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Duraisamy’s
Manidhanaeyam Free IAS Academy
(Run by Manidha Naeyam Charitable Trust)
A-Block Old No. A9, New No.A41, 6th Street, Anna Nagar East,
Chennai - 600 102.
Ph: 044-2435 8373 Cell: 9840646303
Email : manidhanaeyam@gmail.com Website : www.saidais.com
,e;jpa tuyhW
“New;iwa ekJ md;whl eltbf;iffs; Fthh;l; irl; vd;w fw;fisg;
,d;iwa tuyhwhk;. mt;tg;NghJ epfOk; gad;gLj;jpdh;.
epfo;Tfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;glhjjhy; ,e;jpa Ntshz;ik> fhy;eilfs; gad;fs;
tuyhw;iw tbtikj;jypy; kpf;f njhpahJ.
rpuj;ijahdJ” – Nubad; kug;gl;ilfs;> jiofs; Milahf
fhy khWghl;bd; gy;NtW nray;ghLfspd; nfhz;ldh;.
jhf;fk; kdpj nray;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;jpa gr;ir fha;fwpfs;> tpyq;Ffspd;
jhf;fk; - tuyhw;Wf; nfhs;if – tp. V. ];kpj; ,iwr;rpfis cz;ldh;.
tpag;ngd;why;> mJ ,e;jpahNt – V.vy.gh\k; neUg;gpd; gad; njhpahJ.
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; Kf;fpa njhopy; Ntl;ilahLjy; MFk;.
n`nuhNlhl]; (fpNuf;fk;) Fiffspy; Xtpak; jPl;bdh;.
fw;fhyk; - gpwh; mwpAk; tz;zk; kl;ghz;lk; nra;aj; njhpahJ.
Mtzg;gLj;jpaJjhd; ,thpd; rpwg;G ,we;jth;fis Gijj;jdh;.
kpf gioa fw;fhyk; 250000–100000 fp.K. 1863-Mk; Mz;L nrd;idf;F mUNf
eL gioa fw;fhyk; 100000–40000 fp.K. gy;yhtuj;jpy; ,uhghh;l; G&];/Nghh;l;
Gjpa gioa fw;fhyk; 40000-10000 fp.K. iff;Nfhlhp fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
filrpf; fw;fhyk; 10000-4000 fp.K. tl ,e;jpahtpy; fh\;kPh>; gQ;rhg;>
Gjpa fw;fhyk; 5000-25000 fp.K. kj;jpag;gpuNjrdk;> xhprh> tq;fhsk;>
gioa fw;fhyk; (Palaeolithic) gPfhh;> njd;,e;jpahtpy; gP[g;G+h;> ngy;fhk;>
vkd; (The God of Death), tUzh (The Nrhkh> Ruh Mfpa kJghdq;fs;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
Nrdhg; epjp Akesines vd fpNuf;fh;fshy; cs;sJ.
miof;fg;gl;lJ. #hpaid topgLk; fhaj;jphp ke;jpuk;
Ntjq;fs; ,jpy; cs;sJ.
Ntjk; vd;why; mwpT vdg; nghUs;gLk;. cUt topghL fhzg;gl;lJ.
Ntjq;fis ehd;fhf njhFj;jth; Ntj Xk; vd;w nrhy; ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy;
tpahrh;. fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ehd;F tif: Hpf; Ntj fhyj;jpy; rhjp NtWghLfs;
1. ,Uf;F Ntjk; VJkpy;iy.
2. a[Ph; Ntjk; Hpf; Ntjj;jpy; cs;s ghly;fs; 1028.
3. rhk Ntjk; Ntjq;fspy; goikahdJ.
4. mjh;td Ntjk;
ghly;fspy; Gdpj jd;ik fhg;ghw;w kpf
Ntjq;fis ehd;fhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
ePz;l fhykhf hpf; Ntjj;ij tha; top
1. ke;jpuq;fs;
%ykhf nrhy;yp te;jdh;.
2. gpukhzq;fs;
ehd;F Ntjq;fs; vOjg;gl;l fhyg;gFjp
3. cgep\j;Jf;fs;
rk;fpjh.
4. Muz;aq;fs;
Hpf; Ntjk; 10 kz;lyq;fspy; 1017
Hpf; Ntjk; (1700 – 1100 fp.K)
nra;As;fshf ,iwtidg; gw;wpAk;
cyfpd; gioikahd rka E}y;
10tJ kz;lyj;jpy; r%f> murpay;>
hpf; Ntj ghly;fis tpahr Kdpth; nghUshjhu rhjp Kiw Njhd;wpa
Nrfhpj;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;F gFjp tuyhw;iwAk; $WfpwJ.
kw;Wk; rpe;Jr; rkntsp> tl Nkw;F
ehd;F tUzq;fs; hpf; Ntjj;jpy;
gFjpapy; jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
Rthj; vd;w gFjp hpf; Ntjj;jpy;
Kjy; kz;lyk; kw;Wk; 10tJ kz;lyk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (Rthj; gFjp
gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W
ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s Rthj; vd;w gFjp
$Wth;.
hpf; Ntjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (Rthj;
Kjy; kz;lyj;jpy; 191 ghly;fs;
gFjp ghfp];jhdpd; Rtpl;rh;yhe;J
cs;sJ. mf;dpiag; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
vdg;gLfpwJ)
mf;dp vd;w nrhy; hpf; Ntjj;jpd; Jtf;f
VO ejpfs; gha;e;j fhuzj;jhy;
nrhy;yhFk;.
gyjug;gl;l flTs;fisg; gw;wp
kz;lyk; ghly; Fwpg;gpLtJ
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
1 191 mf;dp
flTis Nghw;wg;gLk; gf;jp ghly;fs;
2 43 ..ritsamada Kdp
3 62 .. svamitra gathinah, tlf;F gFjp murh;fs; ituh[;ah vd;Wk;
fhaj;jphpke;jpuk; cs;sJ. njw;Fg; gFjp murh;fs; - gh];ah
4 58 ..nadeva gautama fpof;Fg; gFjp murh;fs; - fhkuh];ah
5 87 .. Hp\p> c\h> rhtpj;hp Nkw;F gFjp murh;fs; - ];tuh[;ah
6 75 gpuf];gjp topapy; te;j miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
Mq;fpu]; hp\p a[_h;> rhk;> mjh;tz Ntjq;fs;>
7 104 .. asistha maitravaruni cgepljq;fs;> gpuhkzq;fs;> Muz;aq;fs;
8 103 ..d;t> Mq;fpur hp\p Njhd;wpa fhyk; gpe;jpa Ntjfhyk;
9 114 vdg;gLfpwJ.
10 191 Nadistuti sukta, kd;dh;fs; mRtNkj ahfk;> uh[#ak;>
th[;gak;> GU\Nkjk; Nghd;w ahfq;fis
Nadistuti Sukta – ejpfs; kw;Wk; Ntj nra;jdh;.
fhy Gtpapy; mikg;Gfsig; gw;wpAk; mth;fs; rhk;uhl;> Vf;uhl; rhh;tngskp
Purusha Sukta – Ntjfhy rKjha vd;w gl;lj;ij $l;bf; nfhz;ldh;.
hpf; Ntjj;jpy; ahid> kapy;> khd;> vUJ ,J nts;is a[_h; Ntjk; vd;Wk;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fhl;nlUik Nghd;w fWg;G a[_dh; Ntjk; vd;Wk; ,U gphpthf
kpUfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NfhkjP]t
; uh; rpiy rhKz;bah;fshy; caph; Jwe;jdh;.
fl;lg;gl;lJ.
vdNt ,dp NghhpLtjpy;iy vd rgjk; ,U rpW ghiw Mizfs;
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;. Kjy; rpW ghiwf; fy;ntl;L
mNrhfh; Nghhpl;l fypq;f kd;ddpd; ngah; mNrhfUila jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if gw;wp
njhpatpy;iy $WfpwJ.
NghUf;Fg;gpd; jpf; tp[ak; vdg;gLk; ,uz;lhtJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;L mNrhfhpd;
rz;ilapLjiy tpl;L tpl;L jh;k tp[ak; jh;knfhs;ifs; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
vd;w mfpk;irapy; nry;y Jtq;fpdhh; ,U fypq;fh ghiw Mizfs;
mNrhfh; %d;whtJ Gj;j khehl;bid ,it gjpehd;F ghiwf; fy;ntl;Lfspd;
ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; $l;bdhh; ,izg;ghFk;.
fy;g #j;uh vd;w E}iy gj;jpu ghF vy;iyg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s goq;Fb
vOjpAs;shh;. kf;fsplk; ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba
mNrhfhpd; NtW ngah;fs;: Kiwfis $WfpwJ.
