the salmon-dialled Galet Minute Repeater has
logistics, and four watchmakers. “Many watch a case made of steel, ‘to accentuate the chime
brands release limited editions of 1,000 and endow it with a clear, light tone’. These
pieces; our boutique brand has crafted just are among the many reasons that connois-
800 watches in our existence, since 2010,” seurs are drawn to Laurent Ferrier. “They are
Monestel discloses. acquiring a movement designed by Laurent
At Laurent Ferrier the ratio is one watch- himself, with internal craftsmanship and
maker to one movement, right until the final decoration that is far above standard,” says
phase. “In the wider industry it’s something Monestel. “They seek us out, knowing that
that has been lost over time,” the CEO puts we are going to enhance their watch-owning
into context, “but as a small watchmaking experience.”
BEYOND 91 DIPLOMACY
elegant writing
Montblanc
A Tribute to imagination
An interview with Frank Juhel, Μontblanc’s president for Middle East,
India and Africa. ELEFTHERIA DAVATZI
92 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
What is your Montblanc favourite
product?
It’s the limited edition we are doing for the Little
Prince, and it was the first book I got. There is
a product and the product behind the product.
This writing instrument presents the great story
of the Little Prince and this is a story we should
all read again. Moreover this model is based on
the meisterstück and once again we can see the
pioneering spirit. It is the first time we are not
doing a meisterstück that is black. I could talk
hours about this product because it talks to me
at a personal level and professional one too.
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 93
timepieces
GOLDEN
LEAVES
PHOTOS: DIMITRIS KARTERIS
STYLING: MARGARITA PINIOTI
94 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
Golden necklace from
the couture collection
with tourmaline and
iolite gemstones with
bracelet from the same
collection (Zolotas).
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 95
timepieces
96 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
Starfish neck pendants with
diamond and blue diamonds
with matching rings (Poniros).
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 97
timepieces
98 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
Gemstone pendant with
diamonds and gold
earrings with diamonds
and gemstones (Lito).
BEYONDDIPLOMACY | 99
essential
BIG
Whether a reward
for hard work,
a reckless
indulgence, or even
an investment, these
luxury toys are for
the select few.
BOYS
TOYS BEYOND 100 DIPLOMACY
1962, TROJAN 200
Britain enjoyed a long history as a bastion of tiny motor vehicles. Peter Agg, the Lambretta
distributor for Britain since 1950, had purchased the long-lived commercial vehicle firm of
Trojan, of Croydon in Surrey, in 1959. Originally built by Leyland Motors, the first Trojan was a
utilitarian, almost agricultural car designed by Leslie Hounsfield. It enjoyed a brief vogue upon
its introduction in 1922, but by the late-1920s, it had been sidelined by the Austin Seven. From
1928, Trojan Ltd. manufactured a wide range of commercial vans and pickups, and even some
light buses.
Agg negotiated the deal for manufacturing the Heinkel-I by Trojan and received the supply of Manufacturer: Trojan Cars Ltd.
motors from Heinkel themselves. Essentially similar to the German Heinkel and Irish Heinkel-I, Origin: Croydon, Surrey, England
the Trojan was built with some British-sourced components, such as Armstrong shock Motor: Heinkel 1-cyl., 4-stroke
absorbers, Wilmot-Breeden latches, and Wipac or Miller lamps. Vent windows were Plexiglas. Displacement: 198 cc
Power: 10 hp
A right-hand drive version was built, but the door was still hinged on the left. Three- and four- Length: 8 ft. 10 in.
wheel versions were made. BEYOND 101 DIPLOMACY
SO SPARVIERE
PREMIUM SIDELOCK UPLAND SHOTGUN
The SO Sparviere (Italian for “hawk”) is a premium sidelock
over-under shotgun conceived for the upland hunter and
shooter wanting a heirloom-quality work of art. The action
features upward of 100 hours of engraving by masters carrying a
centuries-old tradition, while the total absence of visible screws
gives the engraving an uninterrupted blank canvas to express its
full beauty.
beretta.com
A visit to Kriezotou Street disproves the Today, brothers Christos and Antonis
popular believe that the fashion and clothing Nyflis carry on the tradition of their grandfa-
industry is geared exclusively towards women. ther with the same energy and inventiveness.
