La Pasiva en Inglés

En la voz pasiva se destaca la acción y no quien la realiza. En la oración pasiva

quien realiza la acción carece de importancia o es desconocido.

Tanto en inglés como en español existen 2 voces:

 La voz activa
 La voz pasiva

Tipos de pasiva
En inglés existen 2 tipos de pasiva:

 la pasiva de objeto directo

 la pasiva de objeto indirecto

Pasiva de objeto directo

El objeto directo de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración pasiva:

Voz activa:

Sujeto Verbo C. Directo

AGENTE VOZ ACTIVA PACIENTE

Luis buys a book

Luis compra un libro

Voz pasiva:

Sujeto Verbo Complemento

PACIENTE VOZ PACIENTE
PASIVA

A book is bought by Luis

Un libro es por Luis

comprado
Pasiva de objeto indirecto

Este tipo de pasiva no existe en español. Es usada cuando se quiere destacar el

complemento indirecto en lugar del complemento directo.
Voz activa:

Sujeto Verbo Complemento Directo C. Indirecto

AGENTE VOZ ACTIVA

I offer a job to Tom

Yo le ofrezco un trabajo a Tom

Voz pasiva:

Sujeto Verbo Complemento Directo Complemento

PACIENTE VOZ PASIVA PACIENTE

Tom is offered a job (by me)

A Tom le es ofrecido un trabajo (por mi)

Verbos con doble objeto
Los verbos que tienen objeto directo e indirecto construyen la pasiva normalmente
con el objeto indirecto.

Los ejemplos típicos de verbos con 2 objetos son:

Verbo Significado

ask preguntar

give dar

offer ofrecer

order pedir

pay pagar

sell vender

send enviar

show mostrar

tell decir
Formación de la pasiva
En general la pasiva se forma añadiendo el verbo to be + el participio del verbo,
vamos a repasar como se forman cada uno de los tiempos verbales en inglés:

Presente Simple (pasiva)

La estructura es:

SUJETO + am/are/is + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I am beaten yo soy golpeado

you are beaten tú eres golpeado

he is beaten él es golpeado

we are beaten nosotros somos golpeados

you are beaten vosotros sois golpeados

they are beaten ellos son golpeados

Presente Continuo (pasiva)

La forma es:

SUJETO + am/are/is being + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I am being beaten yo estoy siendo golpeado

you are being beaten tú estás siendo golpeado

he is being beaten él está siendo golpeado

we are being beaten nosotros estamos siendo golpeados

you are being beaten vosotros estáis siendo golpeados

they are being beaten ellos están siendo golpeados

 Presente Perfecto (pasiva)

La construcción es:

SUJETO + have/has been +PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I have been beaten yo he sido golpeado

you have been beaten tú has sido golpeado

he has been beaten él ha sido golpeado

we have been beaten nosotros hemos sido golpeados

you have been beaten vosotros habéis sido golpeados

they have been beaten ellos han sido golpeados

Futuro Simple (pasiva)

La estructura es:

SUJETO + will be + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I will be beaten yo seré golpeado

you will be beaten tú serás golpeado

he will be beaten él será golpeado

we will be beaten nosotros seremos golpeados

you will be beaten vosotros seréis golpeados

they will be beaten ellos serán golpeados

Futuro progresivo (pasiva)

La estructura es:
SUJETO + will be being + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I will be being beaten yo estaré siendo golpeado

you will be being beaten tú estaré siendo golpeado

he will be being beaten él estará siendo golpeado

we will be being beaten nosotros estaremos siendo golpeados

you will be being beaten vosotros estaréis siendo golpeados

they will be being beaten ellos estarán siendo golpeados

Futuro going to (pasiva)

La estructura es:

SUJETO + am/are/is going to be + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I am going to be beaten yo voy a ser golpeado

you are going to be beaten tú vas a ser golpeado

he is going to be beaten él va a ser golpeado

we are going to be beaten nosotros vamos a ser golpeados

you are going to be beaten vosotros vais a ser golpeados

they are going to be beaten ellos van a ser golpeados

El pasado simple (pasiva)