Njtdhk;gphpah;> gphpajh;\pzp ghq;& fy;ntl;L Miz:
,e;J}h; jhkpu rhrdk; kw;Wk; nk`nusp 1. Vuhd; nrg;NgL> fiar; nrg;NgL> ehse;jh
mf;ghpd; thp t#y; Kiwf;F rg;jp Kiw mf;ghpd; kfd; ryPk; J}z;Ljyhy; ghz;lh
vd;W ngah; ,dj; jiytuhd gPh; rpq; vd;gtuhy;
tPo;rr
; pailaj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjw;fhd KfkJ ,g;uhfpk;: 1720 Khy; 1748 tiu
fhuzq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhh;. ,th; kfpo;rr
; pia
1. mTuq;frPg;gpd; rkaf; nfhs;if tpUk;Gk; murh; vd;gjhy; ,uq;fPfyh vd;W
2. Kfyha Nguurpd; kpfg; gue;j gug;gsT miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy;
3. kuhj;jpah;fspd; vOr;rp ghurPfj;ijr; rhh;e;j ehjh; \h
4. jpwikaw;w muR thhpRfs; gilnaLj;jhh;.
5. thhpRhpikg; Nghh; ehjh;\htpd; gilnaLg;G:
6. khd;rg;jhhp Kiw 1739k; tUlk; khh;r; khjk; 9 Mk; Njjp
7. jf;fhz nfhs;if ehjh;\h by;ypapy; Eioe;jhh;. Kfyha
8. Mq;fpNyah; tUif murh; KfkJ\htpd; ,uhZtj;ij
9. Mg;fhdpah;fspd; gilnaLg;Gfs; Njhw;;fbj;j mth; by;ypia #iwahb Nk
gpw;fhy Kfyha murh;fs;: khjk; by;ypapy; ,Ue;J nrd;whh;
Kjyhk; gfJ}h; \h: ,th; Kjyhk; \h mth; Gfo; ngw;w kapyhrdj;ijak;
Myk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;. 1707 NfhfpD}h; ituj;ijAk; by;ypapy; ,Ue;J
Kjy; 1712 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. ,tuJ nfhz;L nrd;whh;. NfhfpD}h; vd;why;
Ml;rpapy; Kfyha muR tPo;rr
; paila “mountain of light” vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
njhlq;fpaJ mfkJ \h gfJ}h;: 1748 Kjy; 1754
[fe;jh; \h: ,th; 1712 Kjy; 1713 tiu tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;.
Ml;rp nra;jdh;. ,th; [rpah thpia mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ
rdthp jpq;fs; 1748y; gilnaLj;jhh;. Kfyhah; eph;thfk;:
mfkJ \htpdhy; khd;G+h; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kfyhah;fs; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd; 1950y; Mg;jhyp Mizfs; vOj;J tbtj;jpy;
,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf ,e;jpah kPJ gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt Kfyhah;
gilnaLj;J mfkJ \hit fhyj;ij fhfpj rh;f;fhh; (Paper
Njhw;fbj;jhh;. 1751y; kPz;Lk; Kfyha Government) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ
NguuR kPJ %d;whtJ Kiwahf Nghh; Kfyhah; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j kpFe;j Kf;fpa 8
njhLj;J fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wpdhh; mikr;rh;fs;:
,uz;lhk; Myk; fPh; 1754 Kjy; 1759 1. Gpujkh;
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. mfkJ \h 2. trPh;: epjp mikr;rh;
Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ ehd;fhtJ 3. kPh; gf;\p: Kjd;ikf; fzf;fh;
Kiwahf 1756y; gilnaLj;jhh;. 4. fhnd [khd;: murit Kjd;ik
23.01.1757y; by;ypia #iwahbdhh; mYyth;
%d;whk; \h[fhd;: 1759y; Ml;rp nra;jhh; 5. rj;nu RJ}h;: nghJr; nrhj;J guhkhpg;ghsh;
mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ 6. Kf;jrpg;: gz;lghL
Ie;jhtJ Kiwahf mf;Nlhgh; 1759y; 7. fh[p: jiyik ePjpgjp
Nghh; njhLj;J gQ;rhg;ig ifg;gw;wpdhh; 8. jhNuhfh: Nghf;Ftuj;J
,uz;lhk; \h Myk;: 1759 Kjy; 1806 Kfyhah; fUT+yq;fs;:
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. mfkJ \h 1. igj;J khy; - nghJf; fUT+yk;
Mg;jhyp gilnaLg;G 1761y; eilngw;wJ. 2. me;j&d; kfhy; - Myaj;jpw;fhf nryT
Mq;fpNyaUf;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; 3. ghfpah – goq;fld;fs;
xhprh Mfpa ,lq;fSf;F eprhkp vd;w 4. N[Ng fh]; - mur FLk;gj;jpw;F
chpikia mspj;jhh;. Mq;fpNyahpd; 5. N[Ng /ig[; - Mguzq;fs;
ghJfhg;ig Vw;whh; 6. fh[hNd hpf;fhg; - elkhLk; fUT+yk;
,uz;lhk; mf;gh; \h: 1806 Kjy; 1837 7. fhh; fhdh – vy;yh nghUl;fSk;
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh; tpw;Fkplk;
,uz;lhk; gfJ}h; \h: 1837 Kjy; 1857 Kfyhah; fhyj;J fl;blf; fiyfs;:
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. Kjyhk; Rje;jpug; `PkhA+d; fy;yiw: kpuhf; kPh;rh fpahf;
Nghhpy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. Mq;fpNyauhy; vd;w ghurPf fl;bf fiyQuhy; jpy;ypapy;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L gh;kh nfhz;L fl;lg;gl;lJ. jh[;kfhYf;F ,J Kd;
nry;yg;gl;L mq;NfNa caph; Jwe;jhh;. cjuhzk; MFk;
,j;Jld; Kfyhah;fs; Ml;rp KbTw;wJ Mf;uh Nfhl;il: fhrpk; fhd; vd;w
fiyQuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ
nly;yp thapy;: ,J ahid thapy; vd;W \h[fhd; fhyj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;w
miof;fg;gl;lJ Xtpah;fs;
\h[fhdpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; Kfyhaf; [fhq;fPh; fhyj;jpy; Xtpaf; fiy kpf
fiy fl;blf; fiyapd; rpwg;GkpF cd;dj epiyia mile;jJ. ,aw;if
fhykhFk; #o;epiyfs;> tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs;>
\h[fhd; nghwpapay; murh;> murit epfo;rr
; pfs; Xtpakhf
fl;blf;fiyapy; ,sturh; vd tiuag;gl;lJ. gp];thd; jh]; kw;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh; c];jhj; kd;$h; Mfpath;fs; [fhq;fPh;
fp. gp. 1336y; mhpfuh;> Gf;fh;> fk;gzd;> ,];yhkpa tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fSk; ghkpdp
,th; kJrhpjk; vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh; tp[a efu Nguurpd; mopTr; rpd;dq;fs;
fpilf;Fkplk; `k;gp
,jd; %yk; kf;fspd; rKjha epiy
MutPL tk;rk;
mwpa Kbe;jJ
uhk uhah; 1542 – 1565
jpk;kz;zh – ghhp[hj; gfh;dK
jpUkiy Njtuhah; 1565 – 1572
nja;tNyhfj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghhp[hj kyh;
nfhz;L tug;gl;l fij Kjyhk; = uq;fh; 1572 – 1586
,uz;lhk; ntq;fl 1586 – 1614
,uhkgj;uh – rfy fjh rq;fpujk;
,uz;lhk; = uq;fh; 1614 – 1614
ky;yz;zh – uhrNrfu rhpjk;
uhk Njth 1617 – 1632
#uz;zh
%d;whk; ntq;flh 1632 – 1642
,uhk uh[h G+rdh
%d;whk; = uq;fh 1642 - 1646
Njdhyp ,uhkfpU\;zh
gpw E}y;fs; vOjpath;
fpU\;zNjtuhah;-[hk;gtjp fy;ahzk;
ftp fh;z urhazk; - eurpk;k ftp
c\hghpzak; Mfpa tlnkhop E}y;fis
nja;t eh tpyhrk; - nfhz;l tPl;L ,yl;Rkp
vOjpdhh;
rq;fPj #h;Nahjak; - ,yl;Rkp ehuhazd;
mKf;jkhy;ajh my;yJ tp\;Z rpj;jK gpNghj re;jpNuhjak; - fpU\;z kpr;uy;
vd;w njYq;F E}iyAk; ,aw;wpdhh;. tpahrhkph;jk; - tpahruhah;
,jd; %yk; tp[aefu murpd; murpay; ,U rka tpsf;fk; - `hpjhrd;
epiyik mwpaKbfpwJ
tp[a efu Nguurpw;F tUif je;jth;fs; Nr\rphp kz;lgKk; tp[aefuf; fl;blf;
tUif je;jth;fs;-Ml;rp nra;j kd;dh;fs; fiyf;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;.