Christakis tailor shop has remained faithful to They retain all the elements of the past that
the creation of tailor-made shirts and night- make the creation of their shirts unique, while
wear since 1947. Over the years, the business infusing the business with the technology of
expanded to include two more shops in Kifissia the present. They have changed nothing in
and Crete. Although they don’t cater to women, the cutting and sewing of the garments and
the history and tradition of Christakis ensured remain steady in their preference for Swiss
that the shops were to become favourite des- and Italian textiles. They remain apprised of
tinations for men. Some wandered in on their new designs in collars, cuffs and fabrics, visit
own accord while others were taken by the hand exhibitions in Florence, Milan and Paris, and
and led there as children, to have their first shirt retain an online presence, introducing their
made for them. In both cases, they remained brand to younger generations.
loyal, having been won over by the quality, the And yes, young people do visit the shops.
CHRISTAKIS, atmosphere and the personal relationship with Most are influenced by period TV series and
5, Kriezotou str., Athens
the proprietors. films. Without knowing it, they request vintage
THE ULTIMATE
PORSCHE
RESTORATION
Singer Vehicle Design optimizes
the classic air-cooled Porsche
911 for the 21st Century.
BY DIMITRIS NANOS
2 3
Mazu 38
Mazu Yachts has been designing, produc-
ing and marketing luxury ‘hard-top and
open’ motor yachts since 2011. The Mazu
38 offers fully customizable deck and
interior layouts. The unit on display at the
show has an open plan layout with dining
space “al-fresco” in the aft deck, an en-
suite bathroom with separate full stand-
ing shower and additional crew cabin. To
maximize guests comfort, boat has two
galleys with Gaggenau appliances both
inside and outside, equipped with cooker,
grill, microwave and oven, along with sink,
fridge, deep freezer and ample storage
for crockery and provisions. A bimini, aft
deck shower and swim platform with a
retractable swim ladder on the transom,
provide added cruising benefits.
www.mazuyachts.com
H
Y
D
A JOURNEY
THROUGH
A LEGEND
R
A
BEYOND 120 DIPLOMACY
Surrounded with rocks, drenched with the golden
sunlight and with the Argosaronikos gulf embracing
its bays, this island, where not even a single sound of
an engine is heard, is the ideal destination for short
gateways from Athens
BY ANTONIS THEODOROU, PHOTO:PERICLIS MERAKOS
T
Sea Captains straight after the Revolution) and the
he classical and jazz melodies that gush Kriezis mansion, the four-storey Tompazis man-
from the speakers of the beach bars sion which has been a property of the School of
mingle with the “remains” of Sophia Fine Arts since 1935 and is currently functioning
Loren’s unrivalled charm, defining this island as a branch of the School, as well as the Zourva
of the Argosaronikos gulf as an ultimately classy Abbey, at the island’s edge, with the breathtak-
destination. The picturesque port, the impressive ing view. No one can resist the arty shops which
mansions, the paved alleys, the waterborne taxis embrace the port, nor the cute bars and cafes
and the residents’ little boats remind us of Venice’s which are lined one after the other and are ideal
magical images, but the absence of motor-driven for loitering about and looking at the passers-by.
