TERMOMETER SCALE

1. Thermometer Celsius (C)

 Created by Anders Celcius from Sweden in 1701-1744
 The fixed point above uses boiling water (100 ° C).
 The fixed point down uses frozen water or melting ice (0 ° C).
 Comparison of the scale of 100
2. Reamur Thermometer (R)
 Created by Reamur from France in 1731.
 Fixed point above using boiling water (80 ° R)
 Fixed point down using the ice that reaches (0 ° R)
 Comparison of the scale of 100.
3. Thermometer Fahrenheit (F)
 Created by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit from Germany in 1986-1736.
 Fixed point above using boiling water (212 ° F).
 The bottom fixed point uses melting ice (0 ° F).
 Comparison of the scale of 180
4. Kelvin (K) Thermometer
 Created by Kelvin from England in 1848-1954
 Fixed point using boiling water (373 K)
 Fixed point down using melting ice (273 K)
 Comparison of the scale of 100

Changes Due to Temperature

One of the changes that occur in objects is the size of the object changes. If the temperature of
the object rises, generally the size of the object increases. This event is called expansion.

Expansion of Solid Substances

Solid substances can experience expansion. This symptom is indeed difficult to observe directly,
but it can often be seen as an influence. For example when pouring hot water into a glass, suddenly the
glass cracks. The crack of this glass is due to the uneven expansion of the glass.

In general, objects or solids will expand or expand if heated and shrink when cooled. Expansion
and shrinkage occur in all parts of the object, namely the length, width, and thickness of the object. If a
solid object is heated, the temperature will rise. At high temperatures, the atoms and molecules making
up the metal will vibrate faster than usual so that the metal will expand in all directions.

Designers of buildings, bridges and highways must pay attention to the nature of expansion and
shrinkage of materials due to changes in temperature. Bridges are generally made of steel which are
connected to one another. For this reason, so that the steel connection is not curved because it expands
due to the scorching heat of the sun or shrinks at night, steel-iron connections should not be placed
together with each other. There must be enough cavities between the connections.

Bimetallic is made based on the expansion properties of solids. Bimetals, among others, are
used on a thermostat. The working principle of the thermostat is as follows: If the air in the room is cold,
the bimetal chip will shrink, bend and touch ordinary metal so that both ends touch each other. The
touch between the two metal ends makes the circuit closed and turns on the heater so that the room
becomes warm. If to control a cooled room, the way it works is the same. When the room starts to heat,
the thermostat is bent and connects the electrical circuit so that the cooler returns to work.

This shows that if the length of the metal is the same, for different metals it turns out that the
length of the object increases because the expansion is also different. The magnitude that determines
the expansion of the length of the solid is the long expansion coefficient. The coefficient of long
expansion of a solid is a number that shows the length increase per one unit length of the substance if
the temperature is raised by 1 ° C.

Expansion of area and volume of solids

If an object is in the form of a heated plate, expansion occurs in two directions on its side.
Expansion of this kind is called wide expansion. Installation of metal plate plates always pay attention to
the occurrence of wide expansion. Extensive expansion has an expansion coefficient of two times the
long expansion coefficient based on the data in table 7.1, then the steel plate has a wide expansion
coefficient of 0.000022 / oC

Objects of dominance three (having a length, width, and height) will experience expansion if
heated. Expansion of space has an expansion coefficient of three times the coefficient of expansion.
Steel beam if heated will expand with an expansion coefficient of 0.000033 / Oc. Window glass cannot
enter the frame because the installation of door and window glass is too tight with the frame so that
when expansion or shrinkage occurs there is no longer enough money cavity.

Expansion of liquid and gas

As with solids, the liquid also expands when heated. In fact, liquid expansion is relatively
younger or more quickly observed compared to the expansion of solids. The gas also expands heated.
Gas expansion properties must be considered in daily life, for example when pumping bicycle tires not
too hard, it should be the size.