La estructura es:

SUJETO + was/were + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado
I was beaten yo fui golpeado

you were beaten tú fuisteis golpeado

he was beaten él fue golpeado

we were beaten nosotros fuimos golpeados

you were beaten vosotros fuisteis golpeados

they were beaten ellos fueron golpeados

El pasado continuo (pasiva)

La forma es:

SUJETO + were/was being + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I was being beaten yo estuve siendo golpeado

you were being beaten tú estuviste siendo golpeado

he was being beaten él estuvo siendo golpeado

we were being beaten nosotros estuvimos siendo golpeados

you were being beaten vosotros estuvisteis siendo golpeados

they were being beaten ellos estuvieron siendo golpeados

El pluscuamperfecto (pasiva)

La regla es:

SUJETO + had been + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I had been beaten yo había sido golpeado

you had been beaten tú habías sido golpeado

he had been beaten él había sido golpeado

we had been beaten nosotros habíamos sido golpeados

you had been beaten vosotros habíais sido golpeados

they had been beaten ellos habían sido golpeados

El pluscuamperfecto continuo (pasiva)

La forma es:

SUJETO + had been being + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I had been being beaten yo había estado siendo golpeado

you had been being beaten tú habías estado siendo golpeado

he had been being beaten él había estado siendo golpeado

we had been being beaten nosotros habíamos estado siendo golpeados

you had been being beaten vosotros habíais estado siendo golpeados

they had been being beaten ellos habían estado siendo golpeados
La pasiva con los verbos modales
La arquitectura es:

SUJETO + VERBO MODAL + be + PARTICIPIO

can

The file cannot be saved

El fichero no puede ser guardado

You could be eaten by a lion

Tú pudiste ser comido por un león
 may

A car may be stolen

Un coche puede ser robado

The accident might be caused by poor visibility

El accidente pudo ser causado por la poca visibilidad

must

Respect must be earned

El respeto debe ser ganado

Como en español, la voz pasiva se forma con el verbo 'to be' (ser) y el participio
pasado.

They made this car in 1963. (active) This car was made in 1963. (passive)

El sujeto de un verbo en pasiva corresponde al objeto de un verbo en activa.

Spanish is spoken in Argentina PASIVA

(sujeto)
Argentinians speak Spanish ACTIVA

(objeto)
Estudia la siguiente lista de las formas del verbo en pasiva.
(pp = participio pasado)

Verb Tense Structure Example

PRESENT SIMPLE am/are/is + pp Spanish is spoken here.
PRESENT am/are/is being +
Your questions are being answered.
CONTINUOUS pp
FUTURE (WILL) will be + pp It’ll be painted by next week.
FUTURE (GOING am/are/is going Terry is going to be made redundant
TO) to be + pp next year.
PAST SIMPLE was/were + pp We were invited to the party, but we
 didn’t go.
was/were being The hotel room was being cleaned when
PAST CONTINUOUS
+ pp we got back from shopping.
PRESENT have/has been + The President of America has been
PERFECT pp shot.
When he got home he found that all of his
PAST PERFECT had been + pp
money had been stolen.
will have been + Our baby will have been born before
FUTURE PERFECT
pp Christmas.
En las formas del ‘future progressive’ (will be being + pp) y ‘perfect progressive’
(has been being + pp) no es muy común su uso.

Para decir quién hacía la acción o qué la causaba, usa 'by'.

This house was built by my mother. / Esta casa fue construida por mi madre.
Washington was bombed by Pakistan. / Washington fue bombardeado por
Pakistán.

La voz pasiva se suele utilizar cuando se desconoce o no interesa mencionar

quién o qué hace la acción.
Es más normal encontrar en español formas con ‘se’, por ejemplo: ‘se habla’, ‘se
alquila’ o verbos en plural como ‘venden’, ‘compran’.

