Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region 02
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Environmental Impact

Tiny floating plastic particles also resemble zooplankton, which can lead filter

feeders to consume them and cause them to enter ocean food chain in samples taken

from North Pacific Gyre in 1999 by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, the mass

of plastic exceeded that of zooplankton by a factor of six. Toxic additives used in plastic

manufacturing can leech into their surroundings when expose to water. Water borne

hydrophobic pollutants collect and magnify on the surface of plastic debris, thus making

plastic more deadly in the ocean that it would be on land. Hydrophobic contaminants bio-

accumulate in fatty tissues, bio-magnifying up the food chain and pressuring apex

predators and humans. Some plastic additives disrupt the endocrine system when

consumed; others can supress the immune system or decrease reproductive rates.

Debris Removal

Techniques for collecting and removing marine (or riverine) debris include the use

of debris skimmer boats. Devices such as these can be used where floating debris

present to danger to navigation. Once debris becomes “beach litter”, collection by hand

and specialized water cleaning machines are used to gather the debris. Used of skimmer

boats are very costly way of plastic removal and it require constant maintenance and also

workers for caring out the process. In lakes, ponds, pools or near

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 02
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

the coast manual removal is practiced today in some areas, which is not effective since

the plastic have to be removed continuously. However some projects have been started

which used ships with nets (Kaisei and New Horizon) to catch some plastics, primarily for

research purposes.

Pollution of streams by garbage and trash

Despite environmental regulations that protects the quality of streams, lakes, and

wetlands, solid waste in the form of trash, litter and garbage often ends up in these surface

water. Because surface waters collect in low-lying areas, anything that is dropped or

blown into a watershed can eventually reach a drainage way. In urban areas, trash and

litter (general terms for dry and solid waste) often are transported by storm water runoff.

In both rural and urban areas, these items sometimes are illegally dumped directly into a

water body or wetland, or deposited along river banks or lakeshores. Trash also comes

from people who fish or participate in other forms of water-related recreation. Regardless

of source or type, trash is form of water pollution.

River and Ocean Dumping

River dumping usually involved waste from riverside houses, urban runoffs and

storm. Ocean dumping includes materials such as demolition debris, sewage sludge,

dredge materials, waste chemical and also garbage (“Ocean Dumping”, 2011). Most of

the dumping activities are illegal while some controlled and regulated.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 02
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Ocean dumping was a common practice before countries over the globe began to ban

the activities in 1980s (Zou, 2009; Duxbury et al, 2000). Even after the prohibition

dumping into water bodies persist in the area where waste collection service is no

received (Inanc et al, 2004).

Although direct dumping is prohibited, it was found that 80% of the total debris that

found in the river and ocean source from land-based activities (“Plastic debris: Rivers to

sea”, 2011). The management of solid waste on land will have an impact to marine

ecosystem, thus the understanding of the relationship is required to control marine

pollution.

Water Contamination

Hundreds of thousands of people die each year because they are forced to drink

contaminated water, the WHO said, urging large investments to help provide universal

access to safe drinking water.

Almost two billion people use a source of drinking-water contaminated with feces,

putting them at risk of contracting cholera, a dysentery, typhoid and polio.

Contaminated drinking-water is estimated to cause more than 500,000 diarrhoeal

deaths each year and is a major factor on several neglected tropical diseases, including

intestinal worms, schistosomiasis and trachoma.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 02
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

In 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) - a series of aspirational targets for eradicating poverty and boosting human

wellbeing, including vowing to ensure universal access to safe and affordable water and

sanitation by 2030. But according to World Health Organization countries will fall far short

of this if they do not radically increase their investments.

The report welcomed the fact that countries had on average raised their annual

budgets for water, sanitation and hygiene by 4.9 percent over the past three years.

But 80 percent of countries acknowledge that their financing is still not enough to

meet their nationally-set targets for increasing access to safe water and sanitation, it

found.

