Table of Contents:: Calculating The Vegetation Indices From Landsat 8 Image Using Arcgis 10.1

12/22/2017 Calculating the Vegetation Indices from Landsat 8 image Using ArcGis 10.
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Table of Contents:
Step 1: Calculating Re ectance value from the Satellite
data
http://grindgis.com/blog/vegetation-indices-arcgis 1/30
12/22/2017 Calculating the Vegetation Indices from Landsat 8 image Using ArcGis 10.1
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Step 2: Correcting the Re ectance value with sun angle
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Step 3: Calculating NDVI from 4th and 5th bands WATCH N
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Step 4: Calculating SAVI from Re ectance

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Step 5: Calculating Tasseled cap indices
Step 6: Tasseled cap Brightness indices

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Step 7: Similarly calculate the other indices Tasseled
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cap wetness index and Greenness index
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The Normalized Di erential Vegetation Index (NDVI) is
a standardized vegetation index which allows us to
generate an image showing the relative biomass. The Be the first of your friends to like this
chlorophyll absorption in Red band and relatively high

re ectance of vegetation in Near Infrared band (NIR)
are using for calculating NDVI. ( From ESRI)
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Calculating the
Vegetation
Indices from
“An NDVI is often used worldwide to monitor Landsat 8
drought, monitor and predict agricultural image Using ArcGis 10.1
production, assist in predicting hazardous re Comments: 33
zones, and map desert encroachment. The

NDVI is preferred for global vegetation Know Basics of
Remote Sensing
monitoring because it helps to compensate for Quickly and
changing illumination conditions, surface Become Expert
slope, aspect, and other extraneous factors” Comments: 27
(Lillesand 2004).
Mapping of
2015 Public
Monitoring the intensity and the density of the green Companies
Forbes Global
vegetation growth can be done using the re ection 2000
from the red band and the infrared band. Green Comments: 20
vegetation re ects more energy in the near- infrared
band than in the visible range. It observe red band What is GIS –
more for the photosynthesis process. Leaves re ects De nition?
less in the near-infrared region when they are stressed, Comments: 18
diseased or dead. Features like Clouds, water and snow
show better re ection in the visible range then the
near-infrared range, while the di erence is almost zero
for rock and bare soil.
Output of the NDVI method creates a single-band

dataset that only shows greenery. Values close to zero
represent rock and bare soil and negative values
represent water, snow and clouds. Taking ratio or
di erence of two bands makes the vegetation growth

signal di erentiated from the the background signal.
NDVI method was developed by the NASA scientist
popularly known as Normalized Di erence Vegetation
Index (NDVI). By taking a ratio of two bands drop the
values between -1 to +1. Table below shows the red
Home
and infrared bands What isvalues
re ectance Remoteof Sensing?
features andWhat is GIS? Terms of Service
their NDVI values. Water has an NDVI value less than 0,
bare soils between 0 and 0.1, and vegetation over
0.1. Increase in the positive NDVI value means greener
the vegetation.
RED= DN values from RED band
NIR= DN values from Near Infrared band
COVER TYPE RED NIR

Dense vegetation 0.1 0.5
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Dry Bare soil 0.269 0.283
Clouds 0.227 0.228
Snow and ice 0.375 0.342
Water 0.022 0.013

Fig: Table 1
Table shows typical re ectance values in the red and

infrared channels, and the NDVI for typical cover types.
Water typically has an NDVI value less than 0, bare soils
between 0 and Home What is Remote
0.1 and vegetation Sensing?
over 0.1. What is GIS? Terms of Service
Here we are using the Landsat image acquired from

USGS Earth Explorer. The data is in GeoTi format with
16 bit radiometric resolution (ranges from 0-65535).
Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal
Infrared Sensor (TIRS) images consist of nine spectral
bands with a spatial resolution of 30 meters for Bands
1 to 7 and 9. The resolution for Band 8 (panchromatic)
is 15 meters. In addition it also have two Thermal IR
bands with a spatial resolution of 100m (later
resampled into 30 m).Before calculating the NDVI the
DN data must be converted to re ectance using the
equations given in their website. Here the IR and NIR
bands are 4 and 5 respectively.
Table shows the Spectral characteristics of Landsat
8
Landsat 8
Bands Wavelength Resoluti
Operational
Band 1 -
Coastal
0.43 - 0.45
Land aerosol
Imager
(OLI) Band 2 - Blue 0.45 - 0.51
Band 3 -
and 0.53 - 0.59
Green
Thermal Band 4 - Red