German is spoken here / Aquí se habla alemán

When was this house built? / ¿Cuando se construyó ( fue construida) ésta
casa?
A lot of songs have been written about love / Se han escrito muchas canciones
sobre el amor
Passive in English
In the passive voice the action stands out and not who performs
it. In the passive sentence who performs the action is
unimportant or unknown.

In both English and Spanish there are 2 voices:

 The active voice

 The passive voice

Types of passive
In English there are 2 types of passive:

 the direct object passive

 the passive of indirect object

Passive of direct object

The direct object of active prayer becomes the subject of
passive prayer:

Active voice:

Subject Verb C.
AGENT ACTIVE Direct
VOICE PATIENT

Luis buys a book

Luis purchase a book

Passive voice:

Subject Verb
PATIENT VOICE PATIENTAdd-
PASSIVE on
A book is by Luis
bought

A book Is by Luis
bought

Indirect object liability

This type of passive does not exist in Spanish. It is used when
you want to highlight the indirect object instead of the direct
object.

Active voice:

Subject Verb Direct complement C. Indirect

AGENT ACTIVE VOICE

I offer a job to Tom

And o I offer you a job to Tom

Passive voice:

Subject Verb Direct complement

PATIENT VOICE PASSIVE PATIENTAdd-
on

Tom is offered a job (by me)

Tom it is offered a job (for me)

Verbs with double object

The verbs that have direct and indirect object construct the
passive normally with the indirect object.

Typical examples of verbs with 2 objects are:

Verb Meaning
ask ask

give give

offer offer

order ask

pay pay

sell to sell

send submit

Show to show

tell say

Formation of the passive

In general passive is formed by adding the verb to be + the
participle of the verb, we will review how each of the tenses in
English are formed:

Present Simple (passive)

The structure is:

SUBJECT + am / are / is + PARTICIPLE

Passive Meaning

I am beaten I am beaten
you are beaten you are beaten

he is beaten he is beaten

we are beaten we are beaten

you are beaten you are beaten

they are beaten they are beaten

Present Continuous (passive)

The form is:

SUBJECT + am / are / is being + PARTICIPLE

Passive Meaning

I am being beaten I am being beaten

you are being beaten you are being beaten

he is being beaten he is being beaten

we are being beaten we are being beaten

you are being beaten you are being beaten

they are being beaten they are being beaten

Present Perfect (passive)

The construction is:

SUBJECT + have / has been + PARTICIPLE

Passive Meaning
I have been beaten I have been beaten

you have been beaten you have been hit

I have been beaten he has been beaten

we have been beaten we have been beaten

you have been beaten you have been beaten

they have been beaten they have been beaten

Future Simple (passive)

The structure is:

SUBJECT + will be + PARTICIPLE

Passive Meaning

I will be beaten I will be beaten

you will be beaten you will be beaten

he will be beaten he will be beaten

we will be beaten we will be beaten

you will be beaten you will be beaten

they will be beaten they will be beaten

Progressive future (passive)

The structure is:

SUBJECT + will be being + PARTICIPLE

 Passive Meaning

I will be being beaten I will be being beaten

you will be being beaten you will be beaten

he will be being beaten he will be being beaten

we will be being beaten we will be beaten

you will be being beaten you will be beaten

they will be being beaten they will be beaten

Future going to (passive)

The structure is:

SUBJECT + am / are / is going to be + PARTICIPLE

Passive Meaning

I am going to be beaten I am going to be beaten

you are going to be beaten you are going to be hit

he is going to be beaten he is going to be hit

we are going to be beaten we are going to be beaten

you are going to be beaten you are going to be beaten

they are going to be beaten they are going to be beaten

The simple past (passive)

The structure is:

SUBJECT + was / were + PARTICIPLE

 Passive Meaning

I was beaten I was hit

you were beaten you were beaten

he was beaten he was beaten

we were beaten we were beaten

you were beaten you were beaten

they were beaten they were beaten

The past continuous (passive)

The form is:

SUBJECT + were / was being + PARTICIPLE

Passive Meaning

I was being beaten I was being beaten

you were being beaten you were being beaten

he was being beaten he was being beaten

we were being beaten we were being beaten

you were being beaten you were being beaten

they were being beaten they were being beaten

The pluperfect (passive)

