.

SU B M I T T E D T O ; M R .A D N A N K HA N .
HEA D OF DEP AR TME NT CEN TRE F OR EAR TH AND SP A CE S CIEN CE S .
UNIVERSI TY OF S WA T.

AND
M R . T A N V E E R A HM A D .
L EC TUR E R IN GEOLO GY , UN IVE R S ITY OF S WA T .

SU B M I T T E D B Y ; KASHIF KHAN.

R OL L N O ; 1520010.
SE M E ST E R ; 6TH.

SUBJECT ; FIELD WORK.

CENTRE FOR EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES.

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT .

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 Acknowledgements.
I am very thankful to my respected teachers Sir Adnan khan, and Sir
Tanveer Ahmad, for arranging a field trip for us to Buner area.
During our field both of our teachers cooperate us very
Much and provide us a friendly environment we are
Aware of the efforts done by Sir Adnan for arranging this
Field trip. I will say that, I am very blessed by almighty Allah
For teachers like you. May Allah succeed you in every
Aspect of life.

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 Contents
Acknowledgements. ............................................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF FIGURE............................................................................................................................. 5
ABSTRACT. .......................................................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION. ................................................................................................................................ 7
KARAKAR TOP. .................................................................................................................................. 8
Manglawar schist. .................................................................................................................................. 8
Swat granitic gneisses. ........................................................................................................................... 9
Lithology. ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Marghuzar formation. ........................................................................................................................... 9
Kashala formation. ................................................................................................................................ 9
Saidu formation ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Swat granitic gneisses. ......................................................................................................................... 10
Composition. .................................................................................................................................... 10
Station 3rd in karakar top Manglawar schist..................................................................................... 13
NIKHNI GHAR FORMATION.......................................................................................................... 14
Marble. ................................................................................................................................................ 15
How we differentiate dolomite and calcite marble. ........................................................................ 15
Types of marble. .................................................................................................................................. 15
Green marble: .................................................................................................................................. 15
Graphitic marble: ............................................................................................................................ 15
Dolomite marble .............................................................................................................................. 16
USES OF MARBLE ........................................................................................................................ 16
Formation .................................................................................................................................... 16
AMBELLA GRANITE COMPLEX ................................................................................................... 16
ORIGION OF PPAIP .......................................................................................................................... 17
Ambella granitic complex ................................................................................................................ 17
Classification of ambella granitic complex on the basses of silica .................................................. 19
Silica over saturated .................................................................................................................... 19
Silica under saturated .................................................................................................................. 19
Silica saturated rocks ................................................................................................................... 20
Applied veins ....................................................................................................................................... 21

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DYKES ................................................................................................................................................ 22
Xenolith................................................................................................................................................ 24
Meta volcanic; .................................................................................................................................. 25
Meta sedimentary; ........................................................................................................................... 25
Koga nephiline synite. ......................................................................................................................... 26
Composition: .................................................................................................................................... 26

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 TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure 1 granitic gneisses in karakar top............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2 showing viens in gneisses ..................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3 showing hornfels in circle..................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 4 contact between swat granitic gneisses and Manglawar schist ............................................................. 12
Figure 5 picture of manglawar schist at karakar top ........................................................................................... 13
Figure 6 boulder of marble in bazargay. ............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 7 Graphitic marbles ................................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 8 wether surface of marble...................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 9 showing fine and coarse grain contact ................................................................................................. 17
Figure 10 couse grain granite.............................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 11 fine grain granite ................................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 12 silica under saturated granite. ............................................................................................................ 20
Figure 13 compositionally pic of granite,............................................................................................................ 21
Figure 14 applied veins in granitic ...................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 15 basic dykes intrusion to granite. ......................................................................................................... 22
Figure 16 contact b/w dyke and granite ............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 17 local shear zone in ambella granitic complex. ................................................................................... 23
Figure 18 pic of local shear zone......................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 19 Meta volcano xenolith in granit .......................................................................................................... 25
Figure 20 Meta sedimentary xenolith................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 21 nephilne synite .................................................................................................................................... 26

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 ABSTRACT.
Our one day field was arranged to the geological area of Buner district of malakand division
kpk.

The major lithology’s we studied include, schist’s, genesis, marbles, and the rocks of PPAIP,
Ambilla granitic complex (alkali granite, synite nephiline synite).

And studied various intrusion in the form of dyke, sedimentary and volcanic xenolith and
local shear zone, and different contact.

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INTRODUCTION.
A one day field trip of the for Center Earth and Space Sciences, University of Swat, was
arranged to Buner district which is geologically very important all rock formation and lithology
have been studied along the road except Nikhani ghar formation.