Athanasivs Nikitin - ,uz;lhk; KfkJ \h tp[aefu kd;dh;fs; NtY}h; Nfhl;ilapd;
Fernao Huniz – mr;RjNjtruhah; cl;Gwk; Gfo;ngw;w Nfhapiyf;
Abdur Razzak - ,uz;lhk; Njtuhah; fl;bdhh;fs;. Nfhapy; tshfj;jpy;
Nicolo Conti – Kjyhk; Njtuhah; fy;ahz kz;lgKk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mikg;G Kiw NtY}h; Nfhtpypy; rpwg;G
Domingo Paes – fpU\;z Njtuhah;
mk;rkhFk;
Ibn Battutah – Kjyhk; `hp`uh
kJiu muz;kid ,e;Njh – rurhdpf;
Duarte Edwardo Barbosa – fpU\;z
fl;blf; fiyf;F xU rpwe;j
Njtuhah;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ
tp[a efu Nguurpd; Ml;rpj; Jiwfs;:
fpU\;zNjtuhah; rpjk;guk; NfhGuj;jpd;
fz;lrhyh - ,uhZtk;
xU gFjpapidAk;> fhQ;rpGuj;jpYs;s
rh;t khd;ah – NfhapYf;F epyk; toq;Fjy;
Vfhk;guehjh; Nfhtpypd; njd; gFjpapid
mjtdh - tUtha;
fl;b Kbj;Js;sdh;
tp[aefu NguuR Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
tp[aefu kd;dh;fs; gpd;gw;wpa fl;blf;
tp[aefu NguuRtpd; Kf;fpa jiyefuk;
fiyKiw kJiuf; fl;blf; fiy
tp[aefh; MFk;
KiwahFk;.
Ntjhe;j Njrpfh; tlfiyg; gphptpd;
tp[aefu fhyk; - jkpo; E}y;fs;
jiyth;
E}y;fs; vOjpath;
kzths khKdp njd;fiyg; gphptpd;
rptQhd Nghjk; - nka;fz;lhh;
jiyth;
NrJGuhzk; - mofpa Njrpfh;
tlfiyg; gphptpdh; rk]fpUjj;ij
fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh;
gpd;gw;wpdh;. rhjp Kiwapy; ek;gpf;if
jpUkiyGuhzk; - jpUkiyehjh;
nfhz;bUe;jdh;
nrhf;fehjh; cyh
njd;fiyg; gphptpw;Fg; gpuge;jq;fisg; ,Urka tpsf;fk; - `hpjhrh;
gpd;gw;wpdh;. rhjp Kiwapy; ek;gpf;if mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk; - ey;Y}h; tPuftpahh;
nfhs;stpy;iy ed;D}y; - gtee;jp
jpuhtplf; fl;blq;fisAk;> ,e;Njh ik#h; vOr;rp – i`jh; myp – jpg;GRy;jhd;
rurhdpf; fl;blf; fhiyAk; tp[aefu
tp[aefu Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh; ik#h; xU
kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;w tpsq;fpd
Rje;jpu murhf khwpaJ
,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk;
Rje;jpu ik#h; murpd; tpj;jfh;
,UNfhGuq;fSk;> =uq;fj;jpYs;s
rpf;fNjtuha cilahh;
i`jh; myp ik#h; murpy; Nghh; 5. nghJ rkak;
tPuuhfg; gzpahw;wp 1755y; jpz;Lf;fy; 6. nghJg; gz;ghL – kuhj;jpah; midtUk;
gT[;jhuhf ik#h; muruhy; xd;Nw
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh; 7. nkhop thhpahd xw;Wik
mth; 1763y; ngl;D}iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhh; 8. kuhl;ba ngz;fspd; jpahf czh;T
ik#iu Ml;rp nra;j rpf;fp fpU\;zuh[; 9. ,th;fs; rj;jpugjp vd;w ngaUl;d Ml;rp
jdJ mikr;rh; eQ;ruhrhit mlf;f nra;jdh;
i`jh; mypapd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. \hfp Nghd;RNy
i`jh; myp eQ;ruhrhit mlf;fpaJld; ,thpd; kidtpfs; [P[hgha; kw;Wk;
ik#h; kd;diuAk; ePf;fpj;jhNk 1764y; Jfhgha;
muruhdhh;. ,tUila jpthd; G+h;izah Jfhgh – kfd; - jQ;ir ntq;Nfh[P
Mthh;. ,tuJ kfd; jpg;G Ry;jhd; Mthh; ,th; Mjhpj;j Gyh; - n[auhk;
jpg;GRy;jhd; =uq;fg;gl;bdj;jpy; Rje;jpu rpth[p (1630 – 1680)
kuj;jpid el;lhh;. gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapy; rptdhh; Nfhl;ilapy; gpwe;jjh;
kpFe;j Mh;tk; nfhz;l mth; gpnuQ;R jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt; - Mrphpah;
mYtyh;fspd; cjtpAld; ,uhZtj;ij
FU uhkjh]; - FU
etPd kakhf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
FU uhkjh]; vOjpa Gj;jfk; jrNghjk;
NkYk; Jacobin Club cWg;gpduhfTk;
Kjy; kidtp – rhahgha;
Nrh;ej
; hh;. ghJ\h vd;W jk;ik
1646 Njhzhf; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;
mioj;Jf; nfhz;l ,th; ehd;fhk; ik#h;
1656 [ht;ypia ifg;gw;Wjy;
Nghhpy; caph; ,oe;jhh;. jpg;GRy;jhdpd;
(jpUg;GKid)
thhpRfs; NtY}h; rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;ldh;. 1656 – nua;fhh; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;
9. Nfhyhh; 10. NtY}h; 11. Muzp 12. jQ;ir gh[puht; - I 1720 – 1740 (2k; Ng\;th)
,thpd; khh;ff
; k;: G\;b khh;ff
; k; 6. Gue;ju jhrh;
1765y; Mz;bypUe;J tq;fhs MSeuhf Kjyhk; Mq;fpNyh ik#h; Nghh; 1767 - 1769
(Secretary of State for India) mth; fPo; 3. ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa fpUj;Jt rkaf;
Muslims can expect neither justice nor fair rpWghd;ikapdh; eyk;> ,e;jpahtpw;F
nlhkpdpapd; me;j];J> K];yPk;fSF;F
play under Congress Government” vd
jdp murpayikg;G Nghd;wit Fwpj;J
$wpdhh;.
fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jJ.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Jtf;fk; 1939
,t;twpf;if [pd;dhtpw;F Mjuthf
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; 1.9.1939 Mk;
,Ug;gjhf fhe;jpabfs; Vw;Wf;
Mz;L Jtq;fp 2.9.1945y; KbTw;wJ.
nfhs;stpy;iy
fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; my;yJ rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fisNah fye;J MNyhrpf;- ,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf jdp egh;
1939 thh;jh fhq;fpurpd; nraw;FO: 1940 Mk; Mz;L K];yPk; yPf; jiyth;
gjtp Vw;whh;. ,th; khjk; 21k; Njjp Mq;fpNya vjph;g;G ,af;fq;fs;: Ffh ,af;fk;:
rpj;gt me;jzh;fs; gpNsf; xopg;G rpq;> uh[ FU> Rf;Njt; MfpNahh; 23-3-
gpuk;k Qhd rig: Nklk; vr;. gp. aq; ,e;jpah: tp. b. rthh;f;fh;
tfhgp ,af;fk; - iraj; mfkJ g;Nuhg;yp [p. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;> gp. Mde;j
1899 uNk\; re;jpujj; yf;Ndh 1923 mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj; nly;yp rpwg;G
Kjd; Kjypy; 1820k; Mz;L nrd;id fhkh mk;ikahh;> tPu rth;f;fh;> rpahk;[p
3. filr; rq;f fhyk; fp. K. 1500 fp. K. ehw;gJ 4. ,dpait ehw;gJ 5. fhh; ehw;gJ 6.
ghhp> Xhp> fhhp> vopdp> Ngfd;> Ma;> es;sp rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fpNuf;fh;fis
MfpNahh; filnaO ts;sy; Mthh; atdh;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd
rq;F> ghiw> Foy;> ahop Nghd;w ,ir rq;f fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpia rq;fk;
kUtpa fhyk; vd;gh; fsg;gpuh;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wp fsg;gpuh;
rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpait Ml;rpia KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jdh;.
