CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OF STEEL AND

CONCRETE COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

ASSIGNMENT-1

1. Elaborate any five structures that are built using steel concrete composite technique?

ANSWER
Steel Concrete Composite Technique:

When two different materials are bound together so strongly that they act together as a
single unit from a structural point of view. When this occurs, it is called composite action.
One common example involves steel beams supporting concrete floor slabs. The below
picture gives the example of Steel Concrete Composite Technique.

HISTORY OF STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

Composite construction, as we know today was first used in both a building and a bridge in
U.S. over a century ago. The first forms of composite structures incorporated the use of steel
and concrete for flexural members, and the issue of longitudinal slip between these elements
was soon identified.
Composite steel–concrete beams are the earliest form of the composite construction method.
In U.S. a patent by an American engineer was developed for the shear connectors at the top
flange of a universal steel section to prevent longitudinal slip. This was the beginning of the
development of fully composite systems in steel and concrete. Concrete-encased steel
sections were initially developed in order to overcome the problem of fire resistance and to
ensure that the stability of the steel section was maintained throughout loading. The steel
section and concrete act compositely to resist axial force and bending moments.

STRUCTURES BUILD BY USING THE STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE

STRUCTURE:

1) LAKHTA CENTER (SKY SCAPPER) , RUSSIA

2) GROSVENOR PLACE, AUSTRALIA
3) HAWKESBURY RIVER BRIDGE
4) PREFABRICATED FIRE RESISTANT STRUCTURE
5) SWESS RE

LAKHATA CENTER (SKY SCAPPER), RUSSIA:

INTRODUCTION:

The Lakhta Centre constitutes the epicentre of St. Petersburg’s Primo sky District, employing
a wide range of public functions alongside transportation infrastructure in an effort to anchor
a sustainable economic zone.

The theme of the tower's design is that of a lonely spire in a horizontal landscape, with a
unique shape informed by concepts of extrusion, torsion, and tension.

The main important is the structure, it has pentagram cross section with raised and twisted
around the centre line of building and creating a turn of entire building by 89o and all the
floors are having different area and shape of each floor.

The lakhta centre was the 1st sky scrapper in Russia having 87 floors from the top of ground
level and 3 floors below the ground level.

The pictures below gives the clear view of building and shape with turns around 89o while it
goes from bottom tom top.
STRUCTURE:

The structural design requires the each column consists of metal core, steel reinforcement and
high strength concrete this combination is called steel concrete composition.

The column is 5 times stronger than traditional reinforced column and faster to create.
Composite column of building constructed in several stages

 A cross shaped metal core has been prepared

 One segment of core is 8m40cm which is height of two typical floors
 The column core has to be manufacture steel making plates using specific technology
each composed two slopes
 A cast I beam is cut along the length and resultant two equal parts welded to other
shape.
 The resultant cross shape been provide the strength and reinforcement to structure
after all column are installed.

A out rigger floor is constructed which acts as the additional high rise foundation it was
constructed for every 14 floors.

There are 1,89,000 unique steel structure elements with weight of 30,000 tons
GROSVENOR PLACE, AUSTRALIA:

The innovative use of structural steel in this building included quite a few firsts in Australia

STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

The building involved the use of high strength cold formed profiled steel sheets for the
decking with a yield stress of 550 MPa (N/mm2).

The beams which span approximately 16 metres from the reinforced concrete core to
perimeter frame were designed for serviceability as semi-continuous, with a semi-rigid joint
assumed between the beam and core
The columns in the lower levels of the buildings are quite unique and involve three perimeter
columns being grouped at the ground level in a single column

This involved the use of high strength quenched and tempered structural steel of yield stress
of 690 MPa (N/mm2) being used for encased sections in this zone.

In this they used Piloti Column Encased and heavy steel fabrication prior to following
encasement and shear studs are provided for the composite column.

HAWKESBURY RAILWAY RIVER BRIDGE:

The Hawkesbury bridge was one of the famous bridge in Brooklyn ,Sydney.

This is bridge was built with the trusses and by using the Steel concrete composition in the
1977.

The Hawkesbury River Road Bridge completed in 1946 was designed and constructed as a
steel box girder bridge with shear connection making the concrete deck composite through
the top flange.

ABOUT STEEL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE WITH SHEAR CONNECTION

Steel box girders and steel and concrete composite box girders are used for long spans, where
the self-weight of the bridge needs to be minimized, and for situations where their excellent
high torsional stiffness is of particular benefit. The clean lines of box girders bridges, usually
with no visible external stiffening, is generally considered to give a excellent appearance and
durability, since there are no tarps for dirt and moisture.

The Hawkesbury rail river bridge lasts for 200 years as it is constructed using the Steel
Concrete Composition.

The scaffolding for the Hawkesbury railway bridge is shown in below figure
 Scaffolding for the Hawkesbury rail river bridge

PREFABRICATED FIRE RESISTANT STRUCTURE:

It consist of a composite column & composite beam

COMPOSITE COLUMN:

 Fire resistant without fire proofing.

 Smaller cross section than the concrete column
 The steel section alone support the concrete floors during construction
 Available in multi storey or single story sections

COMPOSITE BEAM:

 Available for spans over 30ft (10m)

 Cross sections starting at 8inch(200mm) deep
 Available for edge beams
A composite column is of hallow steel section with reinforcement inside the column that fill
the concrete and same for the concrete

We can see that ready mate structures made of steel concrete composite was fixing by using
the bolts as shown in below fig.

And the hallow core slabs were placed on the beams and fix it with bolts and it acts as a
permanent formwork and then the we can do the concrete work for the spaces between them
so that it as a composite. It is shown in below fig.

18MCT0028

K.AVINASH