Solubility of X(OH)​2

In this experiment I will determine the identity of X(OH)​2 ​ (which is a group II metal hydroxide)
by determining its solubility from a titration with standardized HCL.

Chemical equation
2HCL + X(OH)​2 ​→ H​2​O + XCl​2

Analysis
Raw Data​:

Rough Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4

Initial reading 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

(± 0.1cm​3​)

Final reading 18.70 18.10 16.10 16.40 16.30

(± 0.1cm​3​)

Volume added 17.70 17.10 16.10 ✓ 16.40 ✓ 16.30

(± 0.2cm​3​)

Observations:
1. I used the indicator phenolphthalein and when added to X(OH)​2​ the solution turned pink,
proving the solution to be alkaline.
2. The pink colour turns colourless when enough HCL is used to neutralise the X(OH)​2

Processed Data​:

Average volume added (± 0.2cm​3​) Percentage uncertainty (1s.f.)

16.35 ±1.2%

Average volume added

Average volume added = sum of concordant results / number of concordant results
Uncertainty = ±0.1 + ±0.1 = 0.2cm​3
Example: (13.4 + 13.5)/2 = 13.45 cm​3

Percentage uncertainty
Percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty/ measured value) * 100

Molar ratio
2HCl + X(OH)2 = XCl2 +2H20
1 mole of X(OH)2 reacts with 2 moles of HCl
Molar ratio = 1:2

Moles of HCL
Moles = concentration * volume
= 0.04800 mol/dm​3​ * 0.01635dm​3
= 0.0007847mol

Moles of X(OH)​2
Moles = 0.0007847 / 2
= 0.039235mol

The conversion of literature solubility of metal hydroxides (value g/100cm​3​) to mol/dm​3

Metal Hydroxide g/100cm​3 mol/dm​3

Be(OH)​2 0.00 x 10​-3 0.00 x 10​-4

Mg(OH)​2 1.00 x 10​-3 1.71x10​-4

Ca(OH)​2 1.70 x 10​-1 2.2 x 10​-2

Sr(OH)​2 7.70 x 10​-1 6.3 x 10​-2

Ba(OH)​2 3.70 x 10​0 2.2 x 10​-1

Formulas:
Moles (mol) = mass/molar mass
Concentration (mol/dm​3​) = moles/volume

Be(OH)​2
Molar mass: 9.0122 + (15.999 x 2) + (1.088 x 2) = 43.1862
Moles: (0.00 x 10​-3​)​ ​/ 43.1862 = 0.0000 mol
​
Concentration: 0.0000/0.1 = 0.00 x 10​-4 mol/dm​ 3

Mg(OH)​2
Molar mass: 24.305 + (15.999 x 2) + (1.088 x 2) = 58.475
Moles: (1.00 x 10​-3​) / 58.475 = 1.71x10​-5​ mol
Concentration: (1.71x10​-5​) / 0.1 = 1.71x10​-4​ mol/dm​3

Ca(OH)​2
Molar mass: 40.078 + (15.999 x 2) + (1.088 x 2) = 74.252
Moles: (1.70 x 10​-1​) / 74.252 = 2.23 x 10​-3​ mol
Concentration: ( 2.23 x 10​-3​) / 0.1 = 2.2 x 10​-2 ​ mol/dm​3
Sr(OH)​2
Molar mass: 87.62 + (15.999 x 2) + (1.088 x 2) = 121.794
Moles: (7.70 x 10​-1​) / 121.794 = 6.3 x 10​-3 ​mol
Concentration: (6.3 x 10​-3​) / 0.1 = 6.3 x 10​-2 ​mol/dm​3

Ba(OH)​2
Molar mass: 137.33 + (15.999 x 2) + (1.088 x 2) = 171.504
Moles: (3.70 x 10​0​) / 171.504 = 2.2 x 10​-2 ​mol
Concentration: 2.2 x 10​-2​ / 0.1 = 2.2 x 10​-1 ​mol/dm​3

Calculating moles of HCL and Concentration of X(OH)​2​:

● Moles = conc. * vol.
= 0.04800 * 0.01635 = 7.848 x 10​-4
● Therefore there are 7.848 x 10​-4​ * 0.5 = 3.924 x 10​-4​ moles of X(OH)​2
● Concentration = Moles/ volume
= 3.924 x 10​-4 /​ 0.01635
= 0.024 (±1.2% mol/dm​3​)
● Absolute uncertainty = ± 2.88 x 10​-4 ​mol/dm​3

Evaluation
HCl + Ca(OH)​2 ​→ CaCl​2​ + 2H​2​O
Concentration value obtained: 2.4 ​x 10​-2
Literature value of Calcium: 2​ .2 x 10​-2 ​ mol/dm​3

In this investigation, our aim was to find the identity of X(OH)​2 ​ (a group II metal hydroxide) by
determining its solubility from a titration with standardized HCL. The concentration obtained had the
closest literature value to calcium hydroxide, meaning the identity of X is likely to be calcium.
Although the concentration value I have obtained is not the same as the literature value of calcium, it
posses to be the closest match. With the additional support of it being a number relatively close to the
literature value of calcium and unlike other literature values, the chance identity of X being calcium
remains the highest.

Error/Limitation Systematic/Random The effect on the Possible modifications

results

Air bubbles in pipette Random The value will most - Do not lift the
likely end up pipette above
inaccurate as the the liquid
sudden uptake of air when using
will cause the results the pump to
to be too high or too pull the liquid
low. into the
 pipette
- As well as not
pulling the
pipette above
the liquid, it is
important to
have a steady
hand and not
place the
pipette at the
bottom of the
beaker when
upholding
liquid into the
pipette.

Determining the end Systematic As it is hard to - Do a rough

point determine the exact trial in the
amount needed, data beginning so
will most likely not be an estimate of
accurate as PH levels the end point
change quickly can be noted,
therefore
slowing down
at the
estimated end
point in the
first trial
- Also swirl the
conical flask
frequently to
see the colour
change easier

Using an irregular Random The endpoint may - Using the

amount of indicator vary due to a large same quantity
amount of indicator of indicator
being used, this is for each teach
because a darker will allow
colour may need more accurate
slightly more time and results to be
solution to show a obtained
clear colour change E.g. use two
drops of
indicator in
each trial