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa NguuRfs; (fp.gp. 601-1300)
gjpnzd;fPof;fzf;F E}y;fs; gy;yth;fs;:
,f;fhyj;ij ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;W gy;yth;fs; Njhw;wk; gw;wp gy;NtW
miog;gh; fUj;Jfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo; ehtyh; rhpij> ahg;ngUq;fyk;> Nrho murDf;Fk; ,yq;ifia mLj;j
nghpaGuhzk;> Nts;tpf;Fb kw;Wk; kzpgy;ytj; jPitr; rhh;e;j ehf mur
jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs; jpUg;GfY}h; Fkhhpf;Fk; ,ilNa Njhd;wpa
fy;ntl;L kw;Wk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; cs;s ,se;jpiuad; vd;w kuigr; rhh;e;jth;fs;
itFe;j ngUkhs; Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;L (my;yJ) kfhuh\;buj;jpypUe;J te;j
Mfpait fsg;gpuh;fis Fwpj;J mwpa Mhpah;fs; (my;yJ) guj;th[;
cjTk; rhd;WfshFk;. mr;Rj fsg;ghsd; Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; rhh;e;j tl ,e;jpa
vd;w fsg;gpu kd;didf; Fwpj;J gpuhkzh;fs; (my;yJ) Me;jpuhit Mz;L
ahg;ngUq;fyk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. te;j rhjthfzh;fspd; fPo; rpw;wurh;fshf
tlnkhopAk; gpuhfpUjKk; mwpKfg; ,Ue;J gpd; rhjthfdh;fspd; tPo;rr
; pf;Fg;
gLj;jg;gl;d. tl;nlOj;J vd;w Gjpa thp gpd; typik tha;e;jth;fshf
tbtk; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ cUthdth;fs;.
nrd;idapy; 1903y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd; M\; nfhiy tof;F (m) jpUney;Ntyp rjp
tof;F
jiyth; Lalmohan Ghosh
gpgpd; re;jpughy; kw;Wk; t. c. rpjk;guk;
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 23tJ khehL
gps;is MfpNahh;fspd; tPu ciuahy;
nrd;idapy; 1914y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;
ftug;gl;L J}j;Jf;Fb kw;Wk;
jiyth Bhupendra Nath Basu
jpUney;Ntypapy; jPtputhjk; vOe;jJ
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 42tJ khehL
17-6-1911 md;W ghujkhjh rq;fj;ijr;
nrd;idapy; 1927y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;
Nrh;e;j thQ;rp ehjd; vd;gth; kzpahr;rp
jiyth; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari
,uapy; epiyaj;jpy; M\; vd;gtiu
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 60tJ khehL
Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;. gpwF jd;idj;jhNd
nrd;id – Mtbapy; 1927y;
Rl;L kuzk; mile;jhh;
eilngw;wJ. ,jd; jiyth; U. N. Dhebar
,f;nfhiyapy; njhlh;Gilath;fs;
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;
nrq;nfhl;il jh;kuh[h; tf;fPy;
vl;ilaGuj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; Njrpa ntq;fNlrfh;> khlrhkp
ftpahthh;
thQ;rpehjd; jd;idj;jhNd
ghyfq;fhju jpyfuhy; ftug;gl;l ,th; Rl;Lf;nfhz;L ,we;jhh;.
jkpopy; ,e;jpah vd;w thu ,jioAk;
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp – ghuj khjh rq;fk;
tp[ah vd;w jpdrhpiaAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
17 Mz;L rpiw gpd; Xq;fhu Rthkpfs;
ghy ghujp vd;w khj ,jioAk;
Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;:
njhlq;fpdhh;. RNjrkpj;jpudpd; Jiz
jkpofj;jpy; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];
Mrphpah; Mthh;. 1907 #uj; khehl;by;
kw;Wk; Forward Blockfpw;F mtuJ
fye;J nfhz;L jpyfUf;F MjuT
MjuT je;jth;
mspj;jhh;. ghz;br;Nrhpapy; #hpaNjhak;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fis mtuizj;J
vd;w thu ,jio ntspapl;lhh;
Miyaj;jpw;Fs; mDkjpf;fr; nra;jth;
,thpd; ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> Fapy; ghl;L
rj;jpa%h;j;jp:
kw;Wk; fz;zd; ghl;L Mfpait Gfo;
,th; fdy;ff;Fk; Ngr;rhsh; vd;W
ngw;wit
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. Nty;]; ,sturh; tUif:
thQ;rpehjd; 1921y; Nty;]; ,sturh; nrd;id
,th; fdy;ff;Fk; Ngr;rhsh; vd;W tUifapd; NghJ ,uh[h[p kw;Wk; <.nt.
miof;fg;ngw;whh; uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; MfpNahh; mjid
lhf;lh; gp. tujuh[PY ehAL vjph;j;jdh;
,th; gpugQ;r kpj;jpud; vd;w irkd; fkp\d; tUif:
gj;jphpf;ifapd; Mrphpah; Mthh; irkd; fkp\d; tUifia rj;jpa
t.Nt.R. Iah;: %h;j;jp jiyikapy; vjph;j;jdh;
jkpofj;jpy; Gul;rpahsh;fspd; jiytuhf fh;dy; ePy; rpiy mfw;wk;:
,Ue;jhh;. Nrud; khNjtpahy; xU 1857 Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ kpf
FUFyj;ij epWtp Gul;rpahsh;fSf;F nfhLikahf kf;fis Jd;GWj;jpa
gapw;rp mspj;jhh; fh;dy; ePy; vd;gthpd; rpiy nrd;idapy;
Ra Ml;rp fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,jid 1927y; mfw;wpdh;
N`hk; &y; ,af;fk; vdg;gl;l jz;b cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;:
,t;tpaf;fk; jkpof;j;jpy; Jtf;fpath; ,uh[h[p jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapy; Jtq;fp
md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; Mthh;. Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; cg;G fha;r;Rk;
,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F v];. Rg;gpukzpa Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ. rh;jhh;
ma;ah; Ntjuj;jpdk; gps;is> b.v];.v];. uh[d;>
jpU. tp. fy;ahzRe;judhh;> lhf;lh; Uf;kzp ,yl;Rkpgjp MfpNahh; fye;J
tujuh[PY ehAL> <. Nt. uhkrhkp nfhz;ldh;
ehaf;fh; Jiz epd;wdh; fhkuh[h;
fhe;jpabfspd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fq;fs; 1920y; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;
fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;f ,th; Kingmaker vdg;gl;lhh;
jPh;khdj;ij ehf;G+h; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ,thpd; jpl;lk; murpay; tl;lhuq;fspy; K-
nfhz;L te;jNghJ mk; khehl;bw;F plan vdg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb %j;j mikr;rh;
jiyik tfpj;jth; rp. gjtp tpyFjy;
tp[auhfthr;rhhpahh;. mtUf;F
,isath;fs; mikr;rh;fshf
Jizahf rj;jpa%h;j;jp kw;Wk; <. Nt.
epakpf;fg;gly;.
uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; MfpNahh; Jiz
%j;j mikr;rh;fs; epakpf;fg;gly;
epd;wdh;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh[h[p
%j;j mikr;rh;fs; fl;rpia tYg;gLj;j
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L NtY}h; rpiwapy;
nry;Yjy; MFk;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;
,th; mtru epiyia vjph;j;jhh;
,tuJ kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;jhy;> njd; ,e;jpa ey chpik rq;fk;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd Foe;ijfs; gs;spr; 1916y; jpahfuhah; kw;Wk; b. vk;. ehah;
rhiyia Nehf;fp te;jikahy; ,tuJ MfpNahh;fshy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;
gpwe;j ehs; fy;tp jpdkhf jkpof ,J ePjpf;fl;rp vd ngah; khw;wk;
murhy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ nra;ag;gl;lJ. jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fspd;
,uh[h[p Jtf;fk; ,JNt.