WHO warned in a statement that in many developing countries, current national

coverage targets are based on achieving access to basic infrastructure, which may not

always provide continuously safe and reliable service

The World Bank has meanwhile estimated that investments in infrastructure will

need to triple to 114 billion dollars per year – not including operating and maintenance

costs – order to meet the SDG targets.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 02
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Related Studies

Automatic Trash Removal System in Water Bodies

Dozens of millions of tons of plastics and other debris end up floating in water

bodies around the world. Automatic canal cleaning system makes use of solar power to

remove floating trashes. The device is placed across the water bodies so that flow occurs

through lower grids. Waste like plastic bottles, cans, bio-debris, etc. are lifted up by using

conveyer fitted with projecting kit. These belts are driven by solar powered motors.

Photovoltaic cells used are coupled with storage batteries for full day working. Secondary

conveyer is provided to remove the trashes to the dumping regions. This system will be

also helpful for Pampa and “Namami, Ganga” projects for cleaning rivers from trashes

like dhoties, flower offerings and other waste.

Aqua Drone Remote Controlled Unmanned River Cleaning Boat

Water is a basic need for all living being, it is important to maintain the cleanliness

and hygiene of water. Water gets polluted due to many reasons such as waste found from

industry, garbage waste, sewage waste, etc. water from lakes and ponds are clean by

traditional methods. We have to incorporate technology such that cleaning work is done

efficiently and effectively. Consider this as serious problem to start the work of project.

We collected information from the various resource, based on the details collected we

listed objectives that a design has to carry. Various concepts were generated to Pugh

evaluation chart. Design calculation was being done where theoretical values of required

parameters were calculated to match them with actual values achieved by the solution.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 02
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Garbage monitoring system using IoT

Nowadays certain actions are taken to improve the level of cleanliness in the

country. People are more getting more active in doing all the things possible to clean their

surroundings. Various movements are also started by the government to increase

cleanliness. A system is build which will notify the corporation to empty the bin on time.

In this system, we will put a sensor on top of the garbage bin which will detect the total

level of garbage inside it according to the total size of the bin. This system will help in

cleaning the city in the better way. By using this system people do not have to check all

the system manually but they will get a notification when the bin will get filled.

Detection and removal of Floating Wastes on Bodies of Water

With the increase in population, the scenario of cleanliness with respect to waste

management in degrading tremendously. The overflow the garbage on river side creates

unhygienic condition in nearby surroundings. This floating wastes will not be dissolve

easily in water. this unwanted suspended objects will cut off the oxygen, hence creates

oxygen deficiency which directly affects the marine life. Also this wastes are a threat to

aquatic animals. The project aims at detecting floating wastes in water using infrared

sensor and cleaning in an efficient way. The information of every action taking will be sent

to the corresponding authority through GSM. The project can be implemented for both

flowing and stagnant water. the major advantage of the project is that the people of control

station need not have to go to every nook and corner to clean waste, instead can monitor

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 02
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

one end easily. Finally the water bodies will be free of all floating wastes and the sanity

of the water, and its dependently living beings will be safeguarded

An Approach for Monitoring and Smart Planning of Urban Solid Waste Management

Using Smart-M3 Platform

Solid waste management is one of the most important challenges in urban areas

throughout the world and it is becoming a critical issue in developing countries where a

rapid increase in population has been observed. Waste collection is a complex process

that requires the use of large amount of money and an elaborate management of logistics.

In this paper an approach to smart waste collection is proposed able to improve and

optimize the handling of solid urban waste. Context of smart waste management requires

interconnection among heterogeneous devices and data sharing involving a large amount

of people. Smart-M3 platform solves these problems offering a high degree of decoupling

and scalability. Waste collection is made by real-time monitoring the level of bin’s fullness

through sensors placed inside the containers. This method enables to exempt from

collecting semi-empty bins. Furthermore, incoming data can be provided to decisional

algorithms in order to determine the optimal number of waste vehicles or bins to distribute

in the territory. The presented solution gives important advantages for both service

providers and consumers. The formers could obtain a sensible cost reduction. On the

other hand, users may benefit from a higher level of service quality. In order to make

users feel closer to their community, they can interact with the system to be aware about

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 02
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

the fullness state of the nearest bins. Finally, a mechanism for collecting “green points”

was introduced for encouraging citizens to recycle.

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