0.64 - 0.67
Infrared Band 5 - Near

0.85 - 0.88
Infrared (NIR)
Band 6 - SWIR
Sensor
1 1.57 - 1.65
(TIRS)
Band 7 - SWIR 2.11 - 2.29
2
Woodman WM … W
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Band 8 -
0.50 - 0.68
Panchromatic
Band 9 - 1.36 - 1.38
Cirrus
Band 10 -
Thermal
10.60 - 11.19 100 * (30)
Infrared
(TIRS) 1
Band 11 -
Thermal
Infrared 11.50 - 12.51 100 * (30)
(TIRS) 2
(Obtained from USGS website)
Step 1: Calculating Re ectance

value from the Satellite data
OLI spectral radiance data can also be converted to
TOA planetary re ectance using re ectance rescaling
coe cients provided in the landsat8 OLI metadata le.
The following equation is used to convert DN values to
TOA re ectance for OLI image:
λ l
ρλ' = M ρQ cal + A ρ
Where:
ρλ' = TOA planetary re ectance, without

correction for solar angle. Note that ρλ' does
Home
not contain What
a correction foristhe
Remote Sensing?
sun angle. What is GIS? Terms of Service
M ρ = Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling

factor from the metadata
(Re ectance_Mult_Band_x, where x is the band
number)
A ρ = Band-speci c additive rescaling factor

from the metadata (Re ectance_Add_Band_x,
where x is the band number)
Q cal = Quantized and calibrated standard

product pixel values (DN).
(Metadata means the .txt le you can nd along with the

data)
I. Open ArcMap and add satellite images band 4 and

band 5 for calculating NDVI.
II. Open Arc toolbox in ArcMap

II. From the Arc toolbox open Raster calculator (Arc
toolbox >Spatial Analyst tool > Map Algebra
tool > Raster Calculator tool)
IV. Find M ρ Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling

factor from the metadata (Re ectance_Mult_Band_x,
A ρ Band-speci c additive rescaling factor from the

metadata (Re ectance_Add_Band_x, where x is the
band number)
An example of where the M ρ Band-speci c

multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata
(Re ectance_Mult_Band_x, where x is the band

number) is found within the metadata le
Apply and perform values in Raster calculator for

both RED and NIR bands (4 and 5 bands)
Example
Band 4 re ectance= (2.0000E-05 *

("sub_tif_Band_4”)) + -0.100000
Where
REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_4 = 2.0000E-05
RFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_4 = -0.100000
sub_tif_Band_4= 4th band (Red band)
Set the output folder and le name then click

“OK”
Raster Calculator function to perform re ectance

calculation
Re ectance calculated for band 4
V. Calculate the Re ectance of band 5th by using the

same method.
Re ectance calculated for band 5
Step 2: Correcting the

Re ectance value with sun
angle
Re ectance with a correction for the sun angle is then:

ρλ = ρλ '/cos θSZ = ρλ '/sin θSE

Where:
ρλ = TOA planetary re ectance
θSE = Local sun elevation angle. The scene

center sun elevation angle in degrees is
provided in the metadata (Sun Elevation).
θSZ = Local solar zenith

Home Whatangle; θSZ = 90°
is Remote - θSE.
Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service
I. Find Sun Elevation from the metadata

Apply and perform the values in Raster calculator
for both RED and NIR band re ectance values (4
and 5 bands)
Example
Band 4 corrected_ re ectance= ("4th_r ctnce")

/ Sin (49.36816761)
Where:
SUN_ELEVATION = 49.36816761
4th_r ctce =uncorrected re ectance
Set the output folder and le name then click

“OK”
Raster Calculator function to perform sun angle

corrected re ectance
Sun angle corrected re ectance for band 4th

II. Calculate the Re ectance of band 5th by using the
same method
Sun angle corrected re ectance for band 5th
Step 3: Calculating NDVI from

4th and 5th bands
As we discussed earlier to nd NDVI we use the
formula of
Here band 4= RED and band 5=NIR
I. Open Raster calculator and apply this formula and

execute the program as follows

NDVI= (Band 5 corrected -Band 4
corrected)/ (Band 5 corrected + Band 4
corrected)
Set the output folder and le name then click “OK”
Raster Calculator function to perform NDVI
Normalized Di erential Vegetation Index
The value of NDVI is always between 1 and -1
Step 4: Calculating SAVI from