Rje;jpu fl;rpia 1959y; Jtf;fpdhh; ePjpf;fl;rp:
Nryk; khtl;lk; njhug;gs;sp vd;w 1919y; njhlq;fg;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa
fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh; (jw;NghJ njhug;gs;sp tpLjiy fofj;jpw;F 1917y; ePjpf;fl;rp
fpU\;zfphp khtl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ) vd kWngahplg;gl;lJ. ,J
The Temple Entry Authorization and njhlq;Ftjw;F lhf;lh; b. vk;. ehah;
Indemnity Act 1939 ,uh[h[p jkpofj;jpd; lhf;lh; rp. eNlr Kjypahh; kw;Wk; gp.
khjq;fs;: miltjpy;iy.
efu ntg;gj; jPTfs;:
1. fhh;fhyk;: Mtzp – Gul;lhrp (Mf];l; -
mf;Nlhgh;) jkpo;ehl;by; nrd;id> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
tlf;F Kjy; 77°36‟ tlf;F tiu kw;Wk; ,k;khtl;lk; ghyf;fhl;Lf; fztha; %yk;
njd; Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;why; kioiag;
jPhf;fNuif 8°04‟ fpof;F Kjy; 8°35‟ fpof;F
ngWfpd;wJ.
tiu MFk;. njd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; tlfpof;F
,k;khtl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mizfs;:
gUtf; fhw;why; kio ngWk; khtl;lk;
1. MopahW miz> nghs;shr;rp
,JthFk;. mjpf kioia tl fpof;F gUtf;
2. jpU%h;j;jp miz> cLkiyg;Ngl;il
fhw;why; ngWfpd;wJ.
3. mkuhtjp miz> cLkiyg;Ngl;il
10.8.1741y; jpUthq;$h; khh;jhz;l th;kd;
4. rpWthzp miz> thiyahh;
gilfSf;Fk; lr;Rg; gilfSf;Fk;
5. guk;gpf;Fsk; miz> cLkiyg;Ngl;il
Fsr;ry; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghh;
6. Nrhiyahh; miz> thy;ghiw
Nfhit khtl;lk; Mizf;fl;bapy; Salim Ali mZ rf;jp Jiw jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Centre for ornithology and Natural History jUkGhp khtl;lk;:
(SACON) vd;w epiyak; mike;Js;sJ. jf^iu Mz;l mjpakhd; Nfhl;lk;
jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ik gy;fiyf; fofk; cs;sJ. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuuhd
Nfhitapy; cs;sJ Rg;gpukzpa rpthtpw;F ghg;gug;gbapy;
,e;jpahtpd; mjpf gUj;jpj; njhopw;rhiyfs; epidTr; rpd;dk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,q;F cs;sJ. Central Institute for Cotton rpth [dge;J vd;w gj;jphpf;ifapd;
Research Regional Station Nfhitapy; Mrphpah; Mthh;. ,th; vOjpa gpw
Gfo; ngw;w KUfd; Nfhtpy; godpapy; RUsp MW. Tuhfejp MW> kQ;rshW kw;Wk;
khh;r; 21k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 21k; 40° ml;rNuif 84.8 fp. kP
kPNrh];gpah; tspf;Nfhsk;
G+kp ntg;gk; ngWtij jLg;gJ Gtpf;Nfhsj;ijr; #o;e;j Nghh;it
maNdh];gpah; caph;epiyr;#oy;
,jd; cauk; 150 fp. kP jhtuq;fisAk; gpuhzpfisAk;
kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
,J kpd; madk; nfhz;lJ G+kpapy; ntg;gk; NtWghL
NubNah miy thpirfis jpUg;Gk; fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
miyAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk;
vf;N]h];gpah; flypypUe;J J}uk;
tsp kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iy tPRk; fhw;Wfs;
mjpf ntg;gKld; fhzg;gLk; fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
i`l;u[d;> `Pypak; Nghd;w thAf;fs; 50>000 rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; grhy;l;
fhzg;gLk; yhthtpdhy; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J 65-60
ntg;gj;jpd; fpilg;gutiy ghjpf;Fk; kpy;ypad; Mz;bw;F Kd; cUthd gFjp
fhuzpfs; tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs;:
G+kpapd; rha;T mr;R
G+kj;jpa Nuifia Nehf;fp 30° tlf;F
#hpa xspapd; fhy ePl;rp kw;Wk; 30° njw;fpy; ,Ue;J tPRk;
epyg;gug;gpd; gz;Gfs; fhw;WfNs tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;.
Nguhopapd; ePNuhl;lq;fs; SODAR: Sonic Detection and Ranging
tPRk; fhw;Wfs; ,J fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij gy;NtW
caph;f;Nfhsk; cauq;fspy; mwpa gad;gLfpwJ
Gtpapd; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j mikg;G Horse latitudes:
fhzg;gLfpwJ gphpf;fpd;wJ
buhd;]; ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;
,q;F Nkw;fpy; cs;s
,kakiyia njw;F – tlf;fhf
gs;sj;jhf;FfSf;F ^d; (Duns)
FWf;fpy; 5 tifahf gphpf;fyhk;
gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; vd;W ngah;
1. fh\;kPh; ,kakiy 2. gQ;rhg;
,k;kiyj; njhlh; nghlthh; gPlG+kp tiu
,kakiy 3. Fkzd; ,kakiy 4.