Different features of the Study areas:

Location and Accessibility

The area which has been studied are Karakar top, which include Swat granitic gneisses
Manglawr schist and contact between the swat granitic gneisses and Manglawar schist. Then
Nikhani ghar formation also known as Bazargay marble, then the Ambella granitic complex
which is the part of PPAIP {Peshawar plane alkaline igneous province} it includes alkali granite
Synite and Nephiline synite.

a) Structures

Varieties of structures have been studied like igneous intrusion in the form of dykes and different
types of xenolith and shear zone etc.

b) Topography

The field area is composed of different lithological mountains and valleys.

c) Climate

The buner district is surrounded by different mountains with high altitude and covered by forests
that is why the climate is cold most of the year and warm in summer

d) Agriculture

This area is mostly fertile, so abundance of plant and crops are present there.

e) Vegetation

As this area is fertile so a lot of crops or vegetables are found according to their weather.

f) Minerals:

A variety of mineral and rock has been studied during the field.Like quartz amphibole
garnet feldspar plagioclase chlorite biotite sphene agerine epidote etc.

The purpose of the field is to physically know about the rock and minerals and such geological
structure, lithology’s .various intrusion shear zone and xenolith.

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KARAKAR TOP
KARAKAR TOP.
It’s our first station in which we studied swat granitic genesis.

The Swat granitic gneisses is the part of Indian plate. Swat granitic gneisses and manglawar schist,
these two are the basement rock of Indian plate sequence.

There are several formation present in the Indian plate sequence. First formation is the manglawar
schist.

Manglawar schist.
It is the oldest formation in this sequence.

Geological age.
Its age is from Paleozoic to Cambrian,

Lithology.
Its main lithology is schist, phyllites, gneiss.

Saidu formation

Nikhani ghar formation Cover rock

Kashala formation
Marghuzar formation Alpuri group

unconformity
Swat granitic genesis Basement rocks
Manglawar schist’s

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 The 2nd one older rock is swat granitic gneisses.

Swat granitic gneisses.

It is intruded into manglawar schist .

Lithology.
Its main lithology is Granite and gneisses

Geological age.
Its age is from Cambrian to Ordovician.

Swat granitic gneisses and Manglawar schist, these two are the basement rocks and then
unconformity starts. As shown above, after the unconformity, marghuzar formation is started.

Marghuzar formation.
The mineralogical composition of Marghzar formation is amphibole, garnet calc marble, and its
age is middle carboniferous to early Mesozoic. Over the Marghuzar formation, kashala formation
is present,

Kashala formation.
Its composition is garnet and inter layer of marble and its geological age is middle carboniferous
to Mesozoic.

Over the kashala formation, the located formation is nikani ghar formation.

Nikani GHAR formation

Its composition is sub ordinate graphite, phyllites, feldsphathiod, and quartz etc. and its
geological age is middle carboniferous to early Mesozoic.

Over the kashala formation, the saidu formation is present.

Saidu formation
Saidu formation is the youngest of all formation and its composition is graphite, phyllite
containing minor amount of garnet and marble layer and its age is middle carboniferous to early
Mesozoic.

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 These four formation marghuzar,kashala, nikani ghar formation and saidu formation are the

alpuri group or covered rocks .

Swat granitic gneisses.

The swat granitic gneisses are pre collisional rocks and intruded to manglawar schist. Because of
gneissesty developed after collision.

Due to gneissicity, the black and white bend are developed

Composition.
Its mineralogical composition is quartz and feldspar. (Quartz are in shiny structure and
feldspar are in milky color).

The Biotite and hornblende are also present in its composition.(Biotite are in luster, flaky shape.
While Hornblende are in dull color)

The rock which is present in the karakar top are the orthogneisses.it mean that its parent rock is
igneous in origon.If the rock .If the Origin protolith or parent rock of a rock is sedimentary then
it is called paragneisses The gneisses developed in high grade of metamorphism. Here the black
bend is due to biotite, while the white bend is due to the muscovite

Figure 1 granitic gneisses in karakar top

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 STATION 2 IN KARAKAR
VEINS IN GRANTIC GNEISSES
In the karakar there are 12 to 14 different type of veins in swat granite gneiss’s. The one of them
are as under,

Veins of quatz
feld biotite etc

Figure 2 showing viens in gneisses

Its composition is quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. The blue barrel is also present (gem
variety).These beryllium are present here in veins type. And the swat emerald mineralization is
due to this beryllium then this process is called metasomatism.

Here xenolith is also present and hornfels are formed (fine grain rock) formed due to high
stresses.