The rule is:

SUBJECT + had been + PARTICIPLE

 Passive Meaning

I had been beaten I had been beaten

you had been beaten you had been hit

he had been beaten he had been hit

we had been beaten we had been beaten

you had been beaten you had been beaten

they had been beaten they had been beaten

The continuous pluperfect (passive)

The form is:

SUBJECT + had been being + PARTICIPLE

Passive Meaning

I had been being beaten I had been being beaten

you had been being beaten you had been being beaten

he had been being beaten he had been being beaten

we had been being beaten we had been beaten

you had been being beaten you had been beaten

they had been being beaten they had been being beaten

The passive with the modal verbs

The architecture is:

SUBJECT + VERB MODAL + be + PARTICIPLE

 dog
The file can not be saved
The file can not be saved

You could be eaten by a lion

You could be eaten by a lion

may
A car may be stolen
A car can be stolen

The accident might be caused by poor visibility

The accident could be caused by poor visibility

must
Respect must be earned
Respect must be earned

The Passive Voice in

English

As in Spanish, the passive voice is formed with the verb 'to be' (being) and the past
participle.

They made this car in 1963. (active) This car was made in 1963. (passive)

The subject of a verb in passive corresponds to the object of a verb in active.

Spanish is spoken in Argentina PASSIVE

 (subject)
Argentinians speak Spanish ACTIVE

(object)

Study the following list of verb forms in passive.

(pp = past participle)

Verb Tense Structure Example

SIMPLE PRESENT am / are / is + pp Spanish is spoken here.
PRESENT am / are / is being
Your questions are being answered.
CONTINUOUS + pp
FUTURE (WILL) will be + pp It ' ll be painted by next week.
FUTURE (GOING am / are / is going Terry is going to be made redundant next
TO) to be + pp year.
We were invited to the party, but we did
SIMPLE PAST was / were + pp
not go.
was / were being + The hotel room was being cleaned when
PAST CONTINUOUS
pp we got back from shopping.
have / has been +
PRESENT PERFECT The President of America has been shot .
pp
When I got home I found that all of his
PAST PERFECT had been + pp
money had been stolen .
Our baby will have been born before
FUTURE PERFECT will have been + pp
Christmas.

In the forms of 'future progressive' (will be being + pp) and 'perfect progressive'
(has been being + pp) is not very common use.

To say who did the action or what caused it, use 'by' .

This house was built by my mother. / This house was built by my mother.
Washington was bombed by Pakistan. / Washington was bombed by Pakistan.

The passive voice is usually used when it is unknown or not interested to mention
who or what the action does.
It is more normal to find in Spanish forms with 'se', for example: 'se habla', 'al alquila'
or plural verbs such as 'sell', 'buy'.

German is spoken here / Here German is spoken

When was this house built? / When was this house built
(built)?
A lot of songs have been written about love / Many songs
have been written about love
TRABAJO DE PROFESIÓN
La RAE define trabajo como “ocupación retribuida” y “acción y efecto de trabajar”
y esta última (trabajar) como “ocuparse en cualquier actividad física o intelectual” o
“ejercer determinada profesión u oficio”, entre otras. Si
buscamos profesión encontramos en su tercera acepción “empleo, facultad u
oficio que alguien ejerce y por el que percibe una retribución” y profesionalcomo
“persona que ejerce su profesión con relevante capacidad y aplicación”.

Parece que sí existe alguna diferencia entre trabajador y profesional. Entonces,

aquello a lo que posiblemente más horas dedicas al día ¿es solo un trabajo o es tu
profesión?