Re ectance
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index shows background soil
conditions. SAVIHome
is a hybrid between
What NDVISensing?
is Remote and PVI What is GIS? Terms of Service
(Perpendicular Vegetation Index).
Where NIR is the 5th band and RED is the 4th band
respectively. L is the Soil brightness correction factor.
The value of L varies by cover of green vegetation. High
vegetation areas L= 0; the areas have no green
vegetation then L=1. Generally L=0.5 in most causes
and it works well. When L=0 then NDVI=SAVI
I. Open Raster calculator and apply this formula and

execute the program as follows
SAVI= (Band 5 corrected -Band 4 corrected)/

(Band 5 corrected + Band 4 corrected)*(1+L)
Raster Calculator function to perform SAVI
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
Step 5: Calculating Tasseled

cap indices
Tasseled cap indices give the measure of Greenness,
Brightness and Wetness of each pixel and utilize a
linear combination of 6 Landsat bands (From 2nd band
to 7th band). Tasseled cap indices is calculated by the
following equation
Tas_cap ἱ = (coe ₂ * band2) + (coe ₃*

band3) + (coe ₄ * band4) +
(coe ₅ * band5) + (coe ₆*

band6) + (coe ₇ * band7)
Where Tas_cap ἱ is the calculated tasseled cap index for

brightness, greenness, or wetness from the coe cient
given
Band Band Band Band Ban
Index 2 3 4 5 6
(Blue) (Green) (Red) (NIR) (SWI
1)
Brightness 0.3029 0.2786 0.4733 0.5599 0.50
Greenness −0.2941 −0.243 −0.5424 0.7276 0.071
Wetness 0.1511 0.1973 0.3283 0.3407 −0.71
Given by Muhammad Hasan Ali Baig et al (2014)
Step 6: Calculating Tasseled

cap Brightness indices
I. Calculate the Re
ectance of Band 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, using
the same method mentioned above (Process 1 and 2)
II. Open Raster calculator and apply the formula for

Brightness index and execute the program as follows
Tas_cap ἱ = (0.3029 *(2nd_Band_correted))+
( 0.2786 *
(3rd_Band_correted))+
( 0.4733 *
(4th_Band_correted))+
( 0.5599 *
( 0.508 *
( 0.1872 *
(7th_Band_correted))
Raster Calculator function to perform SAVI Raster

Calculator function to perform SAVI
Raster Calculator function to perform Brightness

index
Tasseled cap brightness index
Step 7: Similarly calculate the

other indices using the same
method mentioned above
Tasseled cap wetness index
Tasseled cap Greenness index

References:
http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?p=3186
http://hydrology1.nmsu.edu/teaching/soil698/greenseeker/wh
http://www.pvts.net/pdfs/ndvi/3_3_ndvi.PDF
http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_m
Muhammad Hasan Ali Baigab, Lifu Zhanga, Tong Shuaiab

& Qingxi
Tonga- “Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation

based on Landsat 8 atsatellite re ectance” (2014) Remote
Sensing Letters
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/trsl20
Grant J. Firl, Lane Carter” Calculating Vegetation Indices

from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ Data”(2011)
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Tags: Arcgis Arcgis Raster Calculator Bands Landsat 8 NDVI

NIR RED re ectance SDVI Tasseled cap indices
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YOUR THOUGHTS HERE
hi Mate
Thank you very much for your useful information

about NDVI, I have a question:
I download Landsat 8 images from USGS, mostly
surface re ectance and in some case NDVI data, I
want to change the resolution of NDVI to 15m, I do
with resampling in Arcgis, it does and you get the
15m, but for presentation purpose on screen the
sell size remain 30 m,also I did raster to point
from my NDVI and then with interpolation I made
15m sell size. but this process may slightly change
the NDVI data.
can I apply pan sharpening process on NDVI which

is one band image? I would appreciate if you
consider my questions.
kind regards
Hamid
Hamid
November 20, 2015 at 3:16 am · Reply
I will try to nd answer for you, thank you

for your comment
admin
November 23, 2015 at 4:14 pm · Reply
Excellent article ! Congrats !

Eliziele
February 23, 2016 at 6:59 pm · Reply
Thank you
admin
February 23, 2016 at 9:23 pm · Reply
Hello Sir…
I have calculated NDVI and SAVI for landsat-8
image as you given. But Iam getting higher value
of NDVI than SAVI
Can you tell me reason for this
NDVI=0.46
SAVI=0.34
Speci c band values are
toa b4- 0.130
toa b5- 0.3650
Swapnil
March 6, 2016 at 6:23 am · Reply
Hey, you’ve a mistake with corrected re ectance
AL = Band-speci c additive rescaling factor from

the metadata (RADIANCE_ADD_BAND_x
http://landsat.usgs.gov/Landsat8_Using_Product.php
Bang
April 4, 2016 at 1:26 pm · Reply
Thanks I will go through it and amend it,

