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Dr. Hermawan
Construction Management (120405)
Starting Finishing
event Form Bridge event
Piers
(Activity name)
1 2
3 weeks
(Activity duration)
A typical representation of an activity in the arrow diagram
A C
1 1
B D
2 2
Dummy activities are required in the arrow diagram to maintain the logic
of the network. A “dummy” is an activity of zero duration and no resource
utilization. It is simply a link (drawn as a broken line) between specific
preceeding and following activities.
A C
1 3 5
B D
2 4 6
The use of a dummy activity to maintain the logic of the arrow diagram
A C
1 2 3
B
An incorrect numbering of the activities A & B in the arrow diagram
A C
1 3 4
The start event date of the first project activity must be known. For the
reason of simplicity, it is assumed to be zero, however computer
generated CPM programs define the start date of the project to be week 1,
day 1, hour 1.
Where two or more preceeding activities I1, I2, … In meet in the same
finish node, wich becomes the start node of the following activity J, the
ESD of the activity J is equal to the maximum value of the EFD of the
preceeding I activities. This equation is:
The latest event dates are calculated for each activity by working from
the end of the network to the beginning. This is referred to as the
backward pass. Because the EFD of the last activity determines the time
duration of the project, it must be equal of the latest finish event date
(LFD) of the last activity. When the time duration of the last activity is
deducted from the LFD, its latest start event date (LSD) is determined.
Where two or more following activities J1, J2, … Jn originate from the finish
node of the preceeding activity I, the LFD of the activity I will be equal to
the minimum value of the LSD of the following J activities. The equation
is:
The critical path is the longest path (in terms of time) through the
network. None of the activities on the critical path can be delayed
without delaying the scheduled finish date of the whole project.
FF (Activity name) TF
1 2
(Activity duration)
The convention for recording free and total floats on the arrow diagram
10 Activity Duration
A C
B D
A C
A E
START B E FINISH
C F
B F I
E H K
A D G J
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
L L
B F I
E H K
A D G J
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1 ESD – EFD 3
FF TF
5 4 LSD – LFD 2 6
10 Activity Duration
The convention for recording start and finish dates, and free and total floats on
the precedence diagram
(Source: Uher, 1996)
Dr. Hermawan – CM (120405)
Floats
• The definitions of free and total floats are the same for both the arrow
and precedence diagrams.
• Free float is the amount of time by which an activity in the network
may be delayed without delaying the earliest start date of the
following activity.