gutpAs;sJ
Neghy; 5. m];]hk; ,kakiy
Nkw;F gFjpfs;
,g;gFjpapy; ,e;J F\;> fhuNfhuk; kw;Wk;
ghkPh; Kbr;rpypUe;J Nkw;fpy; ,e;J F\;
ifyha kiyfs; mike;Js;sJ rpg;fp fztha; rpk;yh – jpngj;
,e;J F\; kiyia (,kakiyapd; Nkw;F fhuNfhuh fztha; Ny jpngj;
njhlh;r;rp) Slayer of the Hindus vd;Wk; Indian [yg;gh fztha; lhh;[pypq; - yh]h
Caucasus vd;Wk; miog;gh; gQ;rhg; ,kakiyfs;
Nurba gs;sj;jhf;F ,q;F cs;sJ. ,J ,z;lh]; Kjy; rl;ny[; tiu Rkhh; 917
[k;K – fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; ghAk; Shyok fpNyh kPl;lh; fpof;F Nkw;fhf gutpAs;sJ –
ejpapd; Jizejp Nurba ejpapdhy; f];uh gs;sj;jhf;F kw;Wk; FW gs;sj;jhf;F
cz;lhf;fg;gl;l gFjp ,q;F fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,k; kiyapd; ngUk;
rpahr;rpd; gdpg;gFjp ,q;F cs;sJ. gFjp ,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. kpf cah;e;j
cyfj;jpd; cr;rkhfpa ,t;tplj;jpy; ,e;jpah ,lk; eq;f gh;tjk;
ghfp];jhd; Nghh; eilngWfpwJ. ,J ylhf; FkhA+d; ,kakiyfs;:
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Nuhrh vd;w rl;ny[; Kjy; fhsptiu Rkhh; 300
ngah; cs;sJ. fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu gutpAs;sJ. FkhA+d;
,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j kw;Wk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gFjp cj;uhQ;ry;
cyfj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j kw;Wk; MFk;
cyfj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j rpfuk; fq;if> aKid Njhd;Wkplq;fs; cs;sJ
fhl;tpd; M];bd; ,t;tpjj;jpy; cs;sJ fq;Nfhj;jphp> aKNdhj;jphp> Knrhhp
rpfuk; kiyj;njhlh; Nghd;w Rw;Wyh ,lq;fs;
1. vtnu];l; `pkhj;jphp ee;jh Njtp rpfuk; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;sJ
2. fhl;tpd; M];bd; (Nf2) – fhuNfhuk; Neghs ,kakiyfs;
3. jtsfphp ,khj;jphp
1. Nkw;F Neghs ,kakiyfs;
4. fhkj; rh];fhh;
,jpy; ngUk;gFjp Neghsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
Kf;fpa ,e;jpa rpfuq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp
1. Nf 2 8611
mike;Js;sJ. 498 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F
2. fQ;rd; [q;fh 8598
Nkw;fhfTk; 617 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;F
3. eq;f gh;tj; 8126
njw;fhfTk; gutpAs;sJ. ,jpy; fQ;rd;[q;fh
8. ee;jh Njtp 7817
cah;e;j rpfukhFk;. jw;NghJ ,e;jpa
11. fhkj; 7756
vy;iyapy; cs;s kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; ,JNt
15. rTf;fk;gh (gj;jphpehj;) 7138
MFk;
17. ehd;Fd; 7135
2. kj;jpa Neghs ,kakiyfs;
18. Jdfphp 7066
,jpy; ngUk;gFjp Neghsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
Kf;fpa fztha;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; khepyj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp
Riykhd; gFjp ifgh; Nghgyd;
mike;Js;sJ. 466 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F 5. ly;n`srp - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
Nkw;fhfTk; 476 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;F 6. nfsyp (rpk;yh) - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
njw;fhfTk; gutpAs;sJ. ,jpy; cyfj;jpd; 7. lhh;[pypq; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
cah;e;j vtnu];l; rpfuk; mike;Js;sJ. 8. Fy;khh;f; - fh\;kPh;
,jd; gphpTfs; 1. md;dhG+h;zh ,kakiy 9. kfhgNy];th; - kfhuh\;buh
(Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; md;dG+h;zh 10. mGkiy - ,uh[];jhd;
1. $h;fh ,ka kiy (Neghsk; kw;Wk; 11. KNrhhp – cj;juhQ;ry;
rPdh) cah;e;j rpfuk; kd];Y 12. uhQ;rp – [hh;fz;l;
2. fNz\; ,kakiy (rPdh kw;Wk; 13. \py;yhq; (fhrp kiy) - Nkfhyah
Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; fNz\; rpe;J tbepyKk; fq;if tbepyKk;
3. Xixabangma Feng (rPdh kw;Wk; Neghsk;) rpe;J tbepyj;jpy;> gQ;rhg; rkntsp
cah;e;j rpfuk; Xixabangma Feng mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gFjpapy; fpof;Fg;
4. Khumbu ,kakiy (rPdh kw;Wk; gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh Mfpa khepyq;fs;
Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; kTz;l; cs;sd
vtnu];l; fq;if tbepyj;ij Nky;fq;ifr;
5. fhl;kz;L njuha; (,e;jpah kw;Wk; rkntsp> kj;jpa fq;ifr; rkntsp>
Neghsk;) ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; khepyj;jpy; fPo;fq;ifr; rkntsp vd %d;W
gutpAs;sJ. fsp Kjy; nl];lh tiu gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
– jtsfphp Nghd;wit fhzg;gLfpwJ Nky; fq;ifr; rkntspapy; gP`hh;
m];]hk; ,kakiyfs; khepyj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpAk;
nl];lh Kjy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh tiu Rkhh; 460 Nrhl;lhefGhpg; gPlG+kpapd; rpWgFjpAk;
fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F Nkw;fhf mlq;Fk;. fPo; fq;ifr; rkntspapy;
gutpAs;sJ. ,k; kiyapd; ngUk; gFjp Nkw;F tq;fhsk; mike;Js;sJ. fq;if
,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,q;F ehJyh tbepyk; ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpfTk;
kw;Wk; [Pypghyh Mfpa ,U fztha;fs; nropg;ghdjhFk;.
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kpf cah;e;j ,lk; ekr;r gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F
gh;tjk; ,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;Ff; NfhapYs;s
Nfhil thr];jyq;fs; ,kakiyg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;
1. my;Nkhuh (Fkzd; kiy) – m];]hkpYs;s fhrp> fhNuh>
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; n[ae;jpf;fhf Fd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
2. rpuG+Q;rp (\py;yhq; kiy) – Nkfhyah gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F mike;Js;sJ.
3. cjf kz;lyk; (ePyfphp) – jkpo;ehL ,g;gs;sj;jhf;F m];]hk;> Nkfhyah
4. nfhilf;fhdy; - jkpo;ehL Mfpa khepyq;fspy; tskhd gFjpahf
mike;Js;sJ. Nrhlh ehf;g+hp gPlG+kp: ,jd; ngUk; gFjp
,uh[Gjd Nkl;LepyKk; kj;jpa ,e;jpag; [hh;fz;l; khepykhFk;. Xhprh> gPfhh; kw;Wk;
gPlG+kpAk; rl;B];fh; khepyj;jpd; vy;iyg; gFjpfs;
,uh[Gjd Nkl;Lepyj;jpy; ,uh[];jhd; ,g;gl
P G+kpapy; mike;Js;sJ. Precambrian
khepyk; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; Nkw;Fg; fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j ghiwfs; ,g; gPlG+kpapy;
gFjpapy; jhh; ghiytdk; cs;sJ. mike;Js;sJ. jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F
jPgfw;g ,e;jpah ,g;gl
P G+kpapy; cs;sJ
jPgfw;g ,e;jpah xU gPlG+kpahFk;. ,jd; jf;fhz gPlG+kp
Nkw;fpy; khy;th gPlG+kpAk;> njw;fpy; ,e;jpa fq;ifr; rkntspf;F fpof;F
jf;fhz gPlG+kpAk; fpof;fpy; Nrhlh gFjpapy; mike;jJ jf;fhz
ehfG+hpAk; cs;sJ gPlG+kpahFk;
tlgFjp mfd;Wk; njd;gFjp FWfpAk; njd; Nkw;F gUtfhw;why; nga;af;$ba
Kf;Nfhz tbtk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gioa kioia Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfshy;
fbdkhd cUkhwpa ghiwfshy; MdJ jLj;J tpLtjhy; ,q;F kio FiwT
Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;fhf rhpe;Js;sJ. ,g;gl
P G+kpapd; tlf;F gFjpapy; Nfhjhthp
vdNt MWfs; Nkw;Nf cw;gj;jpahfp kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz MWfSk; njd;
fpof;Nf Xb tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; gFjpapy; fhNthp MWk; gha;fpd;wJ
fyf;fpwJ eh;kij gs;sj;jhf;F njd; ,e;jpahit
,J kio kiwT gpuNjrk; ,uz;L gphpthf gphpf;fpd;wJ
eh;kij ejp jPgfw;g ,e;jpahit tl gFjp – khy;th gPlg+kp
khy;tha; gPlG+kp kw;Wk; jf;fhz gPlG+kp njd;gFjp – jf;fhz gPlG+kp vd;W ngah;
vd;w ,U ngUk; gphptfh gphpf;fpd;wJ jf;fhz gPlg+kp kiyfs; gpz;l kiyfs;
khy;th gPlG+kp: kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F eh;kij> jgjp> ejpfs; gpsT
gFjpNa khy;th gPlG+kpahFk;. ,J kj;jpa gs;sj;jhf;fpy; cs;sJ
gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjp ,uh[];jhd;
Gtpapy; hPjpahf jf;fhz gPlG+kp 9 ngUk;
khepyj;jpd; njd; fpof;F gFjp kw;Wk; F[uhj;
gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;
khepyj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.