Appreciate for that.
admin
April 6, 2016 at 6:39 pm · Reply
very good your website, thank you
ramin
July 12, 2016 at 4:25 pm · Reply
Thank you
admin
Hi,
Shouldn’t you convert the angle to radians?
I thought that ArcGIS prefers to work in radians.
Also, woking with trig also requires setting the cell
size and extent in the ArcGIS geoprocessing
environment, something I learnt the hard way.
vkunkel
July 19, 2016 at 7:32 am · Reply
Yes you have to convert to radians in Arcgis,

good info.
admin
So just use:
(“4th_r ctce”) / 0.75890963 OR (“4th_r ctce”) /

Sin(49.36816761 * math.pi / 180)
in the raster calculator step 1, agreed?
vkunkel
July 20, 2016 at 7:44 am · Reply

please how do you convert to radians and what do
you set the cell side and extent to? please I would
appreciate an immediate reply. thank you
rita
August 6, 2016 at 4:01 pm · Reply
can you upload the tutorial for enhanced

di erence vegetation index, generalized
di erence vegetation index, normalized di erence
water index, speci c leaf area vegetation index,
and simple ratio.
rasoni
August 8, 2016 at 6:57 am · Reply
I have tried these steps several times using radian

and degree as well,but I am getting NDVI more
than +1 to -1..It is showing NDVI values from 549
to -99..How is this possible??
Ru
August 29, 2016 at 5:30 am · Reply
i have also same problem.. why??
rasoni
October 21, 2016 at 9:54 am · Reply
Thank you so much. Your post gave me an easy

and clear way to calculate NDVI. But I have some
questions confused me a long time.
In http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ website, there

are two di erent directories “L8 OLI/TIRS” and
“Landsat Surface Re ectance – L8 OLI/TIRS”, what’s
the di erence between them? It seem that your
method is used the former data. How I can
calculate NDVI use the later data?
For the sameHome
pixel, the What is Remote
DN values Sensing?
of them are not What is GIS? Terms of Service
identical. Could you give me some explanation for
this?
For an example, LC80420352015194LGN00 :
cfmask 0
cfmask_conf 1
B1 10267 sr_band1 194
B2 9326 sr_band2 259
B3 8666 sr_band3 486
B4 7922 sr_band4 452
B5 19322 sr_band5 3123
B6 13520 sr_band6 1928
B7 9597 sr_band7 1102
B8 8321 sr_cloud 16
B9 5062
B10 29159
B11 26862
BQA 20512
Thanks again.
Xudong Zhang
September 25, 2016 at 11:08 pm · Reply
For the rst step :
1. Calculating Re ectance value from the Satellite

data
The formula is like this Lλ = MLQcal + AL or ρλ’ = M

ρQ cal + A ρ
where:
Lλ = TOA spectral radiance (Watts/( m2 * srad *

μm))
ML = Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling factor
from the metadata (RADIANCE_MULT_BAND_x,

AL = Band-speci c additive rescaling factor from
the metadata (RADIANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x is
the band number)
Qcal = Quantized and calibrated standard product
pixel values (DN
so in the map algebra :
(1.0050E-02*
(“LC81190652016289LGN00_B4.TIF”))+-50.24808
because I cant do it for rst step. Please help…
Iqbal
I cant run for the formula greenness and wetness

and there is an error for the formulation I use as
below:
Greenness
– 0.2941 *(band2corrected.img)- 0.243 *
(band3corrected.img)- 0.5424 *
(band4corrected.img)+(0.7276 *
(band5corrected.img))+(0.0713 *
(band6corrected.img))- 0.1608 *
(band7corrected.img)
Wetness
(0.1511 *(band2corrected.img))+ (0.1973 *
(band5corrected.img))+(−0.7117 *
(band6corrected.img))+(−0.4559 *
(band7corrected.img))
please give me some suggestion
Iqbal
Please can you tell me how can i calculate Aerosol

optical depth using landsat_8 data ?
thank you so much, anything would be helpful and
apreciated

elhilali soufyane
hi everyone, please tell me .1 “why we are using

calculate only PM10 using landsat 8 images,why
cant other(03,N02,CO2 CONCENTRATION) ?”, and
also 2 “how we are calculate PM10 using landsat 8
(images, DN values and MTL les ) brie y ?”
thanks in advance .
L ARUN
December 6, 2016 at 5:23 am · Reply
Hello, Thank you for this very good explination!
I am also using Landsat 7 data for NDVI calculation

and was wondering whether to do the same steps
as for Landsat 8 (step 1 & 2 for correction, and
then step 3 for NDVI but with band 3+4 instead of
4+5).
If this is so, where do I nd