Seguramente el resultado que se produce si sientes que lo que haces es tu

profesión o es solo un trabajo es significativamente distinto, en lo que aportas,
en los resultados que obtienes y en el compromiso con lo que haces. ¿Matices del
lenguaje? Puede que no…

TRABAJO TÉCNICO
El concepto de técnico está vinculado al griego téchne, que puede traducirse
como “ciencia” o “arte”. Esta noción hace referencia a un procedimiento que tiene
como objetivo la obtención de un cierto resultado o fin. Al ejecutar conocimientos
técnicos, se sigue un conjunto de reglas y normas que se utiliza como medio para
alcanzar un fin.
Se conoce técnico a aquel que domina una técnica. Puede tratarse de un grado o
calificación al que se accede a partir de la educación formal, como en el caso de
los técnicos químicos o técnicos en radiología. El técnico conoce diversas
herramientas, ya sean intelectuales o físicas, que le permiten ejecutar la técnica
en cuestión.
Dentro del conjunto de profesionales que llevan el término técnico en su
denominación se encuentra, por ejemplo, el ingeniero técnico. Este es una
persona que cuenta con los conocimientos y la titulación necesaria para ejercer en
todo momento como auxiliar de un ingeniero en cuestión.
Asimismo tampoco podemos pasar por alto la figura del arquitecto técnico. En su
caso, podemos establecer que es el aparejador, es decir, todo aquel titulado que
cuenta con unas funciones propias y particulares en el proceso de construcción de
una edificación en sí.
PROFESSION WORK

The SAR defines work as "paid occupation" and "action and effect of
working" and the latter (work) as "engaging in any physical or intellectual
activity" or "specific practice or trade", among others. If we seek a
profession in its third meaning, "employment, faculty or trade that someone
exercises and for which he receives a fee" and professional as "person who
exercises his profession with relevant capacity and application."

It seems that it does exist, it differentiates between worker and professional.

So, what is it that later on I have to dedicate myself to the day? Is it just a job
or is it your profession?d

Surely the result it produces is something that makes your work is only in a
different job, is what it brings, in the results and in the commitment to what
you do. Shades of language? Maybe not ...

TECHNICAL WORK

The concept of technician is linked to the Greek téchne, which can be

translated as "science" or "art". This notion refers to a procedure that aims
to obtain a certain result or purpose. When executing technical knowledge, a
set of rules and norms are followed that are used as means to reach an end.

Technicians are known to those who master a technique. You can receive a
degree or qualification to access formal education, as in the case of chemical
technicians or radiology. The technician knows various tools, whether
intellectual or physical, that allow obtaining the technique in question.

Within the group of professionals who carry the technical term in their name
is, for example, the technical engineer. This is a character that has the
knowledge and qualifications necessary to practice at all times as an
assistant to an engineer in question.

We can not ignore the figure of the technical architect. In your case, we can
establish that it is the rigger, that is, everyone who has its own and particular
functions in the construction process of a building itself.
LA SABIDURÍA
La sabiduría es un carácter que se desarrolla con la aplicación de
la inteligencia en la experiencia propia, obteniendo conclusiones que nos dan un
mayor entendimiento, que a su vez nos capacitan para reflexionar, sacando
conclusiones que nos dan discernimiento de la verdad, lo bueno y lo malo. La
sabiduría y la moral se interrelacionan dando como resultado un individuo que
actúa con buen juicio. Algunas veces se toma a la sabiduría como una forma
especialmente bien desarrollada de sentido común.
En ciencias de la información, la Sabiduría constituye el vértice de la pirámide
constituida, de menor a mayor complejidad, por dato, información, conocimiento y
sabiduría.
En la Sabiduría se destaca el juicio sano basado en conocimiento y entendimiento;
la aptitud de valerse del conocimiento con éxito, y el entendimiento para resolver
problemas, evitar o impedir peligros, alcanzar ciertas metas, o aconsejar a otros.
Es lo opuesto a la tontedad, la estupidez y la locura, y a menudo se contrasta con
estas. Tomás de Aquino define la sabiduría como "el conocimiento cierto de las
causas más profundas de todo" (In Metaphysica, I, 2). Por eso, para él, la
sabiduría tiene como función propia ordenar y juzgar todos los conocimientos.
THE WISDOM
Wisdom is a character that develops with the application of intelligence in
one's own experience, obtaining results that give us a greater understanding,
that sometimes enable us to reflect, drawing conclusions that give us the
discernment of the truth, the good and the the bad wisdom and morality are
interrelated resulting in an individual acting with good judgment. Sometimes
wisdom is taken as a special, well-developed form of common sense.
In information science, Wisdom constitutes the vertex of the constituted
pyramid, from less to more complex, by data, information, knowledge and
wisdom.
Wisdom emphasizes judgment based on knowledge and understanding; the
aptitude of the knowledge experience successfully, and the knowledge to
solve problems, avoid or prevent hazards, achieve certain objectives, or
advise others. It is the opposite of foolishness, stupidity and madness, and
is often contrasted with these. Thomas Aquinas defines wisdom as "the true
knowledge of the deepest causes of everything" (In Metaphysica, I, 2).
Therefore, for him, wisdom has as its own function to order and judge all
knowledge.