mit
500 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,g; gPlG+kp
1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;
tlf;F Nehf;fp rhpe;Js;sJ. ,jpy; khfp kw;Wk;
2. kj;jpa gPlG+kpfs;
rhk;gy; ejpfs; gha;fpd;wJ. kpf 60 Kjy; 68
3. tpe;jpa kiyfs;
kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; gioik tha;e;j
4. rhj;G+uh kiyfs;
Cretaceous fye;J ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
5. fpof;F gPlG+kp
6. fj;jpathh; kw;Wk; fl;r; tisFlh Rth;fNs MFk;. vdNt ,jid kiyNa
7. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; ,y;iy vd;W $Wth;. ,k; kiyfs;
8. Fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; thuzhrpf;F mUfpy; Kbfpd;wJ
9. nlf;fhd; buhg; 4. rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlh;fs;:
cyf kiyfs; jpdk;: brk;gh; 11 eh;kij> jgjp ejpfSf;fpilNa rhj;G+uh
1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;fs;: Pre kiyj;njhlh; cs;sJ
Cambrian fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j tpe;jpa kiyf;F njw;fpy; mtw;wpw;F
,e;jpahtpd; kpf goikahd kbg;G ,izahf nry;fpd;wJ. ,k; kiyapd;
kiyj; njhlh;fs; MFk;. ghiwfs; jf;fhz yhth gPlG+kp ghiw
Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 300 iky;fs; tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;
tl fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J njd; Nkw;F tiu jf;fhz gPlG+kpf;F tlf;Nf tpe;jpah
,uh[];jhd; topahf gutpAs;sJ rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlh;
kTz;l; mG kiyapy; cs;s FUrpfhh; rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlhpd; kpf cah;e;j
,jd; cah;e;j rpfuk; MFk; rpfuk; J}g;fhh;
Muty;yp kiyj; njhlhpy; kpf cah;e;j ntapd; fq;fh kw;Wk; thh;jh Mfpa
kiy cr;rp ghe;Nkhp MWfs; rhj;g+uh kiyj; njhlhpy;
,uh[];jhdpd; njw;F rhptpy; M[;kPh; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
efuk; mike;Js;sJ 5. Nkw;F njhlh;rr
; p kiyfs;
nrk;G cw;gj;jpf;F Gfo; ngw;w Nfj;jphp Fkhp Kid tiu njhlh;r;rpahf tlf;F
#og;gl;Ls;sJ gutpAs;sJ
Kf;fpa kiyfs;
,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;F gFjpfspd; fhy
1. Mid kiy 2. Vyf;fha; kiy 3.
epiyia ghjpf;fpd;wJ
godp kiy 4. nfhilf;fhdy; kiy 5.
3. tpe;jpa kiyj;njhlh;fs;:
Fw;why kiy
tpe;jpa rhj;G+u kiyfs; ,e;jpahit
1. Mid kiy: Nkw;F njhlh;r;rpapd;
tlgFjp njd;gFjp vd gphpf;fpd;wJ
Kf;fpakhd gphpthd ,jpy; njd;
tpe;jpa kiyfs; eh;kij ejp
,e;jpahtpd; cah;e;j rpfukhd Mid
gs;sj;jhf;fpw;F ,izahf Nkw;F
Kb cs;sJ. ,J Nfushtpd; ,Lf;fp
fpof;fhf nry;fpd;wJ. ,k;kiyfs;
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,g; gFjpapy;
eh;kij ejp gs;sj;jhf;fpd; gf;fr;
metamorphic gneiss ,d fw;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; feldspar and njd; ,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l MW Nfhjhthp
quartz, porphyrite Nghd;w tiffs; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;F rahj;jphp
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MopahW miz> vd;w ngah; cz;L
mkuhtjp miz> fhlk;ghb miz> Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; “Ecological hot
NrhiyahW miz> ,e;jpahtpd; spot” vd;W $Wth;
nfhs;ssT mjpfk; nfhz;l Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;F fpof;F
guk;gpf;Fsk; miz Mfpait ,k; njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk; xd;W NrUkplk;
kiyj; njhlhpy; cs;sJ. Miz ePyfphp MFk;. ePyfphpapy; N\hyh fhLfs;
kiy> Vyf;fha; kiy kw;Wk; godp fhzg;gLfpd;wd
kiy Mfpait NrUkplj;jpy;
njhl;lngl;lh rpfuk; ,q;F cs;sJ
,utpf;Fsk; Njrpa g+q;fh
rptrKj;jpuk; ePh;tPo;rr
; p kfhj;kh fhe;jp
mike;Js;sJ. itif ejp Miz
ePh;tPo;rr
; p Mfpait ,k;kiyj; njhlhpy;
kiyapy; njhlq;fp tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
fyf;fpwJ
ghGjhd; Fd;Wfs; jf;fhz gPlG+kp
2. godp kiy: godp kiyapy; Nfhil
gFjpfspy; cs;sJ
thr];jykhfpa nfhilf;fhdy;
,k;kiyapd; kNfe;jpufphp ,uz;lhtJ
cs;sJ
caukhd rpfuk;
Kf;fpa fztha;fs;
8. fpof;F njhlh;rr
; p kiyfs;
1. tlf;fpy; jhy;fhl;
2. tlf;fpy; Nghh;fhl; khfejp cld; njhlq;fp ePyfphp kiy
3. njw;fpy; ghyf;fhL fztha; - Nkw;F tiu gutpAs;sJ. xhprh khepyj;jpy;
njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ,Ue;J Me;jpu khepyk; tiu fpof;F
,f;fztha; ,J kJiuiaAk; flw;fiuia xl;b nry;fpd;wJ
nfhy;fj;jhitAk; ,izf;fpwJ. ,it jdpf; Fd;Wfshf fhzg;gLk;
ghyf;fhL khtl;lj;ijAk; Nfhit 1. efhp Fd;Wfs; 2. jpUg;gjp kiyfs; 3.
khtl;lj;ijAk; ,izf;fpwJ. njd; [t;thJ Fd;Wfs; 4. Nrh;tuhad; kiy
Nkw;F gUt fhw;wpid ,f; fztha; 5. nfhy;yp kiy 6. gr;ir kiy
jLj;J epWj;jhjjhy; Nfhit khtl;lk; rpe;J – fq;ifr; rkntspfs;
kio ngWfpd;wJ ,r;rkntspfs; ,kakiyj;
Kf;fpa MWfs; njhlh;fSf;Fk; tpe;jpa
1. fhtphp kiyfSf;Fkpilapy; mike;Js;sd
2. fpU\;zh mugpf; flYf;Fk; tq;fhs tphpFlhf;
3. Nfhjhthp flYf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;js;s
,g;gue;j rkntsp gpiwr;re;jpu tbtpy; Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; Nkw;Fr;
tlf;F Nehf;fp tise;J mike;js;sJ rhptpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; MWfs;
,r;rkntspapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 2>400 fp. kP ,r;rkntspapy; gha;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd;
Mfyk; 300 fp. kP ePsk; FiwT. Mdhy; Ntfk; kpFjp.
