Instituto Politecnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Computo

“Practice 3: Use of Generator Sensors”

Students:

 Contreras Leal Armando David

 Nolasco Cruz Oscar Daniel

 Montaño Carmona Karla Isela

Subject: Instrumentation

Teacher: Cervantes de Anda Ismael

Group: 3CV2

Date:
 Theoretical Framework
A sensor generator is a kind of sensor that can create an electrical signal using a
magnitude measure, without any electric source. These sensors are based in
reversible effects, an example of a reversible effect is Seebeck Effect.
When we combine the effect Peltier with the effect Thompson we obtain the effect
Seebeck, it says that in a circuit with two different metals A and B that has unions
with different temperatures appears an electrical current. The set of two metals
with an adamant union in a point is called Thermocouple.
A thermocouple is a sensor that is using to measure temperature. It is make of two
different metals with a union in one extreme. When this union is subject to a
temperature (it could be warm up o cooler) it produces a tension that is
proportional to ambient temperature.
The thermocouples are available in different formats with different metal
combinations and calibrations, any calibration has a range of temperature and a
different environment work. The three more common calibrations are J, K and T,
the most popular is the thermocouple K because it has a big range of temperatures
and is cheap.
Advantages of Thermocouple
 Big range of temperatures: -270°c to 3000°c
 It has a better exactitude that PT100 in lower temperatures
 Don’t need a source
 Has stability in and grow reliability

Finally, when we use a thermocouple we need have in count these warnings:

Problems with connection: Many errors of measure are commonly caused for this.
You must consider that a union would be create when you connect two different
metals.
Noise: The output of a thermocouple is little signal susceptible to mistakes caused
by electrical noise. This noise can be minimized with some instruments that reject
any noise, if you are using a thermocouple an ambient that has many noise you
can use a cable with an extension protected.
LM35
The LM35 is a temperature sensor with calibrated precision of 1 ° C. Its measuring
range ranges from -55 ° C to 150 ° C. The output is linear and each Celcius degree
equals 10 mV, therefore:
150 ° C = 1500 mV
-55 ° C = -550 mV1
Operates from 4v to 30v.

Its most relevant characteristics are:

 It is calibrated directly in degrees Celsius.
 The output voltage is proportional to the temperature.
 It has a guaranteed precision of 0.5 ° C to 25 ° C.
 Low output impedance.
 Low feed current (60 μA).
 Low cost.

Objective.
The student learns to use generator transducer, also how to calibrate different
components in a measure system, this way he can found voltage value that
correspond to the variable measure.
Equipment.
2 Multimeters Protoboard
1 Source of VCD variable 6 Resistances of 100 kΩ
4 Banana – Banana Tips 2 Capacitors of 0.01µF.
2 Caiman – Caiman Tips 1 Capacitor of 0.1 µF.
1 Preset 5 KΩ 2 LM358
LM35 AD620

Development.
Table 1 Working of Discreet amplifier of instrumentation.
Gain Av Sensor temperature E1 (Volts) E2 (Volts) Vsal (Volts)
(R2 Adjustment) LM35 (°C) measure measure measure
1 26 0 264.5 m 0.251
29 0.13 292.6 m 0.273
33 0.13 333.0 m 0.313
2 26 0.13 264.5 m 0.501
29 0.13 292.6 m 0.547
33 0.13 333.0 m 0.626
3 26 0.13 264.5 m 0.753
29 0.13 292.6 m 0.819
33 0.13 333.0 m 0.939

Table 2 Working of AD620, integer amplifier of instrumentation.

Gain Av Sensor temperature E1 (Volts) E2 (Volts) Vsal (Volts)
(R2 Adjustment) LM35 (°C) measure measure measure
1 26 0 268.4 m 2.165
30 0 300.5 m 2.286
33 0 333.6 m 2.37
2 26 0 268.4 m 4.33
30 0 300.5 m 4.40
33 0 333.6 m 4.750
3 26 0 268.4 m 6.523
30 0 300.5 m 6.858
36 0 333.6 m 7.132
Simulations
Questionnaire.
1. What does the Amplificatory of Instrumentation is use for?

R= It has many applications, but principally it is use for appliances that work
with weak signals for example an electrocardiograph that is use in medicine.

Other applications could be:

 To condition Wheatstone’s bridge

 In sources
 For amplify biological electric signals.

2. What are characteristics of Amplificatory of Instrumentation?

The electronic instrumentation amp is almost always internally composed of 3
op-amps. These are arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer each input
(+, −), and one to produce the desired output with adequate impedance
matching for the function. It is designed to have high input impedance and high
rejection to common mode.

3. What is the mathematical expression for calculate voltage gain of Av?

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝟐𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑
𝑨𝒗 = = (𝟏 + )
𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 𝑹𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝟐
 4. To take measures of temperature from a thermocouple. How does the
Amplificatory of Instrumentation have to be use?
It must prevent the currents from affecting the voltage emitted by the thermocouple
since its value is usually very low and therefore very sensitive to the electric
currents, this it obtains by means of the use of voltage followers, later amplifies the
signal by means of a Non-inverting operational amplifier and configuring the
resistor values will obtain the desired gain factor.

Conclusions.
In this practice we could observe the operation of the instrumentation amplifier,
noting the effectiveness in handling small voltage signals, amplifying them with a
low level of error. This device helps to reduce the space occupied by any system
where the voltage difference is required, and the amplification of it. We noted a
high cost compared with conventional operational amplifiers.

Bibliography.

http://www.investigacion.frc.utn.edu.ar/sensores/Tutorial/TECNO4.pdf
http://armando2k.brinkster.net/instrumeca/sen-gen.pdf
https://es.omega.com/prodinfo/termopares.html
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termopar