Brian Ghilliotti

Tunxis Community College

Intro to TCP/IP

TCP/IP Video Summary

9/30/2018

TCP/IP was a protocol that was initially designed to create a communications structure for a
large computer network that needed to be broken down into logical units. These logical units
would be designated by routers. Each individual logical network unit is called a subnet.

Network devices discover each other on the network using IP protocol. Once they have
discovered each other, the communication is regulated used TCP protocol. This regulation
process is controlled by a process of windowing.

Internet created by military, so it can break information into segments (if some electronic
comms lines were destroyed) called packets that could be directed by more than one way and
then reassembled at an end point. Packets are measured in on/off units called bits. Standard
bit group is called a byte. Packets can be in any practical volume of bytes.

Under TCP, node 1 will send packets in increasing volumes, until a transmission issue is
detected. If this occurs, packet volumes will be sent in small amounts until transmission issue
is resolved. This is windowing.

Windowing is not efficient when information needs to be sent in a real time fashion.

TCP is a layer four protocol.

IP addresses are logical number designators, derived from binary number systems, to
represent a node.

Default gateways are servers that control traffic access in and out of subnets. Also known as a
router, designated by a subnet mask IP address.

When browsing net, routers must convert your symbolic names for a site into a binary value.
Routers use Domain Name Servers to match/resolve symbolic names to logical IP address
values.

DHCP is a protocol, managed by a server, that assigns IP addresses to nodes.

Static IP addresses are IP addresses that a manually assigned to a node by an operator.

DHCP was developed to make this static process more efficient and prevent IP duplications
between nodes.

DHCP assigns dynamic IP addresses. A node will contact a DHCP server for an IP identity,
which DHCP will automatically respond to and keep records of within its memory. Helps
prevent IP/node duplications.

Range of IP addresses that DHCP servers can offer are known as IP address scopes.

DHCP servers offer IP addresses to nodes with time limits called “lease times”. Halfway
through lease, node will ask to renew the IP lease. If DHCP server approves, node will
continue retaining IP address for designated time period.

If node cannot reach DHCP first time, will try to contact again at halfway of remaining time.
This process keeps happening until there is very little time, node will lose IP identity and will
have to recontact another DHCP server to begin process again.

NAT technologies try to use multiple temporary use IP addresses that are associated with a
single router IP address. A device will grab one of the router associated IP addresses not being
used and then use that temporary IP address to communicate to the outside networks through
the router.

NAT designed to save IP addresses by making nodes/users be seen on the outside net as a
router IP address only; the internal and temporary IP addresses associated with the router is
not seen on the outside networks.

A subnet mask is a logical designator for a network segment. A host address is a logical
designator for a device on a network segment. Denoted by a binary numerical system (powers
of 2). A Subnet would be a rough equivalent to a zip code. A host address is a rough
equivalent to a street / house number.

Subnet masks are usually designated by binary value 255. Routers connect different subnets.
Devices may share switches, but can also not share same subnet.

255 X 3 = Class C net

255 x 2 = Class B net

255 x 1= Class A net

An IP address is divided into a network side and a host side.

2 to power of n equals number of nets you can have, where n is equal to power of 2 that you
have designated on the binary 8 digit value that acts as the boundary between hosts and
networks.

2 to power n, minus 2, designates the number of hosts you want / have, where n is equal to
power of 2 that you have designated on the binary 8 digit value that acts as the boundary
between hosts and networks.

Class C allows for many networks with small numbers hosts on each networks, and Class A
allows for limited numbers of networks with many hosts on each network.

Sometimes remainders used for hosts can be designated as additional networks, a practice
called sub-netting.

Sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkNq4TrHP_U