CONOCIMIENTO

El conocimiento es un conjunto de representaciones abstractas que se

almacenan mediante la experiencia o la adquisición de conocimientos o a través
de la observación. En el sentido más extenso que se trata de la tenencia de
variados datos interrelacionados que al ser tomados por sí solos, poseen un
menor valor cualitativo.

El conocimiento es la disciplina que se encarga de considerar su validez y la

expresión que se identifica como la epistemología que es la rama de
la filosofia donde el objetivo de estudio son los conocimientos científicos que no
solo debe ser válido y consistente desde el punto de vista lógico, pero además
debe comprobado mediante el método científico o experimental.

KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge is a set of abstract representations that are stored through
experience or the acquisition of knowledge or through observation. In the
broadest sense that it is about the possession of varied interrelated data that
when taken by itself, has a lower qualitative value.

Knowledge is the discipline that is responsible for considering its validity

and the expression that is identified as the epistemology that is the branch of
philosophy where the objective of study is scientific knowledge that should
not only be valid and consistent from the point of view logical, but also must
be verified by the scientific or experimental method.
ESTÁTICAS DINÁMICAS
- Las decisiones sin datos previos o estáticas: Son las que sólo se toman una sola
vez o no existe experiencia pasada.
- Las decisiones que utilizan datos previos o dinámicas: Se toman en una
secuencia de decisiones interrelacionadas simultáneamente o varios períodos de
tiempo, las circunstancias que rodean a las decisiones son siempre iguales dado
que es posible valerse de la experiencia pasada.Es necesario tomar en cuenta
que la toma de decisiones, es una actividad que se realiza para poder solucionar
problemas, y que no es necesario ser un gerente de empresa para poder
desarrollar esta función, a continuación se presentan las actividades que forman
parte del proceso en la solución de problemas:
Primero: Se Inicia con la identificación de problemas, es decir se desarrollan todas
aquellas actividades encaminadas a identificar, definir, y diagnosticar los
problemas.
DYNAMIC STATICS
- Decisions without previous or static data: They are those that are only
taken once or there is no past experience.
- Decisions that use previous or dynamic data: They are taken in a sequence
of interrelated decisions simultaneously or several periods of time, the
circumstances surrounding the decisions are always the same since it is
possible to use past experience. It is necessary to take into account that
decision-making is an activity that is carried out in order to solve problems,
and that it is not necessary to be a company manager in order to develop
this function, then the activities that are part of the problem solving process
are presented:
First: It starts with the identification of problems, that is, all those activities
aimed at identifying, defining, and diagnosing problems are developed.
EL PASIVO DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO
PRESENTE PERFECTO
FUTURO PRESENTE CONTINUO Y EL FUTURO
10 VERBOS DE CADA UNO
TEORIA “X” y “Y” DE MACGREGOR

Douglas McGregor fue una figura ilustre de la escuela administrativa de las

relaciones humanas de gran auge en la mitad del siglo pasado, cuyas
enseñanzas, muy pragmáticas por cierto, tienen aun hoy bastante aplicación a
pesar de haber soportado el peso de cuatro décadas de teorías y modas
gerenciales.