vehicles is what ensures the heavenly tranquility These became renowned throughout the whole
and the calm pace of life which define the island world, being featured in international movies
and which seem to be lost in time. The fact that which were filmed on the island. The sea breeze
Hydra’s lovers maintain their loyalty to the island will literally act as a breath of fresh air to your
throughout the whole year is not a coincidence. being, and the cobbled alleys will invite you to
The island’s uniqueness is perceptible from vanish in their maze and intoxicate your senses
the very first moment that the ship enters the with the scent of the flowers blossoming in the
port: The image of the mansions –most of which yards. All the areas on the inland are very pic-
are the Captains’ traditional residences–, which turesque, featuring colorful wooden doors and
spread amphitheatrically on the hills surrounding bougainvilleas which pour all over the stone fences
the port, outdo in beauty even the most inspired and culminate onto the paved surfaces, magne-
painting. No ugly innovations have managed to tizing the looks and making the mind travel into
damage the architectural profile of the whilom a different dimension. And then summer comes
vigorous marine nation, which is a remarkable and, like a Siren, tempts the visitor with the water
achievement if one takes into account the island’s element. The beaches which used to be remote
fast tourist development, which begun in the ’50s. and deserted now have deck chairs and a regular
The island attracts many excursionists from public transportation operating between them and
early on in the spring and onwards. Easter here the port, giving the bathers further choices than
has a special tincture, since the sweet melancholy just diving from the steep rocks. One of the best
of the days matches perfectly the fairy-like aura of beach choices is Agios Nikolas, with its crystal
the island. On Holy Friday, the Epitaph procession waters, and Vlihos. The beach which is closest to
Hydra is now at the Kamini district confirms the first impres- the town, and which is easily accessible without
a stop-off on the
glittery international sion. According to a special custom which, every a sea-taxi, is Kaminia. It can be reached on foot,
art circuit and yet the year, lures masses of visitors, the residents of the by a short fifteen-minute walk along the coast.
boho, go-slow Greek Kamini first carry out the Epitaph procession and Hydra is here, loyal to the principals and values
island will always then, the men who carry the Epitaph on their which made it a legend of the Argosaronikos gulf.
sway gently to shoulders enter the sea, in order to sanctify the Beautiful as ever, it is ready to seduce all its visi-
its own rhythm.
water for the seamen. In the end, all the Epitaphs tors. Can you resist its charm?
ISLE OF PLENTY
well as a retractable roof, a
waterslide, and a 100-foot-
long infinity-edge pool.
The Shivdasanis have
ensured that all the requisite amenities are
readily available, but they have also added a
few meaningful extras of their own. There’s
an overwater observatory, an outdoor
cinema, and, for guests whose Maldivian
dreams know no bounds, a collection of pri-
vate residences priced from $3 million.
By the Glass
126 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
BEYOND 126 DIPLOMACY
Katsourbos
“KATSOURBOS” tan gastronomy in island of Crete.
is named after Athens. All products Our emblematic
the homonymous used in Katsour- plates are among
comedy by George bos Cuisine(which others, the lamb
Hortatsis. Kat- is included in the with stamnagathi
sourbos Cuisine “European choice” or the handmade
was established in of the Internation- pies with cheese and
January 2005. It has al Gastronomical herbs. Everything is
been described as Catalogue Zagat and accompanied with
the “Renaissance of Monocle Maga- bread and our raki.
Cretan Cuisine” by zine) are delivered
2 Aminta st, Proskopon Square, Pagrati,
the Athenian press, once per week from 116 34, Athens, Τ: +30 210 722 2167
since it introduced individual produc- Email: info@katsourbos.com,
the original Cre- tion units at the www.katsourbos.gr
The People versus Democracy: Why Our Free- The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of
dom is in Danger and How to Save it the New World Order,
by Yascha Mounk, Harvard University Press. by Bruno Maçães, Allen Lane
128 | BEYONDDIPLOMACY
BEYOND 128 DIPLOMACY
Why ancient Greece?
THE BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF DEMOCRACY
READ MORE
last page
190 Years
of diplomatic
relations between
Russia and
Greece
Prime Minister of Greece Konstantinos Karamanlis at the Tomb of (Vyacheslav Runov/ SPUTNIK)
the Unknown Soldier in Moscow during his official visit to the Soviet
Union. October 2, 1979