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WAVES
Examples:
• Sound waves
• Mexican wave or La Ola
• Water waves
• Light
Examples:
• String waves
• Water waves
• Light
Examples:
• Sound waves
• Slinky
y ( x, t ) A cos[( 2 / ) x t )]
Direction of
vibration or
oscillation Wavelength
(spatial) Direction of
Amplitude Frequency or
propagation
Period
(temporal)
+x
-A
f Unit: m/s
T
Chapter 15 Describing waves mathematically 11
Example:
The wave function for a harmonic wave on a string is given by:
1 1
y( x, t ) 0.03m sin[( 2.2m ) x 3.5s t )]
(a) In what direction does this wave travel and with what speed?
v 1.59m / s, right
k
(b) Find λ, f and T of this wave
2
2.86m f 0.557 Hz T 1 / f 1.80s
k 2
(c) What is its maximum displacement?
A 0.03m
Chapter 15 Describing waves mathematically 12
v
Other than “continuous waves”
(described by your sin and
cos)
v
And “pulse trains” which are
somewhere in between.
(standing waves)
• Consider a pulse
propagating along a
string:
• What determines
its speed?
F F = tension on string
v μ = linear mass density
(mass/unit length)
Important:
Increasing the tension (F) increases the speed.
Increasing the string mass density () decreases the speed.
Moreover, the speed depends only on the nature of the
medium and not on amplitude and frequency of the pulse.
(b) If the generated wave has a frequency 2.00 Hz, how many cycles
of the wave are there in the rope’s length?
• Think about grabbing the left side of the string and pulling
it up and down in the y direction.
• You are doing work since F.dr > 0 as your hand moves
up and down.
E = ½ k A2 with k = m2
• Within one wavelength:
where v = / T
Square dependence
on the amplitude and
• So: Pavg = ½ 2A2 v frequency of the
with v = (F/)½ wave
initial
final
By COE,
2
I1 r
2
2
I2 r 1
Transmission
Reflection
Interference and superposition of waves
A(x,t)=A cos(kx–t)
B(x,t)=B cos(kx–t+f)
f/2
f0 In phase
Constructive
interference
f Out-of-phase
Destructive
interference
nodes
(string permanently at rest) antinodes
Resonant frequencies
nv
fn
2L
f2 = 2f1 n = 2, L = 2/2 =
Second harmonic, 1st
overtone
f3 = 3f1 n = 3, L = 3/2
Third harmonic, 2nd
overtone
f4 = 4f1
n = 4, L = 4/2 = 2
Fourth harmonic, 3rd
overtone
Chapter 15 Sound 41
Sound is a longitudinal wave that can travel thru gas, liquid or
solid.
Displacement of air molecules due to propagation of sound
waves:
s( x, t ) smax cos[( 2 / ) x t )]
Tc
v (331 m/s) 1
273 C
The 331 m/s is the speed at 0o C
TC is the air temperature in Centigrade
DPmax vsmax
DP 2
Intensity of a sound wave is I max
2 v
Again, proportional to (amplitude)2
I unknown intensity
b 10 log10
Units: in decibels (dB) I 0 reference intensity
I2
630
I1
Both stationary:
vt / v
f observer f source
t
S D
(vt vD t ) / (v vD )
f observer
vt v
f observer D
f source
S D v
D moves away from source:
(vt vD t ) / (v vD )
f observer
t
S is stationary.
v
f observer f source
v vs
S D
D is stationary.
Both moving:
v vD
f observer f source
v vs
S D