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•Definition
•Evaluation of Limits
•Continuity
•Limits Involving Infinity
Limit
We say that the limit of f ( x) as x approaches a is L and write
lim f ( x) L
x a
y f ( x)
L
a
Limits, Graphs, and Calculators
x 1
1. a) Use table of values to guess the value of lim 2
x 1 x 1
x 1
b) Use your calculator to draw the graph f ( x) 2
x 1
and confirm your guess in a) Graph 1
2. Find the following limits
sin x
a) lim by considering the values
x 0
x
x 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.001. Thus the limit is 1.
sin x
Confirm this by ploting the graph of f ( x)
x
Graph 2
b) limsin
x 0
x by considering the values
(i) x 1, 1 , 1 , 1
10 100 1000
(ii) x 1, 2 , 2 , 2
3 103 1003
This shows the limit does not exist.
x
Confrim this by ploting the graph of f ( x) sin
Graph 3
3x if x 2
c) Find lim f ( x) where f ( x)
x 2
1 if x 2
Note: f (-2) = 1
is not involved -2
3) Use your calculator to evaluate the limits
4( x 2 4) Answer : 16
a. lim
x 2
x 2
L
L
L
a
y f ( x)
a a
This means that if we are given a
small interval ( L , L ) centered at L,
then we can find a (small) interval (a , a )
a
The left-hand limit of f (x), as x approaches a,
equals M
written: lim f ( x) M
xa
M
a
Examples
Find lim f ( x)
x3
lim f ( x) lim 2 x 6
x3 x3
Find lim f ( x)
x3
lim f ( x) lim x 2 9
x3 x3
More Examples
x 1, if x 0
2. Let f ( x)
x 1, if x 0. Find the limits:
a) lim f ( x) lim ( x 1)
x 0
0 1 1
x 0
b) lim f ( x) lim ( x 1) 0 1 1
x 0 x 0
c) lim f ( x) lim(
x 1) 11 2
x 1
x 1
But
lim f ( x) 2 because lim f ( x) 2 and lim f ( x) 2.
x 1 x 1 x 1
Limit Theorems
If c is any number, lim f ( x) L and lim g ( x) M , then
xa xa
a) lim f ( x) g ( x) L M b) lim f ( x) g ( x) L M
x a x a
c) lim f ( x) g ( x) L M
x a
d)
x a
lim f ( x)
g ( x) L , ( M 0)
M
e) lim c f ( x) c L f) lim f ( x) Ln
n
x a
x a
g) lim c c h) lim x a
xa x a
i) lim x n a n j) lim f ( x) L , ( L 0)
x a x a
Examples Using Limit Rule
Ex. lim x 1 lim x lim1
2
x 3
2
x 3
x3
lim1
2
lim x
x 3 x 3
32 1 10
2 1 1
35 8
More Examples
1. Suppose lim f ( x) 4 and lim g ( x) 2. Find
x 3 x 3
a) lim f ( x) g ( x) lim
x 3
f ( x) lim g ( x)
x 3
x 3
4 (2) 2
4 (2) 6
2 f ( x) g ( x) lim 2 f ( x) lim g ( x) 2 4 (2) 5
c) lim x 3 x 3
x 3
f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x) 4 (2) 4
x 3 x 3
Indeterminate Forms
x 9 1 1
lim 6
x 9
lim
x 9 ( x 9)( x 3)
x 3
4 x2 (2 x)(2 x)
b) lim 2 = lim
x 2 2 x x 3
x 2
x 2
(2 x )
2 x
= lim
x
x 2 2
2 (2) 4
1
(2) 2
4