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 Hornfel

Figure 3 showing hornfels in circle

The hornfels are formed in contact between the swat granitic gneisses and manglawar schist

Contact between swat

granitic gneisses and
manglawar schist

Manglawar Swat granitic

schist gneisses

.
Figure 4 contact between swat granitic gneisses and Manglawar schist

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Station 3rd in karakar top Manglawar schist
The manglawar schist is the oldest rock of Indian plate sequence.

Manglawar schist is present in the basement of Indian plate sequence.

Then swat granitic gneisses is intruded into it, and both these rock are deformed at the same
time, both are called basement rocks because they are the oldest rock of Indian plate sequence.

Lithology;
The main lithology of manglawar schist contain Schist, phyllites, epidote, amphibolite,
hornblend.

Occurrence;
It is present at the base of Indian plate sequence.

Geological age
The geological age of manglawar schist is Cambrian.

Figure 5 picture of manglawar schist at karakar top

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 STATION 4 NIKHANI GH AR FORMATION
(BAZARGAY MARBLE )

NIKHNI GHAR FORMATION.

It is the second part of the alpuri group rocks.

The nikhani ghar formation contain on marble and good exposed in bazargay village, that’s why
the also known as a bazargay marble.

Lithology.
Its main lithology contain of subordinate interlayer graphite, graphitic phyllites, quartzite etc.

Texture.
Its texture is sugary texture or mosaic texture and it’s the diagnostic property of marbles.

Geological age.
Geological age of bazargay marble is Paleozoic (middle carboniferous).

Figure 6 boulder of marble in bazargay.

The bazargay marbles having good qualities because of its massive nature, they can be easily
mined.

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They show very less effervescences if dilute hcl can dropped on marble because of due to well
metamorphosed in nature.

Marble.
Marble having non foliated, sugary texture or granoblastic texture.

Compositionally calcite or more than 50% dolomite. Sometime compositionally bend are
present.

Name can be prefixed by other minerals present or by dominant carbonate present (tremolite
marble, dolomite marble, and calcite marble )

How we differentiate dolomite and calcite marble.

To differentiate the dolomite and calcite marble we made a alizarin solution and dip the thin
section of marble which we made, if the grain is color it mean that it is calcite, because dolomite
is did not stained.

Types of marble.
Green marble:
The green color of marble is due to tremolite so it’s give green color.

Graphitic marble:
When the contents of carbon and carbonaceous material become greater than its give grey color
called graphitic marble. Grey color is due to carbon contents. Further color also giving i.e. brown
color etc. depend upon on inclusion.

.
Figure 7 Graphitic marbles

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Dolomite marble
The dolomite marble can be differentiate from calcite marbles by staining effervescences and its
mineralogical composition the calcite marble is caco 3 while the dolomite is ca,mg(co3)2.

USES OF MARBLE
Generally these marbles are used as dimension stone roofing stone pots, houses, parks, hotels,
museum, and holly places.

Formation
When recrystallization of limestone occurs, then the marble is formed.

Figure 8 weather surface of marble.

STATION BABAJI KANDO W

AMBELLA GRANITIC COM PLEX

AMBELLA GRANITE COMPLEX

The Ambella granitic complex is a part of the (PPAIP) Peshawar plain alkaline igneous
province. The PPAIP having different type of rocks including turbella Granite, loe shelman

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Carbonatites, and warsak granites. These are alkaline rocks. Because of the presence of alkali
minerals.

Fine grain
granite

Coarse grain
granite

Figure 9 showing fine and coarse grain contact

ORIGION OF PPAIP
These above type rock are formed in rift environment. It mean that for rifting the stresses must
be extensional stresses, but here is the overall tectonic setting is formed as a result of
compressional stresses. But it formed because of rifting in Samarian block of Indian plate in
Permian age, the Samarian block is separate and rifting start due to volcanism. The rock of
PPAIP is alkaline because of rifting occur in continental plate.

Ambella granitic complex

The Ambella granitic complex is located in between of Manshera granite + Indus rive towards
east, and towards north MMT, and towards south khairabad fault and towards west the rocks of
Khyber agency.

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 NORTH
MMT

ROCK OF AMBELLA INDUS RIVER

WEST KHYBER GRANITIC &MANSHERA EAST
AGENCY COMPLEX GRANITE
RANGES
KHAIRABAD
FAULT
SOUTH

It’s called a granitic complex because it’s consist of various types of rocks. That is synite. Alkali
synite, nephiline syinte. And alkali granite.

In Ambella granitic complex the rocks are mostly acidic in nature .

Figure 10 couse grain granite

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Figure 11 fine grain granite

Classification of ambella granitic complex on the basses of

silica
On the bases of silica the ambella granitic complex are classified in to three types.

Silica saturated

Silica over saturated

Silica under saturated.

Silica over saturated

Its main lithology is granitic (acidic) and alkaline granite (alkali feldspar is in less amount and
plagioclase is in greater amount).