,e;j ejp ePiu gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy gpuk;k fph; kiy
,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk; ,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhprh
Kynrem Falls – 1>000 feet – Nkfhyah Jtuhd; (fhk;Ng) mdy; kpd; epiyak;
F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
,j;jpl;lk; fhk;Ng tisFlh mUfpy; vz;Z}h; jkpo;ehL
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ `h; JtfQ;r; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
rhj;G+uh mdy; kpd; epiyak; [.gp. ];Nl\d; by;yp
,uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; Mfpa cNrd;rfhh; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,U khepyq;fspd; kpd Njitf;fhf ,j; mdy; kpd; rf;jpahy; mjpf gad;ngWk;
jpl;lk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ khepyk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
ehf;g+h; (fhu\;) mdy; kpd; epiyak; mZ kpd; rf;jp epiyaq;fs;
kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf ,e;jpa mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; ,e;jpa
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ mZ rf;jp Jiwapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;
jhy;rh; mdy; kpd; epiyak; epA+f;fpspah; gth; fhh;g;gNu\d; fPo;
xhprh khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf ,j;jpl;lk; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ jhuhg;g+h;: ,J kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpy;
xg;uh mdy; kpd; epiyak; cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; gioikahd
cj;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf kw;Wk; nghpa mZ kpd; epiyak; ,JNt
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd epyf;fhp MFk;. ,j;jpl;lk; mnkhpf;f cjtpAld;
rpq;f;nusdp taypy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
ghe;njy; mdy; kpd; epiyak;
,uhthgl;lh: ,J ,uh[];jhd;
Nkw;F tq;f khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
khepyj;jpd; Nfhl;lh mUfpy;
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
[hh;fz;l;
,uz;lhtJ jpl;lkhFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F
1. Tenughat Thermal Power Station
]pzP]z
P P wpr\PzPkPzP[P \pzPhPzPr\P
2. Patratu Thermal Power Station vd;W ngah;. fdlh ehl;L cjtpAld;
3. Damodar Valley Corporation ,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa
fh;ehlfh mZFz;L Nrhjidahy; fdlh cjtp
1. ngy;yhhp mdy; kpd;epiyak; nra;a kWj;Jtpl;lJ
jpl;lj;jpd; ngah; khepyk; fy;ghf;fk;: ,J jkpofj;jpy; fhQ;rpGuk;
nghfhNuh gPfhh; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jw;F
re;jpuGuh gPfhh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp epA+f;fpspah; gth;
nfhh;gh kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; ];Nl\d; vd;W ngah;. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
rhj;G+uh kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; %d;wthJ jpl;lkhFk;. ,q;F
buhk;Ng kfhuh\;buk; GSNlhdpak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ehrpf; kfhuh\;buk; ,e;jpah RakhfNt ,jid fl;baJ
nea;Ntyp jkpo;ehL eNuhuh - ,J cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ fdePh; ciyfs;
iffh - ,J fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy; gNuhlh fdePh; ciy
mike;Js;sJ `rhhpah fdePh; ciy
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (CAPE) Nfhl;lh fdePh; ciy
fhf;ughuh - ,J F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; khdFU fdePh; ciy
#uj; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ eq;fy; fdePh; ciy
$lq;Fsk; - ,J jkpofj;jpy; jhy;rh; fdePh; ciy
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
jhy; fdePh; ciy
mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,u\;ahtpd;
J}j;Jf;Fb fdePh; ciy
cjtpAld; mike;Js;sJ
,e;jpah mZ rf;jp %yk; 3160 nkfh
Research Reactors
thl; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) –
10 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ,e;jpahtpw;F
buhk;Ng
Njitg;gLk; kpd;rhuj;jpd; msT 300>000
Apsara Research Reactor - ,e;jpahtpd;
nkfhthl; MFk;
gioikahd mZ ciy. ,q;fpyhe;J
fhw;whiy:
cjtpAld; buhk;Ng – Kk;igapy;
jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy;
fl;lg;gl;lJ
cs;s Muy;tha; nkhop kw;Wk; Kg;ge;jy;
Canadian – India Research U S (CIRUS) –
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhw;whiy %yk;
buhk;Ng Dhurva Research Reactor Largest kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah
Research - buhk;Ng [Piy 2008 md;W 8>696 nkfhthl;
Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBRT) – kpd;rhuj;ij fhw;W rf;jp %yk;
fy;ghf;fk; jahhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; jkpo;ehL Kjyplk;
Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI) – tfpf;fpd;wJ. jkpo;ehL 3873 nkfhthl;
fy;ghf;fk; kpd;rhuj;ij fhw;W rf;jp %yk; cw;gj;jp
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) – nra;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij F[uhj;
fy;ghf;fk; khepyKk; mile;Js;sJ.
Purnima I – II – III (Plutonium Reactor for gNah Bry;
fpuhidl; kw;Wk; gioa gbTg; Fwpg;gpl;l mr;rj;J kl;Lk; kpf Fiwe;J kz;
ghiytdj;jpy; cs;s kzy; ghiy kz;. It regulates more than 60 enzyme systems
Cash Schemes for Rural Employment – Commission for Agricultural Costs and
Price vd eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ czTg;gaph;fs; cw;gj;jp 210.01
Food Corporaiton of India - 1965 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; mFk;
Nrhsk;: 27 bfphp nr. Kjy; 32 bfphp nr. eWkzg; nghUl;fs; Nfushtpy; mjpfk;
tiu ntg;gKk; 30 nr. kP Kjy; 100 tpisfpd;wJ
nr.kP tiu kioak; Njit Fq;Fkg; G+ mjpfkhf tpisAk; khepyk;
fk;G: cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> uh[];jhd;> [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; MFk;
`hpahdh> jkpo;ehL. kfhuh\;buk; kpsF
Kjypa khepyq;fspy; gapuhfpwJ ,J Nfusj;jpy; mjpfkhf tpisfpwJ.
Nfo;tuF: ,J cw;gj;jpahFk; nkhj;j cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;.
epyg;gug;gpy; ghjpf;F Nky; fh;ehlfk;> fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; Nfushtpy;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL Mfpa tpisfpd;wJ. md;dpa nryhtzp <l;bf;
,lq;fspy; cs;sJ. 50 nr.kP. Kjy; 100 nfhLg;gjpy; kpsF %d;whtJ ,lj;ij
nr. kP tiu kio ngWk; gFjpfspy; tfpf;fpd;wJ
Nfo;tuF gapuhfpwJ Vyf;fha;
,jd; cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjyplj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp gzg;gaph;fs;
kiyg; gFjpfs;> Nrh;tuhad; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
kiyg;gFjpfs;> Nghbehaf;fd; gFjpfspy; cyfpy; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
gapuhfpwJ. Nfushtpd; ,Lf;fp khtl;lk; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjyplk;
Gfo;ngw;wJ tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j tptrha
kQ;rs; gug;gpy; 10 rjtPjk; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
,J Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLfpwJ
tpisfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; <NuhL ,e;jpahtpy; 2004-2005 Mk; Mz;L 26.1
khtl;lj;jpy; mjpfk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. nkl;hpf; ld;fs; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpj
rhak;> kUe;J> czT nghUshf nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
gad;gLfpwJ twz;l #o;epiyapYk; tsuf; $ba gaph;
,Q;rp vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; MFk;
,Q;rp Nfusj;jpy; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; mjpfkhf tpisAk;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gFjp jf;fhz gPlg+kpahFk;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfhtpy; The Technology Mission on Oilseeds –
gaph; nra;ag;gLfpwJ 1986
kpsfha;
mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> kfhuh\;buh vz;nza; tpj;J
kw;Wk; fh;ehlfj;jpy; mjpfk;
1. NrhahgPd;]; (27%) 2. epyf;fliy (26%)
tpisfpd;wJ. Fz;^h; kpsfha;
NrhahgPd;];
Gfo;ngw;wJ. eWkz nghUl;fspy; mjpf
mjpf Gujr;rj;J cilaJ
md;dpa nryhtzpia kpsfha;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp
(,uz;lhtJ ,lk;) <l;bf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
nkhj;j kpsfha; cw;gj;jpapy; 60 rjtPjk;
epyf;fliy
Me;jpuhtpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
,J xU ntg;gkz;lyg; gaph;
ghf;F
,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 86.72 ,yl;rk;
Mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; Nfush MFk;.
n`f;Nlhpy; ,g;gaph; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
fh;ehlfk;> mrhk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;
jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; fhpry; kz;> nrk;kz;
jkpofj;jpy; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ
cs;s gFjpfspy; epyf;fliy gaphpl
Gjpdh (kpd;l);
kpfTk; Vw;wjhf cs;sJ. Me;jpuhtpy;
md;dpa nryhtzp mjpfkhf <l;bj;
mjpf epyg; gpug;gpy; ,g;gaph;
jUk; thridj; jputpaq;fspy; kpd;l;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. F[uhj;jpy; ngUksT Mkzf;F
tpisfpwJ jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; mjpfkhf
Rkhh; 50 nr. kP Kjy; 70 nr. kP tiu gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cyf cw;gj;jpapy;
kio Njit. jkpo;ehl;by; rdthp Kjy; gpNurpYf;F mLj;jjhf ,e;jpah ,uz;lhk;
Nk tiu tpijf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vg;uy; Kjy; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. Mkzf;F vz;nza;
Nk tiu mWtil nra;ag;gLfpwJ rpwe;j cah;T nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehL> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
F[uhj; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; nkhj;jk; khepyk;
80% epyf;fliy cw;gj;jp Njq;fha;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. nkhj;j vz;nza; cah;e;j ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjk;> mjpf
cw;gj;jpapy; ,J 25 rjtPjk; MFk;. jio nghopT> tbfhy; trjpAs;s kz;
F[uhj; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. Mfpait Njitg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpd;
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij jkpo;ehL my;yJ Njq;fha; cw;gj;jpapy; 70 rjtPjk;
Me;jpu gpuNjrk; tfpf;fpd;wJ NfushtpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.
Tasar, and Muga gl;L tiffs; cw;gj;jp Paper Mills Ltd., ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kpfg;nghpa fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy MFk;.
Kakinara Jagatsinghpur
Vikarabad Pulp and Paper Mills: (HFC) Durgapur – West Bengal Barauni –
Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizer Co. Ltd., Central Fertilizar Quality Control at Training
; Nu\;d – KRC
nfhq;fd; ,uapy;Nt fhh;gg 4. Rail Wheel Factory (Wheel and Axle Plant)
kzpg;G+h; 25 43.5