Re ectance_Mult_Band_x and
Re ectance_Add_Band_x for Landsat 7?
Kirsten
December 14, 2016 at 2:18 pm · Reply
Thank you, please see on this tutorial,

http://ibis.colostate.edu/WebContent/WS/ColoradoView/TutorialsDownloads/CO
admin
December 14, 2016 at 8:31 pm · Reply
How can we Calculate the le size (in bit) of the

Landsat 8 OLI le assuming that only the
information for each pixel are stored within the
image
Zaheer
December 22, 2016 at 12:09 am · Reply
i just read this, it is really helpful and

systematically outlined, bravo to the author.
johnie
May 6, 2017 at 5:51 am · Reply
Thank you Johnie
admin
May 6, 2017 at 2:43 pm · Reply
Hi, congrats on the blog and the guide. I just have

one question – aren’t TOA re ectance values
supposed to be converted to BOA (bottom of the
atmosphere) re ectance through Dark Object
Subtraction, or any other method, in order to
remove the atmospheric signal. As far as I know,
this should be done before any kind of analysis
involving indexes or classi cation is concerned.
Momchill
May 17, 2017 at 10:11 am · Reply
I will see and reply to you.
admin
May 19, 2017 at 1:00 am · Reply
I have done the same as you have shown, but I’m

getting very higher level NDVI data why is it so ?
The data is L8 OLI/TIRS

ChinZ
May 29, 2017 at 5:36 pm · Reply
Sir.
how can i retrieve LAI leaf area index using NDVI
and SAVI?
Ahmad Shah
June 2, 2017 at 9:47 am · Reply
Sir,
Thank you for the guide & it was very helpful to
me. As well as I need to know about the cloud
correction for Landsat8, Landsat7 & Landsat5.
Thank You!
Sathya
June 19, 2017 at 4:09 am · Reply
I liked it.
2018 ‫اﻏﺎﻧﻰ‬
October 20, 2017 at 9:36 pm · Reply
Thank you,
admin
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12/22/2017 Calculating the Vegetation Indices from Landsat 8 image Using ArcGis 10.

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Termsof Service

Less than 20 people

Calculating the Vegetation Indices

A NETFLIX ORIGINAL SERIES

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

New episodes now strea

A NETFLIX ORIGINAL SERIES

Step 4: Calculating SAVI from Re ectance

Step 6: Tasseled cap Brightness indices

chlorophyll absorption in Red band and relatively high

zones, and map desert encroachment. The

Output of the NDVI method creates a single-band

di erence of two bands makes the vegetation growth

RED= DN values from RED band

NIR= DN values from Near Infrared band

COVER TYPE RED NIR

Woodman 2021 … Woodman WM …

Dry Bare soil 0.269 0.283

Clouds 0.227 0.228

Snow and ice 0.375 0.342

Water 0.022 0.013

Table shows typical re ectance values in the red and

Here we are using the Landsat image acquired from

(OLI) Band 2 - Blue 0.45 - 0.51

Thermal Band 4 - Red

Infrared Band 5 - Near

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

(Obtained from USGS website)

Step 1: Calculating Re ectance

ρλ' = TOA planetary re ectance, without

M ρ = Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling

A ρ = Band-speci c additive rescaling factor

Q cal = Quantized and calibrated standard

(Metadata means the .txt le you can nd along with the

I. Open ArcMap and add satellite images band 4 and

II. Open Arc toolbox in ArcMap

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

IV. Find M ρ Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling

A ρ Band-speci c additive rescaling factor from the

An example of where the M ρ Band-speci c

(Re ectance_Mult_Band_x, where x is the band

Apply and perform values in Raster calculator for

Band 4 re ectance= (2.0000E-05 *

sub_tif_Band_4= 4th band (Red band)

Set the output folder and le name then click

Raster Calculator function to perform re ectance

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

Re ectance calculated for band 4

V. Calculate the Re ectance of band 5th by using the

Re ectance calculated for band 5

Step 2: Correcting the

ρλ = ρλ '/cos θSZ = ρλ '/sin θSE

ρλ = TOA planetary re ectance

θSE = Local sun elevation angle. The scene

θSZ = Local solar zenith

I. Find Sun Elevation from the metadata

Band 4 corrected_ re ectance= ("4th_r ctnce")

4th_r ctce =uncorrected re ectance

Set the output folder and le name then click

Raster Calculator function to perform sun angle

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

Sun angle corrected re ectance for band 4th