These are peralkalineous rocks.

The silica over saturated are oldest rock episode of all granitic complex.

Its geological age of silica over saturated granite is 315 320mya.

Silica under saturated

The silica under saturated rocks have less than 5% silica or having no silica the main lithology
of silica under saturated granite contain synite, nephaline synite and alkali synite the volcano
equivalent is phonolite.

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The geological age of silica under saturated granite is 295 to 297 million year. And it is younger
episode rock in ambella granitic complex.

The Foids bearing synite is lies in this episode.

Figure 12 silica under saturated granite.

Silica saturated rocks

The silica saturated rocks are in the form of basic dykes.

Basic dolerite dykes. Having less than 20% silica

It is the youngest episode of all. Two type of dykes are present older and younger,

The older are deformed or fracture but the younger is not fractured or deformed .

Geological age
Age of the ambella granitic complex is upto 320mya.

Mineralogy.
The composition of granite is the greenish color spot is quartz, milky vein spot is feldspar and
black spot is biotite or hornblende

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 Quartz

Biotite or

Hornblende
Chlorite

Feldspar.
.
Figure 13 compositionally pic of granite,

The amount of aluminum rich minerals is in greater amount. It is A type granite means
associated with extensional rifting also called alkali granite. It is different from mansehra granite
which is S type granite and peraluminus in nature mean origin from sedimentary rock mostly
formed in the subduction zone. Warsak and ambella is A type granitic . There is slightly
metamorphism can also be found the amphibole and biotite is altered to chlorite.

If the grain size are oriented in greater amount then the the granite will be coarser grain and if the
grain size are oriented in less amount then the granite will be fine grain because of many growth
of nucleation and amount of ions.

Applied veins
Veins of this area is greater from other rocks, means from surrounding rocks .Applied veins are
also present in ambella granitic complex.

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 Applied
veins.

Figure 14 applied veins in granitic

DYKE

DYKES
In Ambella granitic complex there are two type of basic dykes are present in the silica saturated
phase. On the bases of age younger and older dykes. The older are fractured dyke and dark green
in color due to the greater amount of fe+mg content (hornblend).while the younder dykes are not
deformed.

And these are metamorphose up to epidote amphibolite facies .These are the youngest intrusion.
These are not highly metamorphose, so are massive in nature .

Figure 15 basic dykes intrusion to granite.

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 Basic dyke

Granite

Contact b/w granite & dyke

Figure 16 contact b/w dyke and granite

LOCAL SHEAR ZONE.

The shear zone area is highly fractured and highly deformed area. But its composition is same
with country rock but color is change in shear zone due to metamorphism or deformation. In this
orientation occurred at boundaries. Here contact metamorphism occurred

.
Figure 17 local shear zone in ambella granitic complex.

These metamorphism occurred at fault along or shear zone along.

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Due to contact metamorphism, the grain size is very fine. The shear zone is irregular type.

Its depend on:

Stretching rate:
If the stretching rate is high the shear zone will be wide. And if the effect of stretching rate is less
at shear zone then shear zone will be thin.

Area of fracture:
If the fracture is narrow then the shear zone will be thin. But when the fracture is wide then the
shear zone will be greater vice versa.

Figure 18 pic of local shear zone

XENOLITH IN AMBELLA GRANITIC

COMPLEX

Xenolith
When a rock fragments presents in a rock. And having more age of the rock from the rock in
which they present. And its structure and mineralogy remain same during solidification. Xenolith
is almost used to describe inclusion in igneous rock during magma emplacement and eruption.

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There are two xenolith are present in ambella granitic complex

Meta volcanic and Meta sedimentary

Meta volcanic;
It is phenocryst type. Its hardness is in greater amount. And having no preferred orientation

Meta volcanic
xenolith.

.
Figure 19 Meta volcano xenolith in granit

Meta sedimentary;
The sedimentary xenolith having prepared orientation. And soft from other one

Figure 20 Meta sedimentary xenolith.

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 STATION KOGA

Koga nephiline synite.

In koga station the rock are nephiline synite which lies in the phase of silica under saturated rock
of ambella granitic complex. Under saturated mean having completely absence of silica or silica
present but less than 5%. Synite is a rock while Nephaline is mineral which is present in it.

The structure of nephaline are needle like 0r rectangular shape.

Composition:
Compositionally it contain feldspar plagioclase sphene, minor amount of epidote, agerine (clino
pyroxene) are in green color. And complete absence of quartz.

The volcano equallent of synite is phonolite

Its age is 295 to 297 million year

Nephiline

Figure 21 nephilne synite

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REFRENCES
This field report is written from the lecture provided by the lecturers during field TRIP.

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