McGregor en su obra “El lado humano de las organizaciones” describió dos formas
de pensamiento de los directivos a los cuales denominó teoría X y teoría Y. Los
directivos de la primera consideran a sus subordinados como animales de trabajo
que sólo se mueven ante el yugo o la amenaza, mientras que los directivos de la
segunda se basan en el principio de que la gente quiere y necesita trabajar.

Veamos con más detenimiento las premisas de las dos posturas:

Teoría X

Está basada en el antiguo precepto del garrote y la zanahoria y la presunción de

mediocridad de las masas, se asume que los individuos tienen tendencia natural al
ocio y que, como el negrito del batey (la canción), el trabajo es una forma de
castigo o como dicen por ahí “trabajar es tan maluco que hasta le pagan a uno“, lo
cual presenta dos necesidades urgentes para la organización: la supervisión y la
motivación.

Las premisas de la teoría X son:

 Al ser humano medio no le gusta trabajar y evitará a toda costa hacerlo, lo

cual da pie a la segunda;
 En términos sencillos, los trabajadores son como los caballos: si no se les
espuelea no trabajan. La gente necesita que la fuercen, controlen, dirijan y
amenacen con castigos para que se esfuercen por conseguir los objetivos
de la empresa;
 El individuo típico evitará cualquier responsabilidad, tiene poca ambición y
quiere seguridad por encima de todo, por ello es necesario que lo dirijan.

“Este comportamiento no es una consecuencia de la naturaleza del hombre. Más

bien es una consecuencia de la naturaleza de las organizaciones industriales, de
su filosofía, política y gestión” McGregor

Teoría Y

Los directivos de la Teoría Y consideran que sus subordinados encuentran en su

empleo una fuente de satisfacción y que se esforzarán siempre por lograr los
mejores resultados para la organización, siendo así, las empresas deben liberar
las aptitudes de sus trabajadores en favor de dichos resultados.
Los supuestos que fundamentan la Teoría Y son:

 El desgaste físico y mental en el trabajo es tan normal como en el juego o el

reposo, al individuo promedio no le disgusta el trabajo en sí;
 No es necesaria la coacción, la fuerza o las amenazas para que los
individuos se esfuercen por conseguir los objetivos de la empresa.
 Los trabajadores se comprometen con los objetivos empresariales en la
medida que se les recompense por sus logros, la mejor recompensa es la
satisfacción del ego y puede ser originada por el esfuerzo hecho para
conseguir los objetivos de la organización.
 En condiciones normales el ser humano medio aprenderá no solo a aceptar
responsabilidades sino a buscarlas.
 La mayoría de las personas poseen un alto grado de imaginación,
creatividad e ingenio que permitirá dar solución a los problemas de la
organización

Integración. La Teoría Y es la precursora de la integración de los objetivos

individuales con los corporativos, en ella se basan, por ejemplo, los círculos de
calidad

¿Cuál de las dos es mejor? o ¿cuál es más aplicada en las empresas? No sé, lo
que sí sé es que me identifico ampliamente con la segunda. El juicio queda en tus
manos.

Comparativa entre la teoría X y la teoría Y

McGregor identificó la teoría X y la teoría Y como diferentes por las características antes
mencionadas en las dos secciones pasadas. La teoría X asume que a los individuos no les
gusta su profesión y se debe tener una supervisión en las acciones realizadas por los
trabajadores. Por otra parte en la teoría Y se asume que a los individuos les gusta su
profesión y están dispuestos a tomar ciertas responsabilidades, al contrario que en la teoría X
los trabajadores, no necesitan de supervisión y se espera que se conviertan en una buena
fuerza productiva laboral.

Supuestos de la teoría X Supuestos de la teoría Y

1. Trabajan lo menos posible.
2. Carecen de ambición.
3. Evitan responsabilidades.
4. Prefieren que las manden.
5. Se resisten a los cambios.
6. Son crédulas y están mal
informadas.
7. Haría muy poco por la empresa
si no fuera por la dirección.
1. Consideran al trabajo natural como el juego.
2. Se auto dirigen hacia la consecución de los objetivos
que se les confían.
3. En ciertas condiciones, buscan responsabilidades.
4. Tienen imaginación y creatividad.
5. Sienten motivación y desean perfeccionarse.
6. Asumen los objetivos de la empresa si reciben
compensaciones por lograrlos.
7. Asumen los objetivos de la empresa si reciben
compensación por lograrlos, sobre todo reconociendo
los méritos.
Theory X and theory Y by Douglas Mcgregor, its foundations

Douglas McGregor was an illustrious figure of the administrative school of human

relations of great height in the middle of the last century, whose teachings, very
pragmatic by the way, have even today quite application despite having borne the
weight of four decades of theories and managerial fashions.

McGregor in his book "The human side of organizations" described two ways of
thinking of managers to which he called Theory X and Theory Y . The managers
of the former consider their subordinates as working animals that only move under
the yoke or threat, while the managers of the latter are based on the principle that
people want and need to work.

Let's look more closely at the premises of the two positions:

Theory X

It is based on the old precept of the stick and the carrot and the presumption of
mediocrity of the masses, it is assumed that individuals have a natural tendency to
leisure and that, like the negrito del batey (the song), work is a form of punishment
or as they say there " work is so bad that you even pay one ", which presents two
urgent needs for the organization: supervision and motivation.

The premises of theory X are:

 The average human does not like to work and will avoid at all costs, which
gives rise to the second;
 In simple terms, workers are like horses: if they are not spoiled they do not
work. People need to be forced, controlled, directed and threatened with
punishments so that they strive to achieve the company's objectives;
 The typical individual will avoid any responsibility, has little ambition and
wants security above all, so it is necessary to direct it.

"This behavior is not a consequence of the nature of man. Rather it is a

consequence of the nature of industrial organizations, their philosophy, politics and
management "McGregor

Theory Y

The managers of Theory Y consider that their subordinates find in their

employment a source of satisfaction and that they will always strive to achieve the
best results for the organization, thus, companies must release the skills of their
workers in favor of said results.

The assumptions that support Theory Y are:

  The physical and mental attrition at work is as normal as in the game or rest,
the average individual does not dislike the work itself;
 No coercion, force or threats are necessary for individuals to strive to
achieve the company's objectives.
 Workers are committed to business goals as they are rewarded for their
achievements, the best reward is the satisfaction of the ego and can be
caused by the effort made to achieve the objectives of the organization.
 Under normal conditions the average human being will learn not only to
accept responsibilities but to look for them.
 Most people have a high degree of imagination, creativity and ingenuity that
will allow solving the problems of the organization

Integration . Theory Y is the precursor of the integration of the individual

objectives with the corporative ones, in her they are based, for example, the circles
of quality

Which of the two is better? or which is more applied in companies? I do not know,
what I do know is that I identify broadly with the second. The judgment is in your
hands.

Through the following video, from Educatina.com, you will learn more about the
principles and implications of McGregor's X and Y theories.

Comparison between theory X and theory Y

McGregor identified theory X and theory Y as different from the characteristics mentioned
above in the last two sections. The theory X assumes that individuals do not like their
profession and must be supervised in the actions taken by workers. On the other hand, the
theory Y assumes that individuals like their profession and are willing to take certain
responsibilities, unlike in theory X workers, do not need supervision and are expected to
become a good productive force labor.

Assumptions of theory X Assumptions of the theory Y

1. They work as little as possible.
2. They lack ambition.
3. Avoid responsibilities.
4. They prefer to send them.
5. They resist changes.
6. They are gullible and misinformed.
7. I would do very little for the
company if it were not for the
management.
1. They consider natural work as the game.
2. They are self-directed towards the achievement of
the objectives entrusted to them.
3. Under certain conditions, look for responsibilities.
4. They have imagination and creativity.
5. They feel motivated and want to improve.
6. They assume the objectives of the company if they
receive compensations to achieve them.
7. Assume the objectives of the company if they receive
compensation for achieving them, especially